Oracle® Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 1 (11.1) Part Number B28286-02 |
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Purpose
Use the ALTER
DATABASE
statement to modify, maintain, or recover an existing database.
Note:
In earlier versions of Oracle Database, you could use theALTER
DATABASE
for two conversion operations:
The RESET
COMPATIBILITY
clause lets you reset the database to an earlier version at the next instance startup.
The CONVERT
clause lets you upgrade an Oracle7 data dictionary to an Oracle8i or Oracle9i data dictionary.
These clauses are no longer supported. Refer to Oracle Database Upgrade Guide for more information on migration and interoperability issues.
See Also:
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for examples of performing media recovery
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for additional information on using the ALTER
DATABASE
statement to maintain standby databases
CREATE DATABASE for information on creating a database
Prerequisites
You must have the ALTER
DATABASE
system privilege.
To specify the RECOVER
clause, you must also have the SYSDBA
system privilege.
alter_database::=
Groups of ALTER DATABASE syntax:
recovery_clauses ::=
(general_recovery ::=, managed_standby_recovery::=)
general_recovery ::=
(full_database_recovery ::=, partial_database_recovery::=)
parallel_clause::=
Note:
Several subclauses ofmanaged_standby_recovery
are no longer needed and have been deprecated. These clauses no longer appear in the syntax diagrams. Refer to the semantics of managed_standby_recovery.(create_datafile_clause::=, alter_datafile_clause::=, alter_tempfile_clause::=)
(autoextend_clause ::=, size_clause::=)
(autoextend_clause ::=, size_clause::=)
logfile_clauses ::=
(logfile_descriptor::=, add_logfile_clauses::=, drop_logfile_clauses::=, supplemental_db_logging ::=)
(redo_log_file_spec::=, logfile_descriptor::=)
(supplemental_id_key_clause::=)
supplemental_id_key_clause::=
supplemental_plsql_clause::=
logfile_descriptor::=
trace_file_clause::=
(activate_standby_db_clause::=, maximize_standby_db_clause::=, register_logfile_clause::=, commit_switchover_clause::=, start_standby_clause::=, stop_standby_clause::=, convert_standby_clause::=, parallel_clause::=)
(flashback_mode_clause ::=, set_time_zone_clause::=)
security_clause ::=
Semantics
Specify the name of the database to be altered. The database name can contain only ASCII characters. If you omit database
, then Oracle Database alters the database identified by the value of the initialization parameter DB_NAME
. You can alter only the database whose control files are specified by the initialization parameter CONTROL_FILES
. The database identifier is not related to the Oracle Net database specification.
startup_clauses
The startup_clauses
let you mount and open the database so that it is accessible to users.
Use the MOUNT
clause to mount the database. Do not use this clause when the database is already mounted.
MOUNT STANDBY DATABASE You can specify MOUNT
STANDBY
DATABASE
to mount a physical standby database. The keywords STANDBY
DATABASE
are optional, because Oracle Database determines automatically whether the database to be mounted is a primary or standby database. As soon as this statement executes, the standby instance can receive redo data from the primary instance.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for more information on standby databasesMOUNT CLONE DATABASE Specify MOUNT
CLONE
DATABASE
to mount the clone database.
Use the OPEN
clause to make the database available for normal use. You must mount the database before you can open it.
If you specify only OPEN
without any other keywords, then the default is OPEN
READ
WRITE
NORESETLOGS
on a primary database, logical standby database, or snapshot standby database and OPEN
READ
ONLY
on a physical standby database.
OPEN READ WRITE Specify OPEN
READ
WRITE
to open the database in read/write mode, allowing users to generate redo logs. This is the default if you are opening a primary database. You cannot specify this clause for a physical standby database.
See Also:
"READ ONLY / READ WRITE: Example"RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS This clause determines whether Oracle Database resets the current log sequence number to 1, archives any unarchived logs (including the current log), and discards any redo information that was not applied during recovery, ensuring that it will never be applied. Oracle Database uses NORESETLOGS
automatically except in the following specific situations, which require a setting for this clause:
You must specify RESETLOGS
:
After performing incomplete media recovery or media recovery using a backup control file
After a previous OPEN
RESETLOGS
operation that did not complete
After a FLASHBACK
DATABASE
operation
If a created control file is mounted, then you must specify RESETLOGS
if the online logs are lost, or you must specify NORESETLOGS
if they are not lost.
UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE Use these OPEN
clause parameters only if you are upgrading or downgrading a database. This clause instructs Oracle Database to modify system parameters dynamically as required for upgrade and downgrade, respectively. You can achieve the same result using the SQL*Plus STARTUP
UPGRADE
or STARTUP
DOWNGRADE
command.
See Also:
Oracle Database Upgrade Guide for information on the steps required to upgrade or downgrade a database from one release to another
SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference for information on the SQL*Plus STARTUP
command
OPEN READ ONLY Specify OPEN
READ
ONLY
to restrict users to read-only transactions, preventing them from generating redo logs. This setting is the default when you are opening a physical standby database, so that the physical standby database is available for queries even while archive logs are being copied from the primary database site.
Restrictions on Opening a Database The following restrictions apply to opening a database:
You cannot open a database in READ
ONLY
mode if it is currently opened in READ
WRITE
mode by another instance.
You cannot open a database in READ
ONLY
mode if it requires recovery.
You cannot take tablespaces offline while the database is open in READ
ONLY
mode. However, you can take datafiles offline and online, and you can recover offline datafiles and tablespaces while the database is open in READ
ONLY
mode.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for additional information about opening a physical standby databaseThe recovery_clauses
include post-backup operations. For all of these clauses, Oracle Database recovers the database using any incarnations of datafiles and log files that are known to the current control file.
See Also:
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for information on backing up the database and "Database Recovery: Examples"The general_recovery
clause lets you control media recovery for the database or standby database or for specified tablespaces or files. You can use this clause when your instance has the database mounted, open or closed, and the files involved are not in use.
Note:
Parallelism is enabled by default during full or partial database recovery and logfile recovery. You can disable parallelism of these operations by specifyingNOPARALLEL
as shown in the respective syntax diagrams.Restrictions on General Database Recovery General recovery is subject to the following restrictions:
You can recover the entire database only when the database is closed.
Your instance must have the database mounted in exclusive mode.
You can recover tablespaces or datafiles when the database is open or closed, if the tablespaces or datafiles to be recovered are offline.
You cannot perform media recovery if you are connected to Oracle Database through the shared server architecture.
Note:
If you do not have special media requirements, then Oracle recommends that you use the SQL*PlusRECOVER
command rather than the general_recovery_clause
.See Also:
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for more information on RMAN media recovery and user-defined media recovery
SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference for information on the SQL*Plus RECOVER
command
Specify AUTOMATIC
if you want Oracle Database to automatically generate the name of the next archived redo log file needed to continue the recovery operation. If the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_
n
parameters are defined, then Oracle Database scans those that are valid and enabled for the first local destination. It uses that destination in conjunction with LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT
to generate the target redo log filename. If the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_
n
parameters are not defined, then Oracle Database uses the value of the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST
parameter instead.
If the resulting file is found, then Oracle Database applies the redo contained in that file. If the file is not found, then Oracle Database prompts you for a filename, displaying the generated filename as a suggestion.
If you specify neither AUTOMATIC
nor LOGFILE
, then Oracle Database prompts you for a filename, displaying the generated filename as a suggestion. You can then accept the generated filename or replace it with a fully qualified filename. If you know that the archived filename differs from what Oracle Database would generate, then you can save time by using the LOGFILE
clause.
Specify FROM
'location'
to indicate the location from which the archived redo log file group is read. The value of location
must be a fully specified file location following the conventions of your operating system. If you omit this parameter, then Oracle Database assumes that the archived redo log file group is in the location specified by the initialization parameter LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST
or LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1
.
The full_database_recovery
clause lets you recover an entire database.
DATABASE Specify the DATABASE
clause to recover the entire database. This is the default. You can use this clause only when the database is closed.
STANDBY DATABASE Specify the STANDBY
DATABASE
clause to manually recover a physical standby database using the control file and archived redo log files copied from the primary database. The standby database must be mounted but not open.
This clause recovers only online datafiles.
Use the UNTIL
clause to specify the duration of the recovery operation.
CANCEL
indicates cancel-based recovery. This clause recovers the database until you issue the ALTER
DATABASE
statement with the RECOVER
CANCEL
clause.
TIME
indicates time-based recovery. This parameter recovers the database to the time specified by the date. The date must be a character literal in the format 'YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS'
.
CHANGE
indicates change-based recovery. This parameter recovers the database to a transaction-consistent state immediately before the system change number specified by integer
.
Specify USING
BACKUP
CONTROLFILE
if you want to use a backup control file instead of the current control file.
partial_database_recovery
The partial_database_recovery
clause lets you recover individual tablespaces and datafiles.
TABLESPACE Specify the TABLESPACE
clause to recover only the specified tablespaces. You can use this clause if the database is open or closed, provided the tablespaces to be recovered are offline.
DATAFILE Specify the DATAFILE
clause to recover the specified datafiles. You can use this clause when the database is open or closed, provided the datafiles to be recovered are offline.
You can identify the datafile by name or by number. If you identify it by number, then filenumber
is an integer representing the number found in the FILE#
column of the V$DATAFILE
dynamic performance view or in the FILE_ID
column of the DBA_DATA_FILES
data dictionary view.
In earlier releases, you could specify STANDBY
TABLESPACE
to reconstruct a lost or damaged tablespace in the standby database using archived redo log files copied from the primary database and a control file. This clause is now deprecated. Instead, if you want to recover older tablespaces to the standby controlfile, but no further, use the statement ALTER
DATABASE
RECOVER
MANAGED
STANDBY
DATABASE
UNTIL
CHANGE
scn
, where scn
is the value of the CURRENT_SCN
field of V$DATABASE
plus 1.
In earlier releases, you could specify STANDBY
DATAFILE
to manually reconstruct a lost or damaged datafile in the physical standby database using archived redo log files copied from the primary database and a control file. This clause is now deprecated. Instead, if you want to recover older datafiles to the standby controlfile, but no further, use the statement ALTER
DATABASE
RECOVER
MANAGED
STANDBY
DATABASE
UNTIL
CHANGE
scn
, where scn
is the value of the CURRENT_SCN
field of V$DATABASE
plus 1.
Specify the LOGFILE
'filename
' to continue media recovery by applying the specified redo log file.
Use the TEST
clause to conduct a trial recovery. A trial recovery is useful if a normal recovery procedure has encountered some problem. It lets you look ahead into the redo stream to detect possible additional problems. The trial recovery applies redo in a way similar to normal recovery, but it does not write changes to disk, and it rolls back its changes at the end of the trial recovery.
You can use this clause only if you have restored a backup taken since the last RESETLOGS
operation. Otherwise, Oracle Database returns an error.
The ALLOW
integer
CORRUPTION
clause lets you specify, in the event of logfile corruption, the number of corrupt blocks that can be tolerated while allowing recovery to proceed.
When you use this clause during trial recovery (in conjunction with the TEST
clause), integer
can exceed 1. When using this clause during normal recovery, integer
cannot exceed 1.
See Also:
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for information on database recovery in general
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for information on managed recovery of standby databases
Specify CONTINUE
to continue multi-instance recovery after it has been interrupted to disable a thread.
Specify CONTINUE
DEFAULT
to continue recovery using the redo log file that Oracle Database would automatically generate if no other logfile were specified. This clause is equivalent to specifying AUTOMATIC
, except that Oracle Database does not prompt for a filename.
Specify CANCEL
to terminate cancel-based recovery.
Use the managed_standby_recovery
clause to start and stop Redo Apply on a physical standby database. Redo Apply keeps the standby database transactionally consistent with the primary database by continuously applying redo received from the primary database.
A primary database transmits its redo data to standby sites. As the redo data is written to redo log files at the physical standby site, the log files become available for use by Redo Apply. You can use the managed_standby_recovery
clause when your standby instance has the database mounted or is opened read-only.
Restrictions on Managed Standby Recovery The same restrictions listed under general_recovery apply to this clause.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for more information on the use of this clauseUSING CURRENT LOGFILE Clause Specify USING
CURRENT
LOGFILE
to invoke real-time apply, which recovers redo from the standby redo log files as soon as they are written, without requiring them to be archived first at the physical standby database.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for more information on real-time applyDISCONNECT Specify DISCONNECT
to indicate that Redo Apply should be performed in the background, leaving the current session available for other tasks. The FROM
SESSION
keywords are optional and are provided for semantic clarity.
NODELAY The NODELAY
clause overrides the DELAY
attribute on the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n
parameter on the primary database. If you do not specify the NODELAY
clause, then application of the archived redo log file is delayed according to the DELAY
attribute of the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_
n
setting (if any). If the DELAY
attribute was not specified on that parameter, then the archived redo log file is applied immediately to the standby database.
If you specify real-time apply with the USING
CURRENT
LOGFILE
clause, then any DELAY
value specified for the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_
n
parameter at the primary for this standby is ignored, and NODELAY
is the default.
UNTIL CHANGE Clause Use this clause to instruct Redo Apply to recover redo data up to, but not including, the specified system change number.
FINISH Specify FINISH
to complete applying all available redo data in preparation for a failover.
Use the FINISH
clause only in the event of the failure of the primary database. This clause overrides any specified delay intervals and applies all available redo immediately. After the FINISH
command completes, this database can no longer run in the standby database role, and it must be converted to a primary database by issuing the ALTER
DATABASE
COMMIT
TO
SWITCHOVER
TO
PRIMARY
statement.
CANCEL Specify CANCEL
to stop Redo Apply immediately. Control is returned as soon as Redo Apply stops.
TO LOGICAL STANDBY Clause Use this clause to convert a physical standby database into a logical standby database.
db_name Specify a database name to identify the new logical standby database. If you are using a server parameter file (spfile) at the time you issue this statement, then the database will update the file with appropriate information about the new logical standby database. If you are not using an spfile, then the database issues a message reminding you to set the name of the DB_NAME
parameter after shutting down the database. In addition, you must invoke the DBMS_LOGSTDBY.BUILD
PL/SQL procedure on the primary database before using this clause on the standby database.
See Also:
Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference for information about theDBMS_LOGSTDBY.BUILD
procedureKEEP IDENTITY Use this clause if you want to use the rolling upgrade feature provided by a logical standby and also revert to the original configuration of a primary database and a physical standby. A logical standby database created using this clause provides only limited support for switchover and failover. Therefore, do not use this clause create a general-purpose logical standby database.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for more information on rolling upgradeDeprecated Managed Standby Recovery Clauses
The following clauses appeared in the syntax of earlier releases. They have been deprecated and are no longer needed. Oracle recommends that you do not use these clauses.
NOPARALLEL The NOPARALLEL
clause is deprecated. All Redo Apply is now done in parallel mode. When specified, this clause is ignored.
FINISH FORCE, FINISH WAIT, FINISH NOWAIT These optional forms of the FINISH
clause are deprecated. Their semantics are presented here for backward compatibility:
FORCE
terminates inactive redo transport sessions that would otherwise prevent FINISH
processing from beginning.
NOWAIT
returns control to the foreground process before the recovery completes
WAIT
(the default) returns control to the foreground process after recovery completes
When specified, these clauses are ignored. Terminal recovery now runs in the foreground and always terminates all redo transport sessions. Therefore control is not returned to the user until recovery completes.
CANCEL IMMEDIATE, CANCEL WAIT, CANCEL NOWAIT These optional forms of the CANCEL
clause are deprecated. Their semantics are presented here for backward compatibility:
Include the IMMEDIATE
keyword to stop Redo Apply before completely applying the current redo log file. Session control returns when Redo Apply actually stops.
Include the NOWAIT
keyword to return session control without waiting for the CANCEL
operation to complete.
When specified, these clauses are ignored. Redo Apply is now always cancelled immediately and control returns to the session only after the operation completes.
Use these clauses to move all the datafiles in the database into or out of online backup mode (also called hot backup mode).
See Also:
ALTER TABLESPACE for information on moving all datafiles in an individual tablespace into and out of online backup modeBEGIN BACKUP Clause
Specify BEGIN
BACKUP
to move all datafiles in the database into online backup mode. The database must be mounted and open, and media recovery must be enabled (the database must be in ARCHIVELOG
mode).
While the database is in online backup mode, you cannot shut down the instance normally, begin backup of an individual tablespace, or take any tablespace offline or make it read only.
This clause has no effect on datafiles that are in offline or on read-only tablespaces.
END BACKUP Clause
Specify END
BACKUP
to take out of online backup mode any datafiles in the database currently in online backup mode. The database must be mounted (either open or closed) when you perform this operation.
After a system failure, instance failure, or SHUTDOWN
ABORT
operation, Oracle Database does not know whether the files in online backup mode match the files at the time the system crashed. If you know the files are consistent, then you can take either individual datafiles or all datafiles out of online backup mode. Doing so avoids media recovery of the files upon startup.
To take an individual datafile out of online backup mode, use the ALTER
DATABASE
DATAFILE
... END
BACKUP
statement. See database_file_clauses .
To take all datafiles in a tablespace out of online backup mode, use an ALTER
TABLESPACE
... END
BACKUP
statement.
The database_file_clauses
let you modify datafiles and tempfiles. You can use any of the following clauses when your instance has the database mounted, open or closed, and the files involved are not in use.
Use the RENAME
FILE
clause to rename datafiles, tempfiles, or redo log file members. You must create each filename using the conventions for filenames on your operating system before specifying this clause.
To use this clause for a datafile or tempfile, the database must be mounted. The database can also be open, but the datafile or tempfile being renamed must be offline. In addition, you must first rename the file on the file system to the new name.
To use this clause for logfiles, the database must be mounted but not open.
If you have enabled block change tracking, then you can use this clause to rename the block change tracking file. The database must be mounted but not open when you rename the block change tracking file.
This clause renames only files in the control file. It does not actually rename them on your operating system. The operating system files continue to exist, but Oracle Database no longer uses them.
See Also:
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for information on recovery of datafiles and tempfiles
"Renaming a Log File Member: Example" and "Manipulating Tempfiles: Example"
Use the CREATE
DATAFILE
clause to create a new empty datafile in place of an old one. You can use this clause to re-create a datafile that was lost with no backup. The filename
or filenumber
must identify a file that is or was once part of the database. If you identify the file by number, then filenumber
is an integer representing the number found in the FILE#
column of the V$DATAFILE
dynamic performance view or in the FILE_ID
column of the DBA_DATA_FILES
data dictionary view.
Specify AS
NEW
to create an Oracle-managed datafile with a system-generated filename, the same size as the file being replaced, in the default file system location for datafiles.
Specify AS
file_specification
to assign a file name (and optional size) to the new datafile. Use the datafile_tempfile_spec
form of file_specification
(see file_specification) to list regular datafiles and tempfiles in an operating system file system or to list Automatic Storage Management disk group files.
If the original file (filename
or filenumber
) is an existing Oracle-managed datafile, then Oracle Database attempts to delete the original file after creating the new file. If the original file is an existing user-managed datafile, then Oracle Database does not attempt to delete the original file.
If you omit the AS
clause entirely, then Oracle Database creates the new file with the same name and size as the file specified by filename
or filenumber
.
During recovery, all archived redo logs written to since the original datafile was created must be applied to the new, empty version of the lost datafile.
Oracle Database creates the new file in the same state as the old file when it was created. You must perform media recovery on the new file to return it to the state of the old file at the time it was lost.
Restrictions on Creating New Datafiles The creation of new datafiles is subject to the following restrictions:
You cannot create a new file based on the first datafile of the SYSTEM
tablespace.
You cannot specify the autoextend_clause
of datafile_tempfile_spec
in this CREATE
DATAFILE
clause.
See Also:
"DATAFILE Clause" of CREATE
DATABASE
for information on the result of this clause if you do not specify a name for the new datafile
file_specification for a full description of the file specification (datafile_tempfile_spec
) and "Creating a New Datafile: Example"
The DATAFILE
clause lets you manipulate a file that you identify by name or by number. If you identify it by number, then filenumber
is an integer representing the number found in the FILE#
column of the V$DATAFILE
dynamic performance view or in the FILE_ID
column of the DBA_DATA_FILES
data dictionary view. The DATAFILE
clauses affect your database files as follows:
ONLINE Specify ONLINE
to bring the datafile online.
OFFLINE Specify OFFLINE
to take the datafile offline. If the database is open, then you must perform media recovery on the datafile before bringing it back online, because a checkpoint is not performed on the datafile before it is taken offline.
FOR DROP If the database is in NOARCHIVELOG
mode, then you must specify FOR
DROP
clause to take a datafile offline. However, this clause does not remove the datafile from the database. To do that, you must use an operating system command or drop the tablespace in which the datafile resides. Until you do so, the datafile remains in the data dictionary with the status RECOVER
or OFFLINE
.
If the database is in ARCHIVELOG
mode, then Oracle Database ignores the FOR
DROP
clause.
RESIZE Specify RESIZE
if you want Oracle Database to attempt to increase or decrease the size of the datafile to the specified absolute size in bytes. There is no default, so you must specify a size.
If sufficient disk space is not available for the increased size, or if the file contains data beyond the specified decreased size, then Oracle Database returns an error.
See Also:
"Resizing a Datafile: Example"END BACKUP Specify END
BACKUP
to take the datafile out of online backup mode. The END
BACKUP
clause is described more fully at the top level of the syntax of ALTER
DATABASE
. See "END BACKUP Clause".
Use the TEMPFILE
clause to resize your temporary datafile or specify the autoextend_clause
, with the same effect as for a permanent datafile. The database must be open. You can identify the tempfile by name or by number. If you identify it by number, then filenumber
is an integer representing the number found in the FILE#
column of the V$TEMPFILE
dynamic performance view.
Note:
On some operating systems, Oracle does not allocate space for a tempfile until the tempfile blocks are actually accessed. This delay in space allocation results in faster creation and resizing of tempfiles, but it requires that sufficient disk space is available when the tempfiles are later used. To avoid potential problems, before you create or resize a tempfile, ensure that the available disk space exceeds the size of the new tempfile or the increased size of a resized tempfile. The excess space should allow for anticipated increases in disk space use by unrelated operations as well. Then proceed with the creation or resizing operation.DROP Specify DROP
to drop tempfile
from the database. The tablespace remains.
If you specify INCLUDING
DATAFILES
, then Oracle Database also deletes the associated operating system files and writes a message to the alert log for each such deleted file. You can achieve the same result using an ALTER
TABLESPACE
... DROP
TEMPFILE
statement. Refer to the ALTER
TABLESPACE
DROP Clause for more information.
autoextend_clause
Use the autoextend_clause
to enable or disable the automatic extension of a new or existing datafile or tempfile. Refer to file_specification for information about this clause.
The logfile clauses let you add, drop, or modify log files.
Specify ARCHIVELOG
if you want the contents of a redo log file group to be archived before the group can be reused. This mode prepares for the possibility of media recovery. Use this clause only after shutting down your instance normally, or immediately with no errors, and then restarting it and mounting the database. Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) must be disabled.
MANUAL Specify MANUAL
to indicate that Oracle Database should create redo log files, but the archiving of the redo log files is controlled entirely by the user. This clause is provided for backward compatibility, for example for users who archive directly to tape. If you specify MANUAL
, then:
Oracle Database does not archive redo log files when a log switch occurs. You must handle this manually.
You cannot have specified a standby database as an archivelog destinations. As a result, the database cannot be in MAXIMUM
PROTECTION
or MAXIMUM
AVAILABILITY
standby protection mode.
If you omit this clause, then Oracle Database automatically archives the redo log files to the destination specified in the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_
n
initialization parameters.
Specify NOARCHIVELOG
if you do not want the contents of a redo log file group to be archived so that the group can be reused. This mode does not prepare for recovery after media failure. Use this clause only if your instance has the database mounted but not open, and Real Application Clusters must be disabled.
Use this clause to put the database into or take the database out of FORCE
LOGGING
mode. The database must be mounted or open.
In FORCE
LOGGING
mode, Oracle Database logs all changes in the database except changes in temporary tablespaces and temporary segments. This setting takes precedence over and is independent of any NOLOGGING
or FORCE
LOGGING
settings you specify for individual tablespaces and any NOLOGGING
settings you specify for individual database objects.
If you specify FORCE
LOGGING
, then Oracle Database waits for all ongoing unlogged operations to finish.
RENAME FILE Clause
This clause has the same function for logfiles that it has for datafiles and tempfiles. See "RENAME FILE Clause".
Use the CLEAR
LOGFILE
clause to reinitialize an online redo log, optionally without archiving the redo log. CLEAR
LOGFILE
is similar to adding and dropping a redo log, except that the statement may be issued even if there are only two logs for the thread and may be issued for the current redo log of a closed thread.
For a standby database, if the STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT
initialization parameter is set to AUTO
, and if any of the log files are Oracle-managed files, Oracle Database will create as many Oracle-managed log files as are in the control file. The log file members will reside in the current default log file destination.
You must specify UNARCHIVED
if you want to reuse a redo log that was not archived.
Caution:
SpecifyingUNARCHIVED
makes backups unusable if the redo log is needed for recovery.You must specify UNRECOVERABLE
DATAFILE
if you have taken the datafile offline with the database in ARCHIVELOG
mode (that is, you specified ALTER
DATABASE
... DATAFILE
OFFLINE
without the DROP
keyword), and if the unarchived log to be cleared is needed to recover the datafile before bringing it back online. In this case, you must drop the datafile and the entire tablespace once the CLEAR
LOGFILE
statement completes.
Do not use CLEAR
LOGFILE
to clear a log needed for media recovery. If it is necessary to clear a log containing redo after the database checkpoint, then you must first perform incomplete media recovery. The current redo log of an open thread can be cleared. The current log of a closed thread can be cleared by switching logs in the closed thread.
If the CLEAR
LOGFILE
statement is interrupted by a system or instance failure, then the database may hang. In this case, reissue the statement after the database is restarted. If the failure occurred because of I/O errors accessing one member of a log group, then that member can be dropped and other members added.
See Also:
"Clearing a Log File: Example"Use these clauses to add redo log file groups to the database and to add new members to existing redo log file groups.
ADD LOGFILE Clause Use the ADD
LOGFILE
clause to add one or more redo log file groups to the specified thread or instance, making them available to the instance to which the thread is assigned.
To learn whether a logfile has been designated for online or standby database use, query the TYPE
column of the V$LOGFILE
dynamic performance view.
See Also:
"LOGFILE Clause" of CREATE
DATABASE
for information on the result of this clause for Oracle-managed files if you do not specify a name for the new log file group
Oracle Database Reference for more information on V$LOGFILE
INSTANCE The INSTANCE
clause is applicable only if you are using Oracle Database with the Real Application Clusters option in parallel mode. Specify the name of the instance for which you want to add a logfile. The instance name is a string of up to 80 characters. Oracle Database automatically uses the thread that is mapped to the specified instance. If no thread is mapped to the specified instance, then Oracle Database automatically acquires an available unmapped thread and assigns it to that instance. If you specify neither this clause nor the THREAD
clause, then Oracle Database executes the command as if you had specified the current instance. If the specified instance has no current thread mapping and there are no available unmapped threads, then Oracle Database returns an error.
GROUP The GROUP
clause uniquely identifies the redo log file group among all groups in all threads and can range from 1 to the value specified for MAXLOGFILES
in the CREATE
DATABASE
statement. You cannot add multiple redo log file groups having the same GROUP
value. If you omit this parameter, then Oracle Database generates its value automatically. You can examine the GROUP
value for a redo log file group through the dynamic performance view V$LOG
.
redo_log_file_spec Each redo_log_file_spec
specifies a redo log file group containing one or more members (copies). If you do not specify a filename for the new log file, then Oracle Database creates Oracle-managed files according to the rules described in the "LOGFILE Clause" of CREATE
DATABASE
.
See Also:
Oracle Database Reference for information on dynamic performance views
ADD [STANDBY] LOGFILE MEMBER Clause Use the ADD
LOGFILE
MEMBER
clause to add new members to existing redo log file groups. Each new member is specified by 'filename'
. If the file already exists, then it must be the same size as the other group members, and you must specify REUSE
. If the file does not exist, then Oracle Database creates a file of the correct size. You cannot add a member to a group if all of the members of the group have been lost through media failure.
You can specify STANDBY
for symmetry, to indicate that the logfile member is for use only by a physical standby database. However, this keyword is not required. If group integer
was added for standby database use, then all of its members will be used only for standby databases as well.
You can specify an existing redo log file group in one of two ways:
GROUP integer Specify the value of the GROUP
parameter that identifies the redo log file group.
filename(s) List all members of the redo log file group. You must fully specify each filename according to the conventions of your operating system.
See Also:
"LOGFILE Clause" of CREATE
DATABASE
for information on the result of this clause for Oracle-managed files if you do not specify a name for the new log file group
Use these clauses to drop redo log file groups or redo log file members.
DROP LOGFILE Clause Use the DROP
LOGFILE
clause to drop all members of a redo log file group. If you use this clause to drop Oracle-managed files, then Oracle Database also removes all log file members from disk. Specify a redo log file group as indicated for the ADD
LOGFILE
MEMBER
clause.
To drop the current log file group, you must first issue an ALTER
SYSTEM
SWITCH
LOGFILE
statement.
You cannot drop a redo log file group if it needs archiving.
You cannot drop a redo log file group if doing so would cause the redo thread to contain less than two redo log file groups.
DROP LOGFILE MEMBER Clause Use the DROP
LOGFILE
MEMBER
clause to drop one or more redo log file members. Each 'filename'
must fully specify a member using the conventions for filenames on your operating system.
To drop a log file in the current log, you must first issue an ALTER
SYSTEM
SWITCH
LOGFILE
statement. Refer to ALTER SYSTEM for more information.
You cannot use this clause to drop all members of a redo log file group that contains valid data. To perform that operation, use the DROP
LOGFILE
clause.
See Also:
"Dropping Log File Members: Example"supplemental_db_logging
Use these clauses to instruct Oracle Database to add or stop adding supplemental data into the log stream.
ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG Clause Specify ADD
SUPPLEMENTAL
LOG
DATA
to enable minimal supplemental logging. Specify ADD
SUPPLEMENTAL
LOG
supplemental_id_key_clause
to enable column data logging in addition to minimal supplemental logging. Specify ADD
SUPPLEMENTAL
LOG
supplemental_plsql_clause
to enable supplemental logging of PL/SQL calls. Oracle Database does not enable either minimal supplemental logging or supplemental logging by default.
Minimal supplemental logging ensures that LogMiner (and any products building on LogMiner technology) will have sufficient information to support chained rows and various storage arrangements such as cluster tables.
If the redo generated on one database is to be the source of changes (to be mined and applied) at another database, as is the case with logical standby, then the affected rows need to be identified using column data (as opposed to rowids). In this case, you should specify the supplemental_id_key_clause
.
You can query the appropriate columns in the V$DATABASE
view to determine whether any supplemental logging has already been enabled.
You can issue this statement when the database is open. However, Oracle Database will invalidate all DML cursors in the cursor cache, which will have an effect on performance until the cache is repopulated.
For a full discussion of the supplemental_id_clause
, refer to supplemental_id_key_clause in the documentation on CREATE
TABLE
.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for information on supplemental logging on the primary database to support a logical standby databaseUse this clause to stop supplemental logging.
Specify DROP
SUPPLEMENTAL
LOG
DATA
to instruct Oracle Database to stop placing minimal additional log information into the redo log stream whenever an update operation occurs. If Oracle Database is doing column data supplemental logging specified with the supplemental_id_key_clause
, then you must first stop the column data supplemental logging with the DROP
SUPPLEMENTAL
LOG
supplemental_id_key_clause
and then specify this clause.
Specify DROP
SUPPLEMENTAL
LOG
supplemental_id_key_clause
to drop some or all of the system-generated supplemental log groups. You must specify the supplemental_id_key_clause
if the supplemental log groups you want to drop were added using that clause.
Specify DROP
SUPPLEMENTAL
LOG
supplemental_plsql_clause
disable supplemental logging of PL/SQL calls.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for information on supplemental loggingThe controlfile_clauses
let you create or back up a control file.
CREATE STANDBY CONTROLFILE Clause
The CREATE
STANDBY
CONTROLFILE
clause lets you create a control file to be used to maintain a physical or logical standby database. If the file already exists, then you must specify REUSE
.
Use the BACKUP
CONTROLFILE
clause to back up the current control file. The database must be open or mounted when you specify this clause.
TO 'filename' Use this clause to specify a binary backup of the control file. You must fully specify the filename
using the conventions for your operating system. If the specified file already exists, then you must specify REUSE
.
A binary backup contains information that is not captured if you specify TO
TRACE
, such as the archived log history, offline range for read-only and offline tablespaces, and backup sets and copies (if you use RMAN). If the COMPATIBLE
initialization parameter is 10.2 or higher, binary control file backups include tempfile entries.
TO TRACE
Specify TO
TRACE
if you want Oracle Database to write SQL statements to a trace file rather than making a physical backup of the control file. The trace files are stored in a subdirectory determined by the DIAGNOSTIC_DEST
initialization parameter. You can find the name and location of the trace file to which the CREATE
CONTROLFILE
statements were written by looking in the alert log. You can also find the directory for trace files by querying the NAME
and VALUE
columns of the V$DIAG_INFO
dynamic performance view. You can use SQL statements written to the trace file to start up the database, re-create the control file, and recover and open the database appropriately, based on the created control file. If you issue an ALTER
DATABASE
BACKUP
CONTROLFILE
TO
TRACE
statement while block change tracking is enabled, then the resulting script will contain a command to reenable block change tracking.
This statement issues an implicit ALTER
DATABASE
REGISTER
LOGFILE
statement, which creates incarnation records if the archived log files reside in the current archivelog destinations.
You can copy the statements from the trace file into a script file, edit the statements as necessary, and use the script if all copies of the control file are lost (or to change the size of the control file).
Specify AS
filename
if you want Oracle Database to place the script into a file called filename
rather than into the standard trace file.
Specify REUSE
to allow Oracle Database to overwrite any existing file called filename
.
RESETLOGS
indicates that the SQL statement written to the trace file for starting the database is ALTER
DATABASE
OPEN
RESETLOGS
. This setting is valid only if the online logs are unavailable.
NORESETLOGS
indicates that the SQL statement written to the trace file for starting the database is ALTER
DATABASE
OPEN
NORESETLOGS
. This setting is valid only if all the online logs are available.
If you cannot predict the future state of the online logs, then specify neither RESETLOGS
nor NORESETLOGS
. In this case, Oracle Database puts both versions of the script into the trace file, and you can choose which version is appropriate when the script becomes necessary.
standby_database_clauses
Use these clauses to activate the standby database or to specify whether it is in protected or unprotected mode.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for descriptions of the physical and logical standby database and for information on maintaining and using standby databasesUse the ACTIVATE
STANDBY
DATABASE
clause to convert a standby database into a primary database.
Caution:
Before using this command, refer to Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for important usage information.PHYSICAL Specify PHYSICAL
to activate a physical standby database. This is the default.
LOGICAL Specify LOGICAL
to activate a logical standby database. If you have more than one logical standby database, then you should first ensure that the same log data is available on all the standby systems.
FINISH APPLY This clause applies only to logical standby databases. Use it to initiate terminal apply, which is the application of any remaining redo to bring the logical standby database to the same state as the primary database. When terminal apply is complete, the database completes the switchover from logical standby to primary database.
If you require immediate restoration of the database in spite of data loss, then omit this clause. The database will execute the switchover from logical standby to primary database immediately without terminal apply.
Use this clause to specify the level of protection for the data in your database environment. You specify this clause from the primary database, which must be mounted but not open.
Note:
ThePROTECTED
and UNPROTECTED
keywords have been replaced for clarity but are still supported. PROTECTED
is equivalent to TO
MAXIMIZE
PROTECTION
. UNPROTECTED
is equivalent to TO
MAXIMIZE
PERFORMANCE
.TO MAXIMIZE PROTECTION This setting establishes maximum protection mode and offers the highest level of data protection. A transaction does not commit until all data needed to recover that transaction has been written to at least one physical standby database that is configured to use the SYNC
log transport mode. If the primary database is unable to write the redo records to at least one such standby database, then the primary database is shut down. This mode guarantees zero data loss, but it has the greatest potential impact on the performance and availability of the primary database.
TO MAXIMIZE AVAILABILITY This setting establishes maximum availability mode and offers the next highest level of data protection. A transaction does not commit until all data needed to recover that transaction has been written to at least one physical or logical standby database that is configured to use the SYNC
log transport mode. Unlike maximum protection mode, the primary database does not shut down if it is unable to write the redo records to at least one such standby database. Instead, the protection is lowered to maximum performance mode until the fault has been corrected and the standby database has caught up with the primary database. This mode guarantees zero data loss unless the primary database fails while in maximum performance mode. Maximum availability mode provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without affecting the availability of the primary database.
TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE This setting establishes maximum performance mode and is the default setting. A transaction commits before the data needed to recover that transaction has been written to a standby database. Therefore, some transactions may be lost if the primary database fails and you are unable to recover the redo records from the primary database. This mode provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without affecting the performance of the primary database.
To determine the current mode of the database, query the PROTECTION_MODE
column of the V$DATABASE
dynamic performance view.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for full information on using these standby database settingsSpecify the REGISTER
LOGFILE
clause from the standby database to manually register log files from the failed primary. Use the redo_log_file_spec
form of file_specification
(see file_specification) to list regular redo log files in an operating system file system or to list Automatic Storage Management disk group redo log files.
When a log file is from an unknown incarnation, the REGISTER
LOGFILE
clause causes an incarnation record to be added to the V$DATABASE_INCARNATION
view. If the newly registered log file belongs to an incarnation having a higher RESETLOGS_TIME
than the current RECOVERY_TARGET_INCARNATION#
, then the REGISTER
LOGFILE
clause also causes RECOVERY_TARGET_INCARNATION#
to be changed to correspond to the newly added incarnation record.
OR REPLACE Specify OR
REPLACE
to allow an existing archivelog entry in the standby database to be updated, for example, when its location or file specification changes. The system change numbers of the entries must match exactly, and the original entry must have been created by the managed standby log transmittal mechanism.
FOR logminer_session_name This clause is useful in a Streams environment. It lets you register the log file with one specified LogMiner session.
Use this clause to perform a switchover, in which the current primary database takes on standby status, and one standby database becomes the primary database. In a Real Application Clusters environment, all instances other than the instance from which you issue this statement must be shut down normally.
When it is not possible to perform a graceful switchover because the primary database is not available, use the activate_standby_db_clause
instead of this clause.
PREPARE TO SWITCHOVER The PREPARE
TO
SWITCHOVER
clause prepares the primary and standby databases to begin exchanging log files in preparation for the switchover.
On the primary database, specify PREPARE
TO
SWITCHOVER
TO
LOGICAL
STANDBY
to enable the primary database to begin accepting log files from one of its logical standby databases.
From the logical standby database, specify this clause to build and send its LogMiner dictionary to the primary before the switchover is committed.
COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER The COMMIT
TO
SWITCHOVER
completes the switchover operation as the final stage of the role transition, and it starts scheduling jobs specific to the new role (primary or standby) of the affected databases.
On the primary database, specify COMMIT
TO
SWITCHOVER
TO
STANDBY
to perform a database switchover of the primary database to standby database status. The primary database must be open.
On one of the standby databases, issue a COMMIT
TO
SWITCHOVER
TO
PRIMARY
statement to perform a switchover of this standby database to primary status. The standby database must be mounted.
Specify PHYSICAL
to prepare the primary database to run in the role of a physical standby database.
If you specify WITH
SESSION
SHUTDOWN
, then Oracle Database shuts down any open application sessions and rolls back uncommitted transactions as part of the execution of this statement. If you omit this clause or specify WITHOUT
SESSION
SHUTDOWN
(which is the default), then the statement fails if any application sessions are open.
Restriction on WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN
: This clause is not necessary or supported for a logical database.
Specify WAIT
if you want Oracle Database to return control after the completion of the SWITCHOVER
command. Specify NOWAIT
if you want Oracle Database to return control before the switchover operation is complete. The default is WAIT
.
Specify LOGICAL
to prepare the primary database to run in the role of a logical standby database. If you specify LOGICAL
, then you must then issue an ALTER
DATABASE
START
LOGICAL
STANDBY
APPLY
statement.
CANCEL Specify CANCEL
to cancel the switchover from primary to standby database. This clause is necessary to stop the shipping of log files from a logical standby database to the primary database. This clause also restarts any scheduling jobs specific to the primary and standby databases that were being prepared for switchover.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for full information on switchover between primary and standby databasesSpecify the START
LOGICAL
STANDBY
APPLY
clause to begin applying redo logs to a logical standby database. This clause enables primary key, unique index, and unique constraint supplemental logging as well as PL/SQL call logging.
Specify IMMEDIATE
to apply redo data from the current standby redo log file.
Specify NODELAY
if you want Oracle Database to ignore a delay for this apply. This is useful if the primary database is no longer present, which would otherwise require a PL/SQL call to be made.
Specify INITIAL
the first time you apply the logs to the standby database.
Specify NEW
PRIMARY
on a logical standby not participating in a role transition, after a switchover or failover operation has resulted in a new primary database.
Specify SKIP
FAILED
[TRANSACTION
] to skip the last transaction in the events table and restart the apply.
Specify FINISH
to force the standby redo logfile information into archived logs. If the primary database becomes disabled, then you can then apply the data in the redo log files.
Use this clause to stop the log apply services. This clause applies only to logical standby databases, not to physical standby databases. Use the STOP
clause to stop the apply in an orderly fashion.
Use this clause to convert a database from one form to another.
Specify CONVERT
TO
PHYSICAL
STANDBY
to convert a primary database or a snapshot standby database into a physical standby database.
Specify CONVERT
TO
SNAPSHOT
STANDBY
to convert a physical standby database into a snapshot standby database.
In an Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) environment, all but one instance of the database must be shut down before the ALTER
DATABASE
statement is issued. The database must be shut down and restarted after the ALTER
DATABASE
statement is issued.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for more information about standby databasesdefault_settings_clauses
Use these clauses to modify the default settings of the database.
CHARACTER SET, NATIONAL CHARACTER SET
You can no longer change the database character set or the national character set using the ALTER
DATABASE
statement. Refer to Oracle Database Globalization Support Guide for information on database character set migration.
SET DEFAULT TABLESPACE Clause
Use this clause to specify or change the default type of subsequently created tablespaces. Specify BIGFILE
or SMALLFILE
to indicate whether the tablespaces should be bigfile or smallfile tablespaces.
A bigfile tablespace contains only one datafile or tempfile, which can contain up to approximately 4 billion (232) blocks. The maximum size of the single datafile or tempfile is 128 terabytes (TB) for a tablespace with 32K blocks and 32TB for a tablespace with 8K blocks.
A smallfile tablespace is a traditional Oracle tablespace, which can contain 1022 datafiles or tempfiles, each of which can contain up to approximately 4 million (222) blocks.
See Also:
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for more information about bigfile tablespaces
Specify this clause to establish or change the default permanent tablespace of the database. The tablespace you specify must already have been created. After this operation completes, Oracle Database automatically reassigns to the new default tablespace all non-SYSTEM
users. All objects subsequently created by those users will by default be stored in the new default tablespace. If you are replacing a previously specified default tablespace, then you can move the previously created objects from the old to the new default tablespace, and then drop the old default tablespace if you want to.
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE Clause
Specify this clause to change the default temporary tablespace of the database to a new tablespace or tablespace group.
Specify tablespace
to indicate the new default temporary tablespace of the database. After this operation completes, Oracle Database automatically reassigns to the new default temporary tablespace all users who had been assigned to the old default temporary tablespace. You can then drop the old default temporary tablespace if you want to.
Specify tablespace_group_name
to indicate that all tablespaces in the tablespace group specified by tablespace_group_name
are now default temporary tablespace for the database. After this operation completes, users who have not been explicitly assigned a default temporary tablespace can create temporary segments in any of the tablespaces that are part of tablespace_group_name
. You cannot drop the old default temporary tablespace if it is part of the default temporary tablespace group.
To learn the name of the current default temporary tablespace or default temporary tablespace group, query the TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE
column of the ALL_
, DBA-
, or USER_USERS
data dictionary views.
Restrictions on Default Temporary Tablespaces Default temporary tablespaces are subject to the following restrictions:
The tablespace you assign or reassign as the default temporary tablespace must have a standard block size.
If the SYSTEM
tablespace is locally managed, then the tablespace you specify as the default temporary tablespace must also be locally managed.
See Also:
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide for information on tablespace groups
instance_clauses
In an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment, specify ENABLE
INSTANCE
to enable the thread that is mapped to the specified database instance. The thread must have at least two redo log file groups, and the database must be open.
Specify DISABLE
INSTANCE
to disable the thread that is mapped to the specified database instance. The name of the instance is a string of up to 80 characters. If no thread is currently mapped to the specified instance, then Oracle Database returns an error. The database must be open, but you cannot disable a thread if an instance using it has the database mounted.
See Also:
Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide for more information on enabling and disabling instancesSpecify RENAME
GLOBAL_NAME
to change the global name of the database. The database
is the new database name and can be as long as eight bytes. The optional domain
specifies where the database is effectively located in the network hierarchy. The database must be open.
Note:
Renaming your database does not change global references to your database from existing database links, synonyms, and stored procedures and functions on remote databases. Changing such references is the responsibility of the administrator of the remote databases.The block change tracking feature causes Oracle Database to keep track of the physical locations of all database updates on both the primary database and any physical standby database. You must enable block change tracking on each database for which you want tracking to be performed. The tracking information is maintained in a separate file called the block change tracking file. If you are using Oracle-managed files, then Oracle Database automatically creates the block change tracking file in the location specified by DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST
. If you are not using Oracle-managed files, then you must specify the change tracking filename. Oracle Database uses change tracking data for some internal tasks, such as increasing the performance of incremental backups. You can enable or disable block change tracking with the database either open or mounted, in either archivelog or NOARCHIVELOG
mode.
ENABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING This clause enables block change tracking and causes Oracle Database to create a block change tracking file.
Specify USING
FILE
'filename
' if you want to name the block change tracking file instead of letting Oracle Database generate a name for it. You must specify this clause if you are not using Oracle-managed files.
Specify REUSE
to allow Oracle Database to overwrite an existing block change tracking file of the same name.
DISABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING Specify this clause if you want Oracle Database to stop tracking changes and delete the existing block change tracking file.
See Also:
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for information on setting up block change tracking and "Enabling and Disabling Block Change Tracking: Examples"Use this clause to put the database in or take the database out of FLASHBACK
mode. You can specify this clause only if the database is in ARCHIVELOG
mode and you have already prepared a flash recovery area for the database.You can specify this clause when the database is mounted but not open. This clause cannot be specified on a physical standby database if redo apply is active.
See Also:
Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's Guide for information on preparing the flash recovery area for Flashback operationsFLASHBACK ON Use this clause to put the database in FLASHBACK
mode. When the database is in FLASHBACK
mode, Oracle Database automatically creates and manages Flashback Database logs in the flash recovery area. Users with SYSDBA
system privilege can then issue a FLASHBACK
DATABASE
statement.
FLASHBACK OFF Use this clause to take the database out of FLASHBACK
mode. Oracle Database stops logging Flashback data and deletes all existing Flashback Database logs. Any attempt to issue a FLASHBACK
DATABASE
will fail with an error.
This clause has the same semantics in CREATE
DATABASE
and ALTER
DATABASE
statements. When used in with ALTER
DATABASE
, this clause resets the time zone of the database. To determine the time zone of the database, query the built-in function DBTIMEZONE. After setting or changing the time zone with this clause, you must restart the database for the new time zone to take effect.
Oracle Database normalizes all new TIMESTAMP
WITH
LOCAL
TIME
ZONE
data to the time zone of the database when the data is stored on disk.Oracle Database does not automatically update existing data in the database to the new time zone. Therefore, you cannot reset the database time zone if there is any TIMESTAMP
WITH
LOCAL
TIME
ZONE
data in the database. You must first delete or export the TIMESTAMP
WITH
LOCAL
TIME
ZONE
data and then reset the database time zone. For this reason, Oracle does not encourage you to change the time zone of a database that contains data.
For a full description of this clause, refer to set_time_zone_clause in the documentation on CREATE
DATABASE
.
Use the security_clause
(GUARD
) to protect data in the database from being changed. You can override this setting for a current session using the ALTER
SESSION
DISABLE
GUARD
statement. Refer to ALTER SESSION for more information.
ALL Specify ALL
to prevent all users other than SYS
from making any changes to the database.
STANDBY Specify STANDBY
to prevent all users other than SYS
from making changes to any database object being maintained by logical standby. This setting is useful if you want report operations to be able to modify data as long as it is not being replicated by logical standby.
See Also:
Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration for information on logical standbyNONE Specify NONE
if you want normal security for all data in the database.
Caution:
Oracle strongly recommends that you not use this setting on a logical standby database.Examples
READ ONLY / READ WRITE: Example The following statement opens the database in read-only mode:
ALTER DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY;
The following statement opens the database in read/write mode and clears the online redo logs:
ALTER DATABASE OPEN READ WRITE RESETLOGS;
Using Parallel Recovery Processes: Example The following statement performs tablespace recovery using parallel recovery processes:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER TABLESPACE tbs_03 PARALLEL;
Adding Redo Log File Groups: Examples The following statement adds a redo log file group with two members and identifies it with a GROUP
parameter value of 3:
ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE GROUP 3 ('diska:log3.log' , 'diskb:log3.log') SIZE 50K;
The following statement adds a redo log file group containing two members to thread 5 (in a Real Application Clusters environment) and assigns it a GROUP
parameter value of 4:
ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE THREAD 5 GROUP 4 ('diska:log4.log', 'diskb:log4:log');
Adding Redo Log File Group Members: Example The following statement adds a member to the redo log file group added in the previous example:
ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE MEMBER 'diskc:log3.log' TO GROUP 3;
Dropping Log File Members: Example The following statement drops one redo log file member added in the previous example:
ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE MEMBER 'diskb:log3.log';
The following statement drops all members of the redo log file group 3:
ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE GROUP 3;
Renaming a Log File Member: Example The following statement renames a redo log file member:
ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE 'diskc:log3.log' TO 'diskb:log3.log';
The preceding statement only changes the member of the redo log group from one file to another. The statement does not actually change the name of the file diskc:log3.log
to diskb:log3.log
. Before issuing this statement, you must change the name of the file through your operating system.
Setting the Default Type of Tablespaces: Example The following statement specifies that subsequently created tablespaces be created as bigfile tablespaces by default:
ALTER DATABASE SET DEFAULT BIGFILE TABLESPACE;
Changing the Default Temporary Tablespace: Examples The following statement makes the tbs_5
tablespace (created in "Creating a Temporary Tablespace: Example") the default temporary tablespace of the database. This statement either establishes a default temporary tablespace if none was specified at create time, or replaces an existing default temporary tablespace with tbs_05
:
ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tbs_05;
Alternatively, a group of tablespaces can be defined as the default temporary tablespace by using a tablespace group. The following statement makes the tablespaces in the tablespace group tbs_group_01
(created in "Adding a Temporary Tablespace to a Tablespace Group: Example") the default temporary tablespaces of the database:
ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tbs_grp_01;
Creating a New Datafile: Example The following statement creates a new datafile tbs_f04.dbf
based on the file tbs_f03.dbf
. Before creating the new datafile, you must take the existing datafile (or the tablespace in which it resides) offline.
ALTER DATABASE CREATE DATAFILE 'tbs_f03.dbf' AS 'tbs_f04.dbf';
Manipulating Tempfiles: Example The following takes offline the tempfile temp02.dbf created in Adding and Dropping Datafiles and Tempfiles: Examples and then renames the tempfile:
ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE 'temp02.dbf' OFFLINE; ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE 'temp02.dbf' TO 'temp03.dbf';
The statement renaming the tempfile requires that you first create the file temp03.dbf
on the operating system.
Changing the Global Database Name: Example The following statement changes the global name of the database and includes both the database name and domain:
ALTER DATABASE RENAME GLOBAL_NAME TO demo.world.oracle.com;
Enabling and Disabling Block Change Tracking: Examples The following statement enables block change tracking and causes Oracle Database to create a block change tracking file named tracking_file
and overwrite the file if it already exists:
ALTER DATABASE ENABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING USING FILE 'tracking_file' REUSE;
The following statement disables block change tracking and deletes the existing block change tracking file:
ALTER DATABASE DISABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING;
Resizing a Datafile: Example The following statement attempts to change the size of datafile diskb:tbs_f5.dat
:
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE 'diskb:tbs_f5.dat' RESIZE 10 M;
Clearing a Log File: Example The following statement clears a log file:
ALTER DATABASE CLEAR LOGFILE 'diskc:log3.log';
Database Recovery: Examples The following statement performs complete recovery of the entire database, letting Oracle Database generate the name of the next archived redo log file needed:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER AUTOMATIC DATABASE;
The following statement explicitly names a redo log file for Oracle Database to apply:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER LOGFILE 'diskc:log3.log';
The following statement performs time-based recovery of the database:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER AUTOMATIC UNTIL TIME '2001-10-27:14:00:00';
Oracle Database recovers the database until 2:00 p.m. on October 27, 2001.
For an example of recovering a tablespace, see "Using Parallel Recovery Processes: Example".