Oracle® Database

SQL Language Quick Reference

12c Release 1 (12.1)

E49206-12

November 2014

Oracle Database SQL Language Quick Reference, 12c Release 1 (12.1)

E49206-12

Copyright © 2003, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Primary Authors: Mary Beth Roeser, Simon Watt

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Preface

This reference contains a complete description of the Structured Query Language (SQL) used to manage information in an Oracle Database. Oracle SQL is a superset of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) SQL:2011 standard.

This Preface contains these topics:

Audience

Documentation Accessibility

Related Documents

Conventions

Audience

The Oracle Database SQL Language Quick Reference is intended for all users of Oracle SQL.

Documentation Accessibility

For information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.

Access to Oracle Support

Oracle customers that have purchased support have access to electronic support through My Oracle Support. For information, visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=info or visit http://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=trs if you are hearing impaired.

Related Documents

For more information, see these Oracle resources:

Oracle Database PL/SQL Language Reference for information on PL/SQL, the procedural language extension to Oracle SQL

Pro*C/C++ Programmer's Guide, Oracle SQL*Module for Ada Programmer's Guide, and the Pro*COBOL Programmer's Guide for detailed descriptions of Oracle embedded SQL

Many of the examples in this book use the sample schemas, which are installed by default when you select the Basic Installation option with an Oracle Database installation. Refer to Oracle Database Sample Schemas for information on how these schemas were created and how you can use them yourself.

Conventions

The following text conventions are used in this document:

Convention | Meaning
boldface | Boldface type indicates graphical user interface elements associated with an action, or terms defined in text or the glossary.
italic | Italic type indicates book titles, emphasis, or placeholder variables for which you supply particular values.
monospace | Monospace type indicates commands within a paragraph, URLs, code in examples, text that appears on the screen, or text that you enter.

1 SQL Statements

This chapter presents the syntax for Oracle SQL statements.

This chapter includes the following section:

Syntax for SQL Statements

Syntax for SQL Statements

SQL statements are the means by which programs and users access data in an Oracle database.

The sections that follow show each SQL statement and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses listed in the syntax for the statements.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about Oracle SQL

ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT

ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT
  { keystore_management_clauses
  | key_management_clauses
  | secret_management_clauses
  } ;

ALTER AUDIT POLICY

ALTER AUDIT POLICY policy
  [ ADD [ privilege_audit_clause ] [ action_audit_clause ] [ role_audit_clause ] ]
  [ DROP [ privilege_audit_clause ] [ action_audit_clause ] [ role_audit_clause ] ]
  [ CONDITION { DROP | 'audit_condition' EVALUATE PER { STATEMENT | SESSION | INSTANCE } } ]
;

ALTER CLUSTER

ALTER CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
  { physical_attributes_clause
  | SIZE size_clause
  | [ MODIFY PARTITION partition ] allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  } ...
  [ parallel_clause ] ;

ALTER DATABASE

ALTER DATABASE [ database ]
  { startup_clauses
  | recovery_clauses
  | database_file_clauses
  | logfile_clauses
  | controlfile_clauses
  | standby_database_clauses
  | default_settings_clauses
  | instance_clauses
  | security_clause
  } ;

ALTER DATABASE LINK

ALTER DATABASE LINK dblink
  { CONNECT TO user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
  | dblink_authentication
  };

ALTER DIMENSION

ALTER DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension
  { ADD { level_clause
        | hierarchy_clause
        | attribute_clause
        | extended_attribute_clause
        }
  } ...
  |
  { DROP { LEVEL level [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
         | HIERARCHY hierarchy
         | ATTRIBUTE attribute [ LEVEL level [ COLUMN column ] ]...
         }
  } ...
  |
  COMPILE
  ;

ALTER DISKGROUP

ALTER DISKGROUP
  { diskgroup_name
      { { { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause }
          [, { add_disk_clause | drop_disk_clause } ]...
        | resize_disk_clause
        } [ rebalance_diskgroup_clause ]
      | replace_disk_clause
      | rename_disk_clause
      | disk_online_clause
      | disk_offline_clause
      | rebalance_diskgroup_clause
      | check_diskgroup_clause
      | diskgroup_template_clauses
      | diskgroup_directory_clauses
      | diskgroup_alias_clauses
      | diskgroup_volume_clauses
      | diskgroup_attributes
      | modify_diskgroup_file
      | drop_diskgroup_file_clause
      | usergroup_clauses
      | user_clauses
      | file_permissions_clause
      | file_owner_clause
      | scrub_clause
      }
    | { diskgroup_name [, diskgroup_name ] ...
      | ALL
      } { undrop_disk_clause
        | diskgroup_availability
        | enable_disable_volume
        }
  } ;

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE flashback_archive
  { SET DEFAULT
  | { ADD | MODIFY } TABLESPACE tablespace [flashback_archive_quota]
  | REMOVE TABLESPACE tablespace_name
  | MODIFY RETENTION flashback_archive_retention
  | PURGE { ALL | BEFORE { SCN expr | TIMESTAMP expr } }
  | [NO] OPTIMIZE DATA
  };

ALTER FUNCTION

ALTER FUNCTION [ schema. ] function_name
{ function_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER INDEX

ALTER INDEX [ schema. ]index
  { { deallocate_unused_clause
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | shrink_clause
    | parallel_clause
    | physical_attributes_clause
    | logging_clause
    | partial_index_clause
    } ...
  | rebuild_clause
  | PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' )
               )
  | COMPILE
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  | UNUSABLE [ ONLINE ]
  | VISIBLE | INVISIBLE
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | COALESCE [ CLEANUP ]
  | { MONITORING | NOMONITORING } USAGE
  | UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
  | alter_index_partitioning
  }
  ;

ALTER INDEXTYPE

ALTER INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
  { { ADD | DROP } [ schema. ] operator ( parameter_types )
      [ , { ADD | DROP } [schema. ] operator ( parameter_types ) ]... [ using_type_clause ]
  | COMPILE
  }
  [ WITH LOCAL [ RANGE ] PARTITION ] [ storage_table_clause ]
  ;

ALTER JAVA

ALTER JAVA
  { SOURCE | CLASS } [ schema. ]object_name
  [ RESOLVER
      ( ( match_string [, ] { schema_name | - } )... )
  ]
  { { COMPILE | RESOLVE }
  | invoker_rights_clause
  } ;

ALTER LIBRARY

ALTER LIBRARY [ schema. ] library_name
{ library_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
  [ schema. ] materialized_view
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | modify_mv_column_clause
  | table_compression
  | inmemory_alter_table_clause
  | LOB_storage_clause [, LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | modify_LOB_storage_clause [, modify_LOB_storage_clause ]...
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]
  [ alter_iot_clauses ]
  [ USING INDEX physical_attributes_clause ]
  [ MODIFY scoped_table_ref_constraint
  | alter_mv_refresh
  ]
  [ evaluation_edition_clause ]
  [ alter_query_rewrite_clause
  | COMPILE
  | CONSIDER FRESH
  ] ;

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG [ FORCE ]
  ON [ schema. ]table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | add_mv_log_column_clause
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | parallel_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | shrink_clause
  | move_mv_log_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ] [ mv_log_augmentation ] [  mv_log_purge_clause ] [ for_refresh_clause ]
  ;

ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP

ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP [ schema. ] zonemap_name
  { alter_zonemap_attributes
  | zonemap_refresh_clause
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } PRUNING
  | COMPILE
  | REBUILD
  | UNUSABLE
  } ;

ALTER OPERATOR

ALTER OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
  { add_binding_clause
  | drop_binding_clause
  | COMPILE
  } ;

ALTER OUTLINE

ALTER OUTLINE [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] outline
  { REBUILD
  | RENAME TO new_outline_name
  | CHANGE CATEGORY TO new_category_name
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE }
  } ...
  ;

ALTER PACKAGE

ALTER PACKAGE [ schema. ] package_name
{ package_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE
  { pdb_unplug_clause
  | pdb_settings_clauses
  | pdb_datafile_clause
  | pdb_recovery_clauses
  | pdb_change_state
  | pdb_change_state_from_root
  } ;

ALTER PROCEDURE

ALTER PROCEDURE [ schema. ] procedure_name
{ procedure_compile_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER PROFILE

ALTER PROFILE profile LIMIT
  { resource_parameters | password_parameters } ...
  [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] ;

ALTER RESOURCE COST

ALTER RESOURCE COST
  { { CPU_PER_SESSION
    | CONNECT_TIME
    | LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
    | PRIVATE_SGA
    } integer
  } ...
  ;

ALTER ROLE

ALTER ROLE role
  { NOT IDENTIFIED
  | IDENTIFIED
      { BY password
      | USING [ schema. ] package
      | EXTERNALLY
      | GLOBALLY
      }
  }
  [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] ;

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  { ONLINE
  | OFFLINE
  | storage_clause
  | SHRINK [ TO size_clause ]
  };

ALTER SEQUENCE

ALTER SEQUENCE [ schema. ] sequence
  { INCREMENT BY integer
  | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
  | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
  | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
  | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
  | { ORDER | NOORDER }
  | { KEEP | NOKEEP }
  | { SESSION | GLOBAL }
  } ...
;

ALTER SESSION

ALTER SESSION
  { ADVISE { COMMIT | ROLLBACK | NOTHING }
  | CLOSE DATABASE LINK dblink
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } COMMIT IN PROCEDURE
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } GUARD
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE | FORCE } PARALLEL
    { DML | DDL | QUERY } [ PARALLEL integer ]
  | { ENABLE RESUMABLE [ TIMEOUT integer ] [ NAME string ]
    | DISABLE RESUMABLE
    }
  | SYNC WITH PRIMARY
  | alter_session_set_clause
  } ;

ALTER SYNONYM

ALTER [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM [ schema. ] synonym
  { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE | COMPILE } ;

ALTER SYSTEM

ALTER SYSTEM
  { archive_log_clause
  | checkpoint_clause
  | check_datafiles_clause
  | distributed_recov_clauses
  | FLUSH { SHARED_POOL | BUFFER_CACHE | REDO TO target_db_name [ [ NO ] CONFIRM APPLY ] }
  | end_session_clauses
  | SWITCH LOGFILE
  | { SUSPEND | RESUME }
  | quiesce_clauses
  | rolling_migration_clauses
  | rolling_patch_clauses
  | security_clauses
  | shutdown_dispatcher_clause
  | REGISTER
  | SET alter_system_set_clause
        [ alter_system_set_clause ]...
  | RESET alter_system_reset_clause
          [ alter_system_reset_clause ]...
  | RELOCATE CLIENT client_id
  } ;

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE [ schema. ] table
  [ alter_table_properties
  | column_clauses
  | constraint_clauses
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | alter_external_table
  | move_table_clause
  | modify_opaque_type
  ]
  [ enable_disable_clause
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
  ] ...
  ;

ALTER TABLESPACE

ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace
  { DEFAULT [ table_compression ] [ inmemory_clause ] [ storage_clause ]
  | MINIMUM EXTENT size_clause
  | RESIZE size_clause
  | COALESCE
  | SHRINK SPACE [ KEEP size_clause]
  | RENAME TO new_tablespace_name
  | { BEGIN | END } BACKUP
  | datafile_tempfile_clauses
  | tablespace_logging_clauses
  | tablespace_group_clause
  | tablespace_state_clauses
  | autoextend_clause
  | flashback_mode_clause
  | tablespace_retention_clause
  } ;

ALTER TRIGGER

ALTER TRIGGER [ schema. ] trigger_name
  { trigger_compile_clause
  | { ENABLE| DISABLE }
  | RENAME TO new_name
  | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE }
  } ;

ALTER TYPE

ALTER TYPE [ schema. ] type_name
{ alter_type_clause | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE } }

ALTER USER

ALTER USER
  { user
    { IDENTIFIED
      { BY password [ REPLACE old_password ]
      | EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' | AS 'kerberos_principal_name' ]
      | GLOBALLY [ AS '[directory_DN]' ]
      }
    | DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
    | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
    | { QUOTA { size_clause
              | UNLIMITED
              } ON tablespace
      } ...
    | PROFILE profile
    | DEFAULT ROLE { role [, role ]...
                   | ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
                   | NONE
                   }
    | PASSWORD EXPIRE
    | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
    | ENABLE EDITIONS [ FOR object_type [, object_type ]... ] [ FORCE ]
    | CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL }
    | container_data_clause
    } ...
  | user [, user ]... proxy_clause
  } ;

ALTER VIEW

ALTER VIEW [ schema. ] view
  { ADD out_of_line_constraint
  | MODIFY CONSTRAINT constraint
      { RELY | NORELY }
  | DROP { CONSTRAINT constraint
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
         }
  | COMPILE
  | { READ ONLY | READ WRITE }
  | { EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE }
  } ;

ANALYZE

ANALYZE
  { { TABLE [ schema. ] table
    | INDEX [ schema. ] index
    } [ partition_extension_clause ]
  | CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
  }
  { validation_clauses
  | LIST CHAINED ROWS [ into_clause ]
  | DELETE [ SYSTEM ] STATISTICS
  } ;

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS WITH
  { column_association | function_association }
  [ storage_table_clause ] ;

AUDIT (Traditional Auditing)

AUDIT
  { audit_operation_clause [ auditing_by_clause | IN SESSION CURRENT ]
  | audit_schema_object_clause
  | NETWORK
  | DIRECT_PATH LOAD [ auditing_by_clause ]
  } [ BY { SESSION | ACCESS } ]
    [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ]
    [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]
;

AUDIT (Unified Auditing)

AUDIT
  { POLICY policy
    [ { BY user [, user]... } | { EXCEPT user [, user]... } ]
    [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ]
  }
  |
  { CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]...
      [, CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]... ]...
    [ BY user [, user]... ]
  } ;

CALL

CALL
  { routine_clause
  | object_access_expression
  }
  [ INTO :host_variable
    [ [ INDICATOR ] :indicator_variable ] ] ;

COMMENT

COMMENT ON
  { AUDIT POLICY policy
  | COLUMN [ schema. ]
      { table. | view. | materialized_view. } column
  | EDITION edition_name
  | INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
  | MATERIALIZED VIEW materialized_view
  | MINING MODEL [ schema. ] model
  | OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator
  | TABLE [ schema. ] { table | view }
  }
  IS string ;

COMMIT

COMMIT [ WORK ]
  [ [ COMMENT string ]
    | [ WRITE [ WAIT | NOWAIT ] [ IMMEDIATE | BATCH ]
    ]
  | FORCE { string [, integer ]
          | CORRUPT_XID string
          | CORRUPT_XID_ALL
          }
  ] ;

CREATE AUDIT POLICY

CREATE AUDIT POLICY policy
  [ privilege_audit_clause ] [ action_audit_clause ] [ role_audit_clause ]
  [ WHEN 'audit_condition' EVALUATE PER { STATEMENT | SESSION | INSTANCE } ]
  [ CONTAINER = { ALL | CURRENT } ] ;

CREATE CLUSTER

CREATE CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
  (column datatype [ SORT ]
    [, column datatype [ SORT ] ]...
  )
  [ { physical_attributes_clause
    | SIZE size_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    | { INDEX
      | [ SINGLE TABLE ]
        HASHKEYS integer [ HASH IS expr ]
      }
    }...
  ]
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ NOROWDEPENDENCIES | ROWDEPENDENCIES ]
  [ CACHE | NOCACHE ] [ cluster_range_partitions ] ;

CREATE CONTEXT

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] CONTEXT namespace
  USING [ schema. ] package
  [ INITIALIZED { EXTERNALLY | GLOBALLY }
  | ACCESSED GLOBALLY
  ] ;

CREATE CONTROLFILE

CREATE CONTROLFILE
  [ REUSE ] [ SET ] DATABASE database
  [ logfile_clause ]
  { RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS }
  [ DATAFILE file_specification
             [, file_specification ]... ]
  [ MAXLOGFILES integer
  | MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
  | MAXLOGHISTORY integer
  | MAXDATAFILES integer
  | MAXINSTANCES integer
  | { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
  | FORCE LOGGING
  ]...
  [ character_set_clause ] ;

CREATE DATABASE

CREATE DATABASE [ database ]
  { USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY password
  | USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY password
  | CONTROLFILE REUSE
  | MAXDATAFILES integer
  | MAXINSTANCES integer
  | CHARACTER SET charset
  | NATIONAL CHARACTER SET charset
  | SET DEFAULT
      { BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
  | database_logging_clauses
  | tablespace_clauses
  | set_time_zone_clause
  | [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ] USER_DATA TABLESPACE tablespace_name
      DATAFILE datafile_tempfile_spec [, datafile_tempfile_spec ]...
  | enable_pluggable_database
  }... ;

CREATE DATABASE LINK

CREATE [ SHARED ] [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink
  [ CONNECT TO
    { CURRENT_USER
    | user IDENTIFIED BY password [ dblink_authentication ]
    }
  | dblink_authentication
  ]...
  [ USING connect_string ] ;

CREATE DIMENSION

CREATE DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension
  level_clause ...
  { hierarchy_clause
  | attribute_clause
  | extended_attribute_clause
  }...
;

CREATE DIRECTORY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] DIRECTORY directory
  AS 'path_name' ;

CREATE DISKGROUP

CREATE DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
  [ { HIGH | NORMAL | EXTERNAL } REDUNDANCY ]
  { [ QUORUM | REGULAR ][  FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
  DISK qualified_disk_clause [, qualified_disk_clause]...
  } ...
  [ ATTRIBUTE { 'attribute_name' = 'attribute_value' }... ]
;

CREATE EDITION

CREATE EDITION edition
  [ AS CHILD OF parent_edition ]
;

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE [DEFAULT] flashback_archive
  TABLESPACE tablespace
  [flashback_archive_quota]
  [ [NO] OPTIMIZE DATA ]
  flashback_archive_retention
;

CREATE FUNCTION

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
FUNCTION plsql_function_source

CREATE INDEX

CREATE [ UNIQUE | BITMAP ] INDEX [ schema. ] index
  ON { cluster_index_clause
     | table_index_clause
     | bitmap_join_index_clause
     }
[ USABLE | UNUSABLE ] ;

CREATE INDEXTYPE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype
  FOR [ schema. ] operator (paramater_type [, paramater_type ]...)
        [, [ schema. ] operator (paramater_type [, paramater_type ]...)
        ]...
  using_type_clause
  [WITH LOCAL [RANGE] PARTITION ]
  [ storage_table_clause ]
;

CREATE JAVA

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ AND { RESOLVE | COMPILE } ] [ NOFORCE ]
  JAVA { { SOURCE | RESOURCE } NAMED [ schema. ] primary_name
       | CLASS [ SCHEMA schema ]
       }
  [ invoker_rights_clause ]
  [ RESOLVER ( (match_string [,] { schema_name | - })...) ]
  { USING { BFILE (directory_object_name, server_file_name)
          | { CLOB | BLOB | BFILE } subquery
          | 'key_for_BLOB'
          }
  | AS source_char
  } ;

CREATE LIBRARY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
LIBRARY plsql_library_source

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW [ schema. ] materialized_view
  [ OF [ schema. ] object_type ]
  [ ( { scoped_table_ref_constraint
      | column_alias [ENCRYPT [encryption_spec]]
      }
      [, { scoped_table_ref_constraint
         | column_alias [ENCRYPT [encryption_spec]]
         }
      ]...
    )
  ]
  { ON PREBUILT TABLE
    [ { WITH | WITHOUT } REDUCED PRECISION ]
  | physical_properties materialized_view_props
  }
  [ USING INDEX
    [ physical_attributes_clause
    | TABLESPACE tablespace
    ]...
  | USING NO INDEX
  ]
  [ create_mv_refresh ]
  [ FOR UPDATE ]
  [ evaluation_edition_clause ]
  [ query_rewrite_clause ]
AS subquery ;

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON [ schema. ] table
  [ physical_attributes_clause
  | TABLESPACE tablespace
  | logging_clause
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
  ]...
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ table_partitioning_clauses ]
  [ WITH [ { OBJECT ID
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | ROWID
         | SEQUENCE
         | COMMIT SCN
         }
           [ { , OBJECT ID
             | , PRIMARY KEY
             | , ROWID
             | , SEQUENCE
             | , COMMIT SCN
             }
           ]... ]
    (column [, column ]...)
    [ new_values_clause ]
  ] [ mv_log_purge_clause ] [ for_refresh_clause ]
;

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP

{ create_zonemap_on_table | create_zonemap_as_subquery } ;

CREATE OPERATOR

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] OPERATOR
   [ schema. ] operator binding_clause ;

CREATE OUTLINE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
   [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] OUTLINE [ outline ]
   [ FROM [ PUBLIC | PRIVATE ] source_outline ]
   [ FOR CATEGORY category ]
   [ ON statement ] ;

CREATE PACKAGE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
PACKAGE plsql_package_source

CREATE PACKAGE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
PACKAGE BODY plsql_package_body_source

CREATE PFILE

CREATE PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
   FROM { SPFILE [= 'spfile_name']
        | MEMORY
        } ;

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_name
  { create_pdb_from_seed | create_pdb_clone | create_pdb_from_xml } ;

CREATE PROCEDURE

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
PROCEDURE plsql_procedure_source

CREATE PROFILE

CREATE PROFILE profile
  LIMIT { resource_parameters
        | password_parameters
        }...
  [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] ;

CREATE RESTORE POINT

CREATE RESTORE POINT restore_point
   [ AS OF {TIMESTAMP | SCN} expr ]
   [ PRESERVE
   | GUARANTEE FLASHBACK DATABASE
   ];

CREATE ROLE

CREATE ROLE role
   [ NOT IDENTIFIED
   | IDENTIFIED { BY password
                | USING [ schema. ] package
                | EXTERNALLY
                | GLOBALLY
                }
   ] [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ];

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
  [ TABLESPACE tablespace | storage_clause ]...];

CREATE SCHEMA

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION schema
   { create_table_statement
   | create_view_statement
   | grant_statement
   }...
;

CREATE SEQUENCE

CREATE SEQUENCE [ schema. ] sequence
   [ { INCREMENT BY | START WITH } integer
   | { MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE }
   | { MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE }
   | { CYCLE | NOCYCLE }
   | { CACHE integer | NOCACHE }
   | { ORDER | NOORDER }
   | { KEEP | NOKEEP }
   | { SESSION | GLOBAL }
   ]...
;

CREATE SPFILE

CREATE SPFILE [= 'spfile_name' ]
  FROM { PFILE [= 'pfile_name' ]
       | MEMORY
       } ;

CREATE SYNONYM

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
  [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM
  [ schema. ] synonym
  FOR [ schema. ] object [ @ dblink ] ;

CREATE TABLE

CREATE [ GLOBAL TEMPORARY ] TABLE [ schema. ] table
  { relational_table | object_table | XMLType_table } ;

CREATE TABLESPACE

CREATE
   [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
   { permanent_tablespace_clause
   | temporary_tablespace_clause
   | undo_tablespace_clause
   } ;

CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
TRIGGER plsql_trigger_source

CREATE TYPE

CREATE [OR REPLACE]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
TYPE plsql_type_source

CREATE TYPE BODY

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ]
[ EDITIONABLE | NONEDITIONABLE ]
TYPE BODY plsql_type_body_source

CREATE USER

CREATE USER user
   IDENTIFIED { BY password
              | EXTERNALLY [ AS 'certificate_DN' | AS 'kerberos_principal_name' ]
              | GLOBALLY [ AS '[ directory_DN ]' ]
              }
   [ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
   | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
        { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
   | { QUOTA { size_clause | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace }...
   | PROFILE profile
   | PASSWORD EXPIRE
   | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     [ DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
     | TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
          { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
     | { QUOTA { size_clause | UNLIMITED } ON tablespace }...
     | PROFILE profile
     | PASSWORD EXPIRE
     | ACCOUNT { LOCK | UNLOCK }
     | ENABLE EDITIONS
     | CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL }
     ]...
  ] ;

CREATE VIEW

CREATE [OR REPLACE]
  [[NO] FORCE]
  [ EDITIONING | EDITIONABLE [ EDITIONING ] | NONEDITIONABLE ]
  VIEW [schema.] view
   [ ( { alias [ VISIBLE | INVISIBLE ] [ inline_constraint... ]
       | out_of_line_constraint
       }
         [, { alias [ VISIBLE | INVISIBLE ] [ inline_constraint...]
            | out_of_line_constraint
     }
  ]
     )
   | object_view_clause
   | XMLType_view_clause
   ]
   [ BEQUEATH { CURRENT_USER | DEFINER } ]
   AS subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] ;

DELETE

DELETE [ hint ]
   [ FROM ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   } [ t_alias ]
     [ where_clause ]
     [ returning_clause ]
     [error_logging_clause];

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS FROM
   { COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
               [, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
   | FUNCTIONS [ schema. ]function
                 [, [ schema. ]function ]...
   | PACKAGES [ schema. ]package
                [, [ schema. ]package ]...
   | TYPES [ schema. ]type
             [, [ schema. ]type ]...
   | INDEXES [ schema. ]index
               [, [ schema. ]index ]...
   | INDEXTYPES [ schema. ]indextype
                  [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
   }
   [ FORCE ] ;

DROP AUDIT POLICY

DROP AUDIT POLICY policy ;

DROP CLUSTER

DROP CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster
   [ INCLUDING TABLES [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ] ;

DROP CONTEXT

DROP CONTEXT namespace ;

DROP DATABASE

DROP DATABASE ;

DROP DATABASE LINK

DROP [ PUBLIC ] DATABASE LINK dblink ;

DROP DIMENSION

DROP DIMENSION [ schema. ] dimension ;

DROP DIRECTORY

DROP DIRECTORY directory_name ;

DROP DISKGROUP

DROP DISKGROUP diskgroup_name
   [  FORCE INCLUDING CONTENTS
   | { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } CONTENTS
   ];

DROP EDITION

DROP EDITION edition [CASCADE];

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE flashback_archive;

DROP FUNCTION

DROP FUNCTION [ schema. ] function_name ;

DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX [ schema. ] index [ ONLINE ] [ FORCE ] ;

DROP INDEXTYPE

DROP INDEXTYPE [ schema. ] indextype [ FORCE ] ;

DROP JAVA

DROP JAVA { SOURCE | CLASS | RESOURCE }
  [ schema. ] object_name ;

DROP LIBRARY

DROP LIBRARY library_name ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW [ schema. ] materialized_view
   [ PRESERVE TABLE ] ;

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ON [ schema. ] table ;

DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP

DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP [ schema. ] zonemap_name ;

DROP OPERATOR

DROP OPERATOR [ schema. ] operator [ FORCE ] ;

DROP OUTLINE

DROP OUTLINE outline ;

DROP PACKAGE

DROP PACKAGE [ BODY ] [ schema. ] package ;

DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE

DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb_name
  [ { KEEP | INCLUDING } DATAFILES ] ;

DROP PROCEDURE

DROP PROCEDURE [ schema. ] procedure ;

DROP PROFILE

DROP PROFILE profile [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP RESTORE POINT

DROP RESTORE POINT restore_point ;

DROP ROLE

DROP ROLE role ;

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment ;

DROP SEQUENCE

DROP SEQUENCE [ schema. ] sequence_name ;

DROP SYNONYM

DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM [ schema. ] synonym [FORCE] ;

DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE [ schema. ] table
  [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] [ PURGE ] ;

DROP TABLESPACE

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace
   [ INCLUDING CONTENTS [ {AND | KEEP} DATAFILES ]
     [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ]
   ] ;

DROP TRIGGER

DROP TRIGGER [ schema. ] trigger ;

DROP TYPE

DROP TYPE [ schema. ] type_name [ FORCE | VALIDATE ] ;

DROP TYPE BODY

DROP TYPE BODY [ schema. ] type_name ;

DROP USER

DROP USER user [ CASCADE ] ;

DROP VIEW

DROP VIEW [ schema. ] view [ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ] ;

EXPLAIN PLAN

EXPLAIN PLAN
   [ SET STATEMENT_ID = string ]
   [ INTO [ schema. ] table [ @ dblink ] ]
FOR statement ;

FLASHBACK DATABASE

FLASHBACK [ STANDBY ] DATABASE [ database ]
   { TO { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
        | RESTORE POINT restore_point
        }
   }
   | { TO BEFORE { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
                 | RESETLOGS
                 }
   } ;

FLASHBACK TABLE

FLASHBACK TABLE
   [ schema. ] table
     [, [ schema. ] table ]...
   TO { { { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
        | RESTORE POINT restore_point
        } [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ]
      | BEFORE DROP [ RENAME TO table ]
      } ;

GRANT

GRANT
  { { { grant_system_privileges | grant_object_privileges }
      [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] }
  | grant_roles_to_programs
  } ;

INSERT

INSERT [ hint ]
   { single_table_insert | multi_table_insert } ;

LOCK TABLE

LOCK TABLE [ schema. ] { table | view }
   [ partition_extension_clause
   | @ dblink
   ] [, [ schema. ] { table | view }
      [ partition_extension_clause
      | @ dblink
      ]
     ]...
   IN lockmode MODE
   [ NOWAIT
   | WAIT integer
   ] ;

MERGE

MERGE [ hint ]
   INTO [ schema. ] { table | view } [ t_alias ]
   USING { [ schema. ] { table | view }
         | subquery
         } [ t_alias ]
   ON ( condition )
   [ merge_update_clause ]
   [ merge_insert_clause ]
   [ error_logging_clause ] ;

NOAUDIT (Traditional Auditing)

NOAUDIT
   { audit_operation_clause [ auditing_by_clause ]
   | audit_schema_object_clause
   | NETWORK
   | DIRECT_PATH LOAD [ auditing_by_clause ]
   }
   [ WHENEVER [ NOT ] SUCCESSFUL ]
   [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] ;

NOAUDIT (Unified Auditing)

NOAUDIT
  { POLICY policy
  | CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]...
    [, CONTEXT NAMESPACE namespace ATTRIBUTES attribute [, attribute ]... ]...
  }
  [ BY user [, user]... ] ;

PURGE

PURGE { { TABLE table | INDEX index }
      | { RECYCLEBIN | DBA_RECYCLEBIN }
      | TABLESPACE tablespace [ USER username ]
      } ;

RENAME

RENAME old_name TO new_name ;

REVOKE

REVOKE
  { { revoke_system_privileges | revoke_object_privileges }
    [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ] }
  | revoke_roles_from_programs ;

ROLLBACK

ROLLBACK [ WORK ]
   [ TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint
   | FORCE string
   ] ;

SAVEPOINT

SAVEPOINT savepoint ;

SELECT

subquery [ for_update_clause ] ;

SET CONSTRAINT[S]

SET { CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS }
    { constraint [, constraint ]...
    | ALL
    }
    { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ;

SET ROLE

SET ROLE
   { role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
     [, role [ IDENTIFIED BY password ] ]...
   | ALL [ EXCEPT role [, role ]... ]
   | NONE
   } ;

SET TRANSACTION

SET TRANSACTION
   { { READ { ONLY | WRITE }
     | ISOLATION LEVEL
       { SERIALIZABLE | READ COMMITTED }
     | USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
     } [ NAME string ]
   | NAME string
   } ;

TRUNCATE_CLUSTER

TRUNCATE CLUSTER [schema.] cluster
  [ {DROP | REUSE} STORAGE ] ;

TRUNCATE_TABLE

TRUNCATE TABLE [schema.] table
  [ {PRESERVE | PURGE} MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ]
  [ {DROP [ ALL ] | REUSE} STORAGE ] [ CASCADE ] ;

UPDATE

UPDATE [ hint ]
   { dml_table_expression_clause
   | ONLY (dml_table_expression_clause)
   } [ t_alias ]
   update_set_clause
   [ where_clause ]
   [ returning_clause ]
   [error_logging_clause] ;

2 SQL Functions

This chapter presents the syntax for SQL functions.

This chapter includes the following section:

Syntax for SQL Functions

Syntax for SQL Functions

A function is a command that manipulates data items and returns a single value.

The sections that follow show each SQL function and its related syntax. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about SQL functions

ABS

ABS(n)

ACOS

ACOS(n)

ADD_MONTHS

ADD_MONTHS(date, integer)

aggregate_function

Aggregate functions return a single result row based on groups of rows, rather than on single rows.

analytic_function

analytic_function([ arguments ]) OVER (analytic_clause)

APPENDCHILDXML

APPENDCHILDXML
  ( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, value_expr [, namespace_string ])

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(expr)

ASCII

ASCII(char)

ASCIISTR

ASCIISTR(char)

ASIN

ASIN(n)

ATAN

ATAN(n)

ATAN2

ATAN2(n1 , n2)

AVG

AVG([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr) [ OVER(analytic_clause) ]

BFILENAME

BFILENAME('directory', 'filename')

BIN_TO_NUM

BIN_TO_NUM(expr [, expr ]... )

BITAND

BITAND(expr1, expr2)

CARDINALITY

CARDINALITY(nested_table)

CAST

CAST({ expr | MULTISET (subquery) } AS type_name)

CEIL

CEIL(n)

CHARTOROWID

CHARTOROWID(char)

CHR

CHR(n [ USING NCHAR_CS ])

CLUSTER_DETAILS

CLUSTER_DETAILS ( [ schema . ] model
                  [ , cluster_id [ , topN ] ] [ DESC | ASC | ABS ]
                  mining_attribute_clause )

CLUSTER_DETAILS (analytic)

CLUSTER_DETAILS ( INTO n
                  [ , cluster_id [ , topN ] ] [ DESC | ASC | ABS ]
                  mining_attribute_clause )
                OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

CLUSTER_DISTANCE

CLUSTER_DISTANCE ( [ schema . ] model [ , cluster_id ] mining_attribute_clause )

CLUSTER_DISTANCE (analytic)

CLUSTER_DISTANCE ( INTO n [, cluster_id] mining_attribute_clause )
                 OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

CLUSTER_ID

CLUSTER_ID ( [ schema . ] model mining_attribute_clause )

CLUSTER_ID (analytic)

CLUSTER_ID ( INTO n mining_attribute_clause )
           OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY ( [ schema . ] model [, cluster_id ] mining_attribute_clause )

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY (analytic)

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY ( INTO n [, cluster_id] mining_attribute_clause )
                    OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

CLUSTER_SET

CLUSTER_SET ( [ schema . ] model [ , topN [ , cutoff ] ] mining_attribute_clause )

CLUSTER_SET (analytic)

CLUSTER_SET ( INTO n [, topN [, cutoff]] mining_attribute_clause )
            OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

COALESCE

COALESCE(expr [, expr ]...)

COLLECT

COLLECT( [ DISTINCT | UNIQUE ] column [ ORDER BY expr ] )

COMPOSE

COMPOSE(char)

CON_DBID_TO_ID

CON_DBID_TO_ID(container_dbid)

CON_GUID_TO_ID

CON_GUID_TO_ID(container_guid)

CON_NAME_TO_ID

CON_NAME_TO_ID(container_name)

CON_UID_TO_ID

CON_UID_TO_ID(container_uid)

CONCAT

CONCAT(char1, char2)

CONVERT

CONVERT(char, dest_char_set[, source_char_set ])

CORR

CORR(expr1, expr2) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

CORR_K, CORR_S

{ CORR_K | CORR_S }
   (expr1, expr2
     [, { COEFFICIENT
        | ONE_SIDED_SIG
        | ONE_SIDED_SIG_POS
        | ONE_SIDED_SIG_NEG
        | TWO_SIDED_SIG
        }
     ]
   )

COS

COS(n)

COSH

COSH(n)

COUNT

COUNT({ * | [ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr }) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

COVAR_POP

COVAR_POP(expr1, expr2)
   [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

COVAR_SAMP

COVAR_SAMP(expr1, expr2) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

CUBE_TABLE

CUBE_TABLE
( ' { schema.cube [ {HIERARCHY | HRR} dimension hierarchy ]...
    | schema.dimension [ {HIERARCHY | HRR} [dimension] hierarchy ]
    }
  '
)

CUME_DIST (aggregate)

CUME_DIST(expr[,expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
  (ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
                 [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
            [, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
                    [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
            ]...
  )

CUME_DIST (analytic)

CUME_DIST() OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_DATE

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ (precision) ]

CV

CV([ dimension_column ])

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION( table, partition_id )

DBTIMEZONE

DBTIMEZONE

DECODE

DECODE(expr, search, result [, search, result ]... [, default ])

DECOMPOSE

DECOMPOSE( string [, { 'CANONICAL' | 'COMPATIBILITY' } ] )

DELETEXML

DELETEXML( XMLType_instance, XPath_string [, namespace_string ])

DENSE_RANK (aggregate)

DENSE_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
  (ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ]
                 [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
            [,expr [ DESC | ASC ]
                   [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
            ]...
  )

DENSE_RANK (analytic)

DENSE_RANK( ) OVER([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

DEPTH

DEPTH(correlation_integer)

DEREF

DEREF(expr)

DUMP

DUMP(expr[, return_fmt [, start_position [, length ] ]])

EMPTY_BLOB, EMPTY_CLOB

{ EMPTY_BLOB | EMPTY_CLOB }( )

EXISTSNODE

EXISTSNODE(XMLType_instance, XPath_string [, namespace_string ])

EXP

EXP(n)

EXTRACT (datetime)

EXTRACT( { YEAR
         | MONTH
         | DAY
         | HOUR
         | MINUTE
         | SECOND
         | TIMEZONE_HOUR
         | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
         | TIMEZONE_REGION
         | TIMEZONE_ABBR
         }
         FROM { expr }
       )

EXTRACT (XML)

EXTRACT(XMLType_instance, XPath_string [, namespace_string ])

EXTRACTVALUE

EXTRACTVALUE(XMLType_instance, XPath_string [, namespace_string ])

FEATURE_DETAILS

FEATURE_DETAILS ( [ schema . ] model
                  [ , feature_id [ , topN ] ] [ DESC | ASC | ABS ]
                  mining_attribute_clause )

FEATURE_DETAILS (analytic)

FEATURE_DETAILS ( INTO n
                  [ , feature_id [ , topN ] ] [ DESC | ASC | ABS ]
                  mining_attribute_clause )
                OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

FEATURE_ID

FEATURE_ID( [ schema . ] model mining_attribute_clause )

FEATURE_ID (analytic)

FEATURE_ID ( INTO n mining_attribute_clause )
           OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

FEATURE_SET

FEATURE_SET ( [ schema . ] model [, topN [, cutoff ]] mining_attribute_clause )

FEATURE_SET (analytic)

FEATURE_SET ( INTO n [, topN [, cutoff ] ] mining_attribute_clause )
            OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

FEATURE_VALUE

FEATURE_VALUE ( [ schema . ] model [, feature_id ] mining_attribute_clause )

FEATURE_VALUE (analytic)

FEATURE_VALUE ( INTO n [ , feature_id ] mining_attribute_clause )
              OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

FIRST

aggregate_function
   KEEP
   (DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY
    expr [ DESC | ASC ]
         [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
    [, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
            [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
    ]...
   )
   [ OVER ( [query_partition_clause] ) ]

FIRST_VALUE

FIRST_VALUE
  { (expr) [ {RESPECT | IGNORE} NULLS ]
  | (expr [ {RESPECT | IGNORE} NULLS ])
  }
  OVER (analytic_clause)

FLOOR

FLOOR(n)

FROM_TZ

FROM_TZ (timestamp_value, time_zone_value)

GREATEST

GREATEST(expr [, expr ]...)

GROUP_ID

GROUP_ID( )

GROUPING

GROUPING(expr)

GROUPING_ID

GROUPING_ID(expr [, expr ]...)

HEXTORAW

HEXTORAW(char)

INITCAP

INITCAP(char)

INSERTCHILDXML

INSERTCHILDXML
  ( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, child_expr, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER
  ( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, child_expr, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE
  ( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, child_expr, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTXMLAFTER

INSERTXMLAFTER
  ( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSERTXMLBEFORE

INSERTXMLBEFORE
  ( XMLType_instance, XPath_string, value_expr [, namespace_string ] )

INSTR

{ INSTR
| INSTRB
| INSTRC
| INSTR2
| INSTR4
}
(string , substring [, position [, occurrence ] ])

ITERATION_NUMBER

ITERATION_NUMBER

JSON_QUERY

JSON_QUERY
  ( expr [ FORMAT JSON ], JSON_path_expression
    [ JSON_query_returning_clause ] [ JSON_query_wrapper_clause ]
    [ JSON_query_on_error_clause ]
  )

JSON_TABLE

JSON_TABLE
  ( expr [ FORMAT JSON ], JSON_path_expression
    [ JSON_table_on_error_clause ] JSON_columns_clause )

JSON_VALUE

JSON_VALUE
  ( expr [ FORMAT JSON ], JSON_path_expression
    [ JSON_value_returning_clause ] [ JSON_value_on_error_clause ]
  )

LAG

LAG
  { ( value_expr [, offset [, default]]) [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
  | ( value_expr [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ] [, offset [, default]] )
  }
  OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

LAST

aggregate_function KEEP
  (DENSE_RANK LAST ORDER BY
    expr [ DESC | ASC ]
         [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
    [, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
            [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
    ]...
  )
  [ OVER ( [query_partition_clause] ) ]

LAST_DAY

LAST_DAY(date)

LAST_VALUE

LAST_VALUE
  { (expr) [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
  | (expr [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ])
  OVER (analytic_clause)

LEAD

LEAD
  { ( value_expr [, offset [, default]] ) [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
  | ( value_expr [ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ] [, offset [, default]] )
  }
  OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

LEAST

LEAST(expr [, expr ]...)

LENGTH

{ LENGTH
| LENGTHB
| LENGTHC
| LENGTH2
| LENGTH4
}
(char)

LISTAGG

LISTAGG(measure_expr [, 'delimiter'])
  WITHIN GROUP (order_by_clause) [OVER query_partition_clause]

LN

LN(n)

LNNVL

LNNVL(condition)

LOCALTIMESTAMP

LOCALTIMESTAMP [ (timestamp_precision) ]

LOG

LOG(n2, n1)

LOWER

LOWER(char)

LPAD

LPAD(expr1, n [, expr2 ])

LTRIM

LTRIM(char [, set ])

MAKE_REF

MAKE_REF({ table | view } , key [, key ]...)

MAX

MAX([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

MEDIAN

MEDIAN(expr) [ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

MIN

MIN([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

MOD

MOD(n2, n1)

MONTHS_BETWEEN

MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2)

NANVL

NANVL(n2, n1)

NCHR

NCHR(number)

NEW_TIME

NEW_TIME(date, timezone1, timezone2)

NEXT_DAY

NEXT_DAY(date, char)

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN(byte_count, 'char_set_id')

NLS_CHARSET_ID

NLS_CHARSET_ID(string)

NLS_CHARSET_NAME

NLS_CHARSET_NAME(number)

NLS_INITCAP

NLS_INITCAP(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLS_LOWER

NLS_LOWER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLS_UPPER

NLS_UPPER(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NLSSORT

NLSSORT(char [, 'nlsparam' ])

NTH_VALUE

NTH_VALUE(measure_expr, n)
  [ FROM { FIRST | LAST } ][ { RESPECT | IGNORE } NULLS ]
  OVER (analytic_clause)

NTILE

NTILE(expr) OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

NULLIF

NULLIF(expr1, expr2)

NUMTODSINTERVAL

NUMTODSINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')

NUMTOYMINTERVAL

NUMTOYMINTERVAL(n, 'interval_unit')

NVL

NVL(expr1, expr2)

NVL2

NVL2(expr1, expr2, expr3)

ORA_DST_AFFECTED

ORA_DST_AFFECTED(datetime_expr)

ORA_DST_CONVERT

ORA_DST_CONVERT(datetime_expr [, integer [, integer ]])

ORA_DST_ERROR

ORA_DST_ERROR(datetime_expr)

ORA_HASH

ORA_HASH(expr [, max_bucket [, seed_value ] ])

ORA_INVOKING_USER

ORA_INVOKING_USER

ORA_INVOKING_USERID

ORA_INVOKING_USERID

PATH

PATH(correlation_integer)

PERCENT_RANK (aggregate)

PERCENT_RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
  (ORDER BY
   expr [ DESC | ASC ]
        [NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
   [, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
           [NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
   ]...
  )

PERCENT_RANK (analytic)

PERCENT_RANK( )
   OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

PERCENTILE_CONT

PERCENTILE_CONT(expr) WITHIN GROUP
  (ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
  [ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

PERCENTILE_DISC

PERCENTILE_DISC(expr) WITHIN GROUP
  (ORDER BY expr [ DESC | ASC ])
  [ OVER (query_partition_clause) ]

POWER

POWER(n2, n1)

POWERMULTISET

POWERMULTISET(expr)

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY(expr, cardinality)

PREDICTION

PREDICTION ( [ schema . ] model [ cost_matrix_clause ] mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION (analytic)

PREDICTION ( ( OF ANOMALY | FOR expr ) [ cost_matrix_clause ] mining_attribute_clause )
           OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

PREDICTION_BOUNDS

PREDICTION_BOUNDS ( [schema.] model [, confidence_level [, class_value]]
                    mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_COST

PREDICTION_COST ( [ schema . ] model [ , class ] cost_matrix_clause mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_COST (analytic)

PREDICTION_COST ( ( OF ANOMALY | FOR expr ) [ , class ]
                  cost_matrix_clause mining_attribute_clause )
                OVER (mining_analytic_clause)

PREDICTION_DETAILS

PREDICTION_DETAILS ( [ schema . ] model
                     [ , class_value [ , topN ] ] [ DESC | ASC | ABS ]
                     mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_DETAILS (analytic)

PREDICTION_DETAILS ( ( OF ANOMALY | FOR expr ) [ , class_value [ , topN ] ]
                     [ DESC | ASC | ABS ] mining_attribute_clause )
                   OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY ( [ schema . ] model [ , class ] mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY (analytic)

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY ( ( OF ANOMALY | FOR expr ) [ , class ]
                         mining_attribute_clause )
                       OVER (mining_analytic_clause )

PREDICTION_SET

PREDICTION_SET ( [ schema . ] model [ , bestN [ , cutoff ] ]
                 [ cost_matrix_clause ] mining_attribute_clause )

PREDICTION_SET (analytic)

PREDICTION_SET ( ( OF ANOMALY | FOR "expr" ) [ , bestN [ , cutoff ] ]
                 [ cost_matrix_clause ] mining_attribute_clause )
               OVER ( mining_analytic_clause )

PRESENTNNV

PRESENTNNV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)

PRESENTV

PRESENTV(cell_reference, expr1, expr2)

PREVIOUS

PREVIOUS(cell_reference)

RANK (aggregate)

RANK(expr [, expr ]...) WITHIN GROUP
   (ORDER BY
    expr [ DESC | ASC ]
         [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
    [, expr [ DESC | ASC ]
            [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ]
    ]...
   )

RANK (analytic)

RANK( )
   OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

RATIO_TO_REPORT

RATIO_TO_REPORT(expr)
   OVER ([ query_partition_clause ])

RAWTOHEX

RAWTOHEX(raw)

RAWTONHEX

RAWTONHEX(raw)

REF

REF (correlation_variable)

REFTOHEX

REFTOHEX (expr)

REGEXP_COUNT

REGEXP_COUNT (source_char, pattern [, position [, match_param]])

REGEXP_INSTR

REGEXP_INSTR ( source_char, pattern
               [, position
                  [, occurrence
                     [, return_opt
                        [, match_param
                           [, subexpr ]
                        ]
                     ]
                  ]
               ]
             )

REGEXP_REPLACE

REGEXP_REPLACE ( source_char, pattern
                 [, replace_string
                    [, position
                       [, occurrence
                          [, match_param ]
                       ]
                    ]
                 ]
               )

REGEXP_SUBSTR

REGEXP_SUBSTR ( source_char, pattern
                [, position
                   [, occurrence
                      [, match_param
                         [, subexpr ]
                      ]
                   ]
                ]
              )

REGR_AVGX, REGR_AVGY, REGR_COUNT, REGR_INTERCEPT, REGR_R2, REGR_SLOPE, REGR_SXX, REGR_SXY, REGR_SYY

{ REGR_SLOPE
| REGR_INTERCEPT
| REGR_COUNT
| REGR_R2
| REGR_AVGX
| REGR_AVGY
| REGR_SXX
| REGR_SYY
| REGR_SXY
}
(expr1 , expr2)
[ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

REMAINDER

REMAINDER(n2, n1)

REPLACE

REPLACE(char, search_string
        [, replacement_string ]
       )

ROUND (date)

ROUND(date [, fmt ])

ROUND (number)

ROUND(n [, integer ])

ROW_NUMBER

ROW_NUMBER( )
   OVER ([ query_partition_clause ] order_by_clause)

ROWIDTOCHAR

ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)

ROWIDTONCHAR

ROWIDTONCHAR(rowid)

RPAD

RPAD(expr1 , n [, expr2 ])

RTRIM

RTRIM(char [, set ])

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP(number)

SESSIONTIMEZONE

SESSIONTIMEZONE

SET

SET (nested_table)

SIGN

SIGN(n)

SIN

SIN(n)

SINH

SINH(n)

SOUNDEX

SOUNDEX(char)

SQRT

SQRT(n)

STANDARD_HASH

STANDARD_HASH(expr [, 'method' ])

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST(expr1, expr2, p
                    [, { TWO_SIDED_PROB
                       | EXACT_PROB
                       | ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_MORE
                       | ONE_SIDED_PROB_OR_LESS
                       }
                    ]
                   )

STATS_CROSSTAB

STATS_CROSSTAB(expr1, expr2
               [, { CHISQ_OBS
                  | CHISQ_SIG
                  | CHISQ_DF
                  | PHI_COEFFICIENT
                  | CRAMERS_V
                  | CONT_COEFFICIENT
                  | COHENS_K
                  }
               ]
              )

STATS_F_TEST

STATS_F_TEST(expr1, expr2
             [, { { STATISTIC
                  | DF_NUM
                  | DF_DEN
                  | ONE_SIDED_SIG
    } , expr3
                | TWO_SIDED_SIG
                }
             ]
            )

STATS_KS_TEST

STATS_KS_TEST(expr1, expr2
              [, { STATISTIC | SIG } ]
             )

STATS_MODE

STATS_MODE(expr)

STATS_MW_TEST

STATS_MW_TEST(expr1, expr2
              [, { STATISTIC
                 | U_STATISTIC
                 | ONE_SIDED_SIG , expr3
                 | TWO_SIDED_SIG
                 }
              ]
             )

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA(expr1, expr2
                    [, { SUM_SQUARES_BETWEEN
                       | SUM_SQUARES_WITHIN
                       | DF_BETWEEN
                       | DF_WITHIN
                       | MEAN_SQUARES_BETWEEN
                       | MEAN_SQUARES_WITHIN
                       | F_RATIO
                       | SIG
                       }
                    ]
                   )

STATS_T_TEST_INDEP, STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU, STATS_T_TEST_ONE, STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED

{
  STATS_T_TEST_ONE ( expr1 [, expr2 ]
|
  { { STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED
    | STATS_T_TEST_INDEP
    | STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU
    } ( expr1, expr2
  }
}
[, { { STATISTIC | ONE_SIDED_SIG } , expr3 | TWO_SIDED_SIG | DF } ] )

STATS_WSR_TEST

STATS_WSR_TEST(expr1, expr2
               [, { STATISTIC
                  | ONE_SIDED_SIG
                  | TWO_SIDED_SIG
                  }
               ]
              )

STDDEV

STDDEV([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
   [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

STDDEV_POP

STDDEV_POP(expr)
   [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

STDDEV_SAMP

STDDEV_SAMP(expr)
   [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

SUBSTR

{ SUBSTR
| SUBSTRB
| SUBSTRC
| SUBSTR2
| SUBSTR4
}
(char, position [, substring_length ])

SUM

SUM([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
   [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(column, char)

SYS_CONTEXT

SYS_CONTEXT('namespace', 'parameter' [, length ])

SYS_DBURIGEN

SYS_DBURIGEN({ column | attribute }
             [ rowid ]
               [, { column | attribute }
                  [ rowid ]
               ]...
             [, 'text ( )' ]
            )

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(datetime_with_timezone)

SYS_GUID

SYS_GUID( )

SYS_OP_ZONE_ID

SYS_OP_ZONE_ID( [ [ schema. ] table. | t_alias. ] rowid [, scale ] )

SYS_TYPEID

SYS_TYPEID(object_type_value)

SYS_XMLAGG

SYS_XMLAGG(expr [, fmt ])

SYS_XMLGEN

SYS_XMLGEN(expr [, fmt ])

SYSDATE

SYSDATE

SYSTIMESTAMP

SYSTIMESTAMP

TAN

TAN(n)

TANH

TANH(n)

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN(timestamp)

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_BINARY_FLOAT

TO_BINARY_FLOAT(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_BLOB

TO_BLOB ( raw_value )

TO_CHAR (character)

TO_CHAR(nchar | clob | nclob)

TO_CHAR (datetime)

TO_CHAR({ datetime | interval } [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_CHAR (number)

TO_CHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_CLOB

TO_CLOB(lob_column | char)

TO_DATE

TO_DATE(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_DSINTERVAL

TO_DSINTERVAL ( ' { sql_format | ds_iso_format } ' )

TO_LOB

TO_LOB(long_column)

TO_MULTI_BYTE

TO_MULTI_BYTE(char)

TO_NCHAR (character)

TO_NCHAR({char | clob | nclob})

TO_NCHAR (datetime)

TO_NCHAR({ datetime | interval }
         [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ]
        )

TO_NCHAR (number)

TO_NCHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_NCLOB

TO_NCLOB(lob_column | char)

TO_NUMBER

TO_NUMBER(expr [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_SINGLE_BYTE

TO_SINGLE_BYTE(char)

TO_TIMESTAMP

TO_TIMESTAMP(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparam' ] ])

TO_YMINTERVAL

TO_YMINTERVAL
  ( '  { [+|-] years - months
       | ym_iso_format
       } ' )

TRANSLATE

TRANSLATE(expr, from_string, to_string)

TRANSLATE ... USING

TRANSLATE ( char USING
          { CHAR_CS | NCHAR_CS }
          )

TREAT

TREAT(expr AS [ REF ] [ schema. ]type)

TRIM

TRIM([ { { LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH }
         [ trim_character ]
       | trim_character
       }
       FROM
     ]
     trim_source
    )

TRUNC (date)

TRUNC(date [, fmt ])

TRUNC (number)

TRUNC(n1 [, n2 ])

TZ_OFFSET

TZ_OFFSET({ 'time_zone_name'
          | '{ + | - } hh : mi'
          | SESSIONTIMEZONE
          | DBTIMEZONE
          }
         )

UID

UID

UNISTR

UNISTR( string )

UPDATEXML

UPDATEXML
      (XMLType_instance,
        XPath_string, value_expr
          [, XPath_string, value_expr ]...
        [, namespace_string ]
      )

UPPER

UPPER(char)

USER

USER

user-defined function

[ schema. ]
{ [ package. ]function | user_defined_operator }
[ @ dblink. ]
[ ( [ [ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr [, expr ]... ] ) ]

USERENV

USERENV('parameter')

VALUE

VALUE(correlation_variable)

VAR_POP

VAR_POP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VAR_SAMP

VAR_SAMP(expr) [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VARIANCE

VARIANCE([ DISTINCT | ALL ] expr)
        [ OVER (analytic_clause) ]

VSIZE

VSIZE(expr)

WIDTH_BUCKET

WIDTH_BUCKET
   (expr, min_value, max_value, num_buckets)

XMLAGG

XMLAGG(XMLType_instance [ order_by_clause ])

XMLCAST

XMLCAST ( value_expression AS datatype )

XMLCDATA

XMLCDATA ( value_expr )

XMLCOLATTVAL

XMLCOLATTVAL
  (value_expr [ AS { c_alias  | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
    [, value_expr [ AS { c_alias  | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
      ]...
  )

XMLCOMMENT

XMLCOMMENT ( value_expr )

XMLCONCAT

XMLCONCAT(XMLType_instance [, XMLType_instance ]...)

XMLDIFF

XMLDIFF ( XMLType_document, XMLType_document [ , integer, string ] )

XMLELEMENT

XMLELEMENT
 ( [ ENTITYESCAPING | NOENTITYESCAPING ]
   [ NAME ]
     { identifier
     | EVALNAME value_expr
     }
   [, XML_attributes_clause ]
   [, value_expr [ [AS] c_alias ]]...
 )

XMLEXISTS

XMLEXISTS ( XQuery_string [ XML_passing_clause ] )

XMLFOREST

XMLFOREST
  ( value_expr [ AS { c_alias | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
    [, value_expr [ AS { c_alias | EVALNAME value_expr } ]
      ]...
  )

XMLISVALID

XMLISVALID ( XMLType_instance [, XMLSchema_URL [, element ]] )

XMLPARSE

XMLPARSE
  ({ DOCUMENT | CONTENT } value_expr [ WELLFORMED ]
  )

XMLPATCH

XMLPATCH ( XMLType_document, XMLType_document )

XMLPI

XMLPI
 ( { [ NAME ] identifier
   | EVALNAME value_expr
   } [, value_expr ]
 )

XMLQUERY

XMLQUERY
 ( XQuery_string
   [ XML_passing_clause ]
   RETURNING CONTENT [NULL ON EMPTY]
 )

XMLROOT

XMLROOT
  ( value_expr, VERSION
  { value_expr | NO VALUE }
  [, STANDALONE { YES | NO | NO VALUE } ]
  )

XMLSEQUENCE

XMLSEQUENCE( XMLType_instance
           | sys_refcursor_instance [, fmt ]
           )

XMLSERIALIZE

XMLSERIALIZE
  ( { DOCUMENT | CONTENT } value_expr [ AS datatype ]
    [ ENCODING xml_encoding_spec ]
    [ VERSION string_literal ]
    [ NO INDENT | { INDENT [SIZE = number] } ]
    [ { HIDE | SHOW } DEFAULTS ]
  )

XMLTABLE

XMLTABLE
 (
  [ XMLnamespaces_clause , ] XQuery_string XMLTABLE_options
 )

XMLTRANSFORM

XMLTRANSFORM(XMLType_instance, { XMLType_instance
                               | string
                               }
            )

3 SQL Expressions

This chapter presents the syntax for combining values, operators, and functions into expressions.

This chapter includes the following section:

Syntax for SQL Expression Types

Syntax for SQL Expression Types

An expression is a combination of one or more values, operators, and SQL functions that evaluate to a value. An expression generally assumes the data type of its components.

Expressions have several forms. The sections that follow show the syntax for each form of expression. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about SQL expressions

CASE expressions

CASE { simple_case_expression
     | searched_case_expression
     }
     [ else_clause ]
     END

Column expressions

A column expression can be a simple expression, compound expression, function expression, or expression list, containing only columns of the subject table, constants, and deterministic functions.

Compound expressions

{ (expr)
| { + | - | PRIOR } expr
| expr { * | / | + | - | || } expr
}

Note: The double vertical bars are part of the syntax
      (indicating concatenation) rather than BNF notation.

CURSOR expressions

CURSOR (subquery)

Datetime expressions

expr AT
   { LOCAL
   | TIME ZONE { ' [ + | - ] hh:mi'
               | DBTIMEZONE
               | 'time_zone_name'
               | expr
               }
   }

Function expressions

You can use any built-in SQL function or user-defined function as an expression.

Interval expressions

( expr1 - expr2 )
   { DAY [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
     SECOND [ (fractional_second_precision) ]
   | YEAR [ (leading_field_precision) ] TO
     MONTH
   }

JSON object access expressions

table_alias.JSON_column [.JSON_object_key ]...

Model expressions

{ measure_column [ { condition | expr } [, { condition | expr } ]... ]
| aggregate_function
     { [ { condition | expr } [, { condition | expr } ]... ]
     | [ single_column_for_loop [, single_column_for_loop ]... ]
     | [ multi_column_for_loop ]
     }
| analytic_function
}

Note: The outside square brackets shown in boldface type are part of the syntax.
      In this case, they do not represent optionality.

Object access expressions

{ table_alias.column.
| object_table_alias.
| (expr).
}
{ attribute [.attribute ]...
  [.method ([ argument [, argument ]... ]) ]
| method ([ argument [, argument ]... ])
}

Placeholder expressions

:host_variable
   [ [ INDICATOR ]
     :indicator_variable
   ]

Scalar subquery expressions

A scalar subquery expression is a subquery that returns exactly one column value from one row.

Simple expressions

{ [ query_name.
  | [schema.]
    { table. | view. | materialized view. }
  ] { column | ROWID }
| ROWNUM
| string
| number
| sequence. { CURRVAL | NEXTVAL }
| NULL
}

Type constructor expressions

[ NEW ] [ schema. ]type_name
   ([ expr [, expr ]... ])

4 SQL Conditions

This chapter presents the syntax for combining one or more expressions and logical (Boolean) operators to specify a condition.

This chapter includes the following section:

Syntax for SQL Condition Types

Syntax for SQL Condition Types

A condition specifies a combination of one or more expressions and logical (Boolean) operators and returns a value of TRUE, FALSE, or unknown.

Conditions have several forms. The sections that follow show the syntax for each form of condition. Refer to Chapter 5, "Subclauses" for the syntax of the subclauses.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about SQL conditions

BETWEEN condition

expr1 [ NOT ] BETWEEN expr2 AND expr3

Compound conditions

{ (condition)
| NOT condition
| condition { AND | OR } condition
}

EQUALS_PATH condition

EQUALS_PATH
    (column, path_string [, correlation_integer ])

EXISTS condition

EXISTS (subquery)

Floating-point conditions

expr IS [ NOT ] { NAN | INFINITE }

Group comparison conditions

{ expr
     { = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
     { ANY | SOME | ALL }
     ({ expression_list | subquery })
| ( expr [, expr ]... )
  { = | != | ^= | <> }
  { ANY | SOME | ALL }
  ({ expression_list
     [, expression_list ]...
   | subquery
   }
  )
}

where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality

IN condition

{ expr [ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list | subquery })
| ( expr [, expr ]... )
    [ NOT ] IN ({ expression_list [, expression_list ]...
                | subquery
                }
               )
}

IS A SET condition

nested_table IS [ NOT ] A SET

IS ANY condition

[ dimension_column IS ] ANY

IS EMPTY condition

nested_table IS [ NOT ] EMPTY

IS JSON condition

expr IS [ NOT ] JSON [ FORMAT JSON ] [ STRICT | LAX ]
[ { WITH | WITHOUT } UNIQUE KEYS ]

IS OF type condition

expr IS [ NOT ] OF [ TYPE ]
   ([ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type
      [, [ ONLY ] [ schema. ] type ]...
   )

IS PRESENT condition

cell_reference IS PRESENT

JSON_EXISTS condition

JSON_EXISTS( expr [ FORMAT JSON ], JSON_path_expression
             [ JSON_exists_on_error_clause ] )

JSON_TEXTCONTAINS condition

JSON_TEXTCONTAINS( column, JSON_path_expression, string )

LIKE condition

char1 [ NOT ] { LIKE | LIKEC | LIKE2 | LIKE4 }
  char2 [ ESCAPE esc_char ]

Logical conditions

{ NOT | AND | OR }

MEMBER condition

expr [ NOT ] MEMBER [ OF ] nested_table

Null conditions

expr IS [ NOT ] NULL

REGEXP_LIKE condition

REGEXP_LIKE(source_char, pattern
            [, match_param ]
           )

Simple comparison conditions

{ expr
  { = | != | ^= | <> | > | < | >= | <= }
  expr
| (expr [, expr ]...)
  { = | != | ^= | <> }
  ( expression_list | subquery )
}

where !=, ^=, and <> test for inequality

SUBMULTISET condition

nested_table1
[ NOT ] SUBMULTISET [ OF ]
nested_table2

UNDER_PATH condition

UNDER_PATH (column [, levels ], path_string
             [, correlation_integer ]
           )

5 Subclauses

This chapter presents the syntax for the subclauses found in the syntax for SQL statements, functions, expressions and conditions.

This chapter includes the following section:

Syntax for Subclauses

Syntax for Subclauses

The sections that follow show the syntax for each subclause found in:

Chapter 1, "SQL Statements"

Chapter 2, "SQL Functions"

Chapter 3, "SQL Expressions"

Chapter 4, "SQL Conditions"

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for detailed information about Oracle SQL

action_audit_clause

{ standard_actions | component_actions }...

activate_standby_db_clause

ACTIVATE
     [ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
     STANDBY DATABASE
     [ FINISH APPLY ]

add_binding_clause

ADD BINDING
  (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
  RETURN (return_type)
  [ implementation_clause ]
  using_function_clause

add_column_clause

ADD
   {column_definition | virtual_column_definition
      [, column_definition | virtual_column_definition] ...
   }
   [ column_properties ]
   [ out_of_line_part_storage [, out_of_line_part_storage]...]

add_disk_clause

ADD
  { [ QUORUM | REGULAR ] [ FAILGROUP failgroup_name ]
    DISK qualified_disk_clause [, qualified_disk_clause ]...
  }...

add_hash_index_partition

ADD PARTITION
   [ partition_name ]
   [ TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
   [ index_compression ]
   [ parallel_clause ]

add_hash_partition_clause

partitioning_storage_clause
[ update_index_clauses ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ indexing_clause ]

add_hash_subpartition

ADD individual_hash_subparts
   [ dependent_tables_clause ]
   [ update_index_clauses ]
   [ parallel_clause ]

add_list_partition_clause

list_values_clause
[ table_partition_description ]
[ ( { range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc] ...
    | list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc] ...
    | individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts] ...
    }
  ) | hash_subparts_by_quantity ]
[ update_index_clauses ]

add_list_subpartition

ADD list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc ]...
[ dependent_tables_clause ] [ update_index_clauses ]

add_logfile_clauses

ADD [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
   {
     { [ INSTANCE 'instance_name' ] | [ THREAD 'integer' ] }
     [ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec
       [, [ GROUP integer ] redo_log_file_spec ]...
   | MEMBER 'filename' [ REUSE ] [, 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]...
        TO logfile_descriptor [, logfile_descriptor ]...
   }

add_mv_log_column_clause

ADD (column)

add_overflow_clause

ADD OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ]
  [ ( PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ]
    [, PARTITION [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]...
    )
  ]

add_period_clause

ADD ( period_definition )

add_range_partition_clause

range_values_clause
[ table_partition_description ]
[ ( { range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc] ...
    | list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc] ...
    | individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts] ...
    }
  ) | hash_subparts_by_quantity ]
[ update_index_clauses ]

add_range_subpartition

ADD range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc ]...
[ dependent_tables_clause ] [ update_index_clauses ]

add_system_partition_clause

[table_partition_description]
[update_index_clauses]

add_table_partition

ADD {
PARTITION [ partition ] add_range_partition_clause
  [, PARTITION [ partition ] add_range_partition_clause ]...
| PARTITION [ partition ] add_list_partition_clause
  [, PARTITION [ partition ] add_list_partition_clause ]...
| PARTITION [ partition ] add_system_partition_clause
  [, PARTITION [ partition ] add_system_partition_clause ]...
  [ BEFORE { partition_name | partition_number } ]
| PARTITION [ partition ] add_hash_partition_clause
} [ dependent_tables_clause ]

add_update_secret

{ ADD | UPDATE } SECRET 'secret' FOR CLIENT 'client_identifier'
  [ USING TAG 'tag' ]
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

add_volume_clause

ADD VOLUME asm_volume SIZE size_clause [redundancy_clause]
  [ STRIPE_WIDTH integer {K | M} ]
  [ STRIPE_COLUMNS integer ]
  [ ATTRIBUTE (disk_region_clause) ]

advanced_index_compression

COMPRESS ADVANCED LOW | NOCOMPRESS

alias_file_name

+diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ] /alias_name

allocate_extent_clause

ALLOCATE EXTENT
  [ ( { SIZE size_clause
      | DATAFILE 'filename'
      | INSTANCE integer
      } ...
    )
  ]

allow_disallow_clustering

{ ALLOW | DISALLOW } CLUSTERING

alter_datafile_clause

DATAFILE
   { 'filename' | filenumber }
     [, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
   }
   { ONLINE
   | OFFLINE [ FOR DROP ]
   | RESIZE size_clause
   | autoextend_clause
   | END BACKUP
   }

alter_external_table

{ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clauses
| drop_column_clause
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
}
  [ add_column_clause
  | modify_column_clauses
  | drop_column_clause
  | parallel_clause
  | external_data_properties
  | REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
  | PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
  ]...

alter_index_partitioning

{ modify_index_default_attrs
| add_hash_index_partition
| modify_index_partition
| rename_index_partition
| drop_index_partition
| split_index_partition
| coalesce_index_partition
| modify_index_subpartition
}

alter_interval_partitioning

{ SET INTERVAL ( [ expr ] )
| SET STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]... )
}

alter_iot_clauses

{ index_org_table_clause
| alter_overflow_clause
| alter_mapping_table_clauses
| COALESCE
}

alter_keystore_password

ALTER KEYSTORE PASSWORD
  IDENTIFIED BY old_keystore_password
  SET new_keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

alter_mapping_table_clauses

MAPPING TABLE
  { allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  }

alter_mv_refresh

REFRESH
   { { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
   | ON { DEMAND | COMMIT }
   | { START WITH | NEXT } date
   | WITH PRIMARY KEY
   | USING
        { DEFAULT MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
        | MASTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
        }
   | USING { ENFORCED | TRUSTED } CONSTRAINTS
   }

alter_overflow_clause

{ add_overflow_clause
| OVERFLOW
     { segment_attributes_clause
     | allocate_extent_clause
     | shrink_clause
     | deallocate_unused_clause
     }...
}

alter_query_rewrite_clause

[ ENABLE | DISABLE ] QUERY REWRITE [ unusable_editions_clause ]

alter_session_set_clause

SET { { parameter_name = parameter_value }...
    | EDITION = edition_name
    | CONTAINER = container_name
    | ROW ARCHIVAL VISIBILITY = { ACTIVE | ALL }
    }

alter_system_reset_clause

parameter_name
   [ { SCOPE = SPFILE
     | SID = { 'sid' | '*' }
     }...
   ]

alter_system_set_clause

{ set_parameter_clause
| USE_STORED_OUTLINES = (TRUE | FALSE | category_name)
| GLOBAL_TOPIC_ENABLED = (TRUE | FALSE)
}

alter_table_partitioning

{ modify_table_default_attrs
| alter_interval_partitioning
| set_subpartition_template
| modify_table_partition
| modify_table_subpartition
| move_table_partition
| move_table_subpartition
| add_table_partition
| coalesce_table_partition
| drop_table_partition
| drop_table_subpartition
| rename_partition_subpart
| truncate_partition_subpart
| split_table_partition
| split_table_subpartition
| merge_table_partitions
| merge_table_subpartitions
| exchange_partition_subpart
}

alter_table_properties

{ { { physical_attributes_clause
    | logging_clause
    | table_compression
    | inmemory_alter_table_clause
    | ilm_clause
    | supplemental_table_logging
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | deallocate_unused_clause
    | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    | RESULT_CACHE ( MODE {DEFAULT | FORCE} )
    | upgrade_table_clause
    | records_per_block_clause
    | parallel_clause
    | row_movement_clause
    | flashback_archive_clause
    }...
  | RENAME TO new_table_name
  } [ alter_iot_clauses ] [ alter_XMLSchema_clause ]
| { shrink_clause
  | READ ONLY
  | READ WRITE
  | REKEY encryption_spec
  | [NO] ROW ARCHIVAL
  | ADD attribute_clustering_clause
  | MODIFY CLUSTERING [ clustering_when ] [ zonemap_clause ]
  | DROP CLUSTERING
  }
}

alter_tempfile_clause

TEMPFILE
   { 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
   | filenumber [, filenumber ]...
   }
   { RESIZE size_clause
   | autoextend_clause
   | DROP [ INCLUDING DATAFILES ]
   | ONLINE
   | OFFLINE
   }

alter_varray_col_properties

MODIFY VARRAY varray_item
   ( modify_LOB_parameters )

alter_XMLSchema_clause

{ ALLOW ANYSCHEMA
| ALLOW NONSCHEMA
| DISALLOW NONSCHEMA
}

alter_zonemap_attributes

{ PCTFREE integer
| PCTUSED integer
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
}...

analytic_clause

[ query_partition_clause ] [ order_by_clause [ windowing_clause ] ]

archive_log_clause

ARCHIVE LOG
   [  INSTANCE 'instance_name' ]
   { { SEQUENCE integer
     | CHANGE integer
     | CURRENT [ NOSWITCH ]
     | GROUP integer
     | LOGFILE 'filename'
          [ USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE ]
     | NEXT
     | ALL
     }
     [ TO 'location' ]
   }

array_DML_clause

[ WITH | WITHOUT ]
ARRAY DML
[ ([ schema. ]type
   [, [ schema. ]varray_type ])
    [, ([ schema. ]type
        [, [ schema. ]varray_type ])...
]

array_step

[ { integer | integer TO integer [, integer | integer TO integer ]... } | * ]

Note: The outside square brackets shown in boldface type are part of the syntax.
      In this case, they do not represent optionality.

ASM_filename

{ fully_qualified_file_name
| numeric_file_name
| incomplete_file_name
| alias_file_name
}

attribute_clause

ATTRIBUTE level DETERMINES
   { dependent_column
   | ( dependent_column
       [, dependent_column ]... )
   }

attribute_clustering_clause

CLUSTERING [ clustering_join ] cluster_clause
           [ clustering_when ] [ zonemap_clause ]

audit_operation_clause

{ { sql_statement_shortcut
  | ALL
  | ALL STATEMENTS
  } [, { sql_statement_shortcut
       | ALL
       }
    ]
| { system_privilege
  | ALL PRIVILEGES
  } [, { system_privilege
       | ALL PRIVILEGES
       }
    ]
}

audit_schema_object_clause

{ sql_operation [, object_option]
| ALL
} auditing_on_clause

auditing_by_clause

BY user [, user ]...

auditing_on_clause

ON { [ schema. ] object
   | DIRECTORY directory_name
   | MINING MODEL [ schema. ] model
   | SQL TRANSLATION PROFILE [ schema. ] profile
   | DEFAULT
   }

autoextend_clause

AUTOEXTEND
   { OFF
   | ON [ NEXT size_clause ]
        [ maxsize_clause ]
   }

backup_keystore

BACKUP KEYSTORE [ USING 'backup_identifier' ]
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ TO 'keystore_location' ]

binding_clause

BINDING
   (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
   RETURN return_type
   [ implementation_clause ]
   using_function_clause
    [, (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
       RETURN return_type
       [ implementation_clause ]
       using_function_clause
    ]...

bitmap_join_index_clause

[ schema.]table
   ( [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
     [ ASC | DESC  ]
       [, [ [ schema. ]table. | t_alias. ]column
          [ ASC | DESC ]
       ]...
   )
   FROM [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
          [, [ schema. ]table [ t_alias ]
        ]...
   WHERE condition
      [ local_partitioned_index ] index_attributes

build_clause

BUILD { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED }

cell_assignment

measure_column [ { { condition
                   | expr
                   | single_column_for_loop
                   }
                     [, { condition
                        | expr
                        | single_column_for_loop
                        }
                     ]...
                 | multi_column_for_loop
                 }
               ]

Note: The outer square brackets are part of the syntax.
      In this case, they do not indicate optionality.

cell_reference_options

[ { IGNORE | KEEP } NAV ]
[ UNIQUE { DIMENSION | SINGLE REFERENCE } ]

character_set_clause

CHARACTER SET character_set

check_datafiles_clause

CHECK DATAFILES [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]

check_diskgroup_clause

CHECK [ REPAIR | NOREPAIR ]

checkpoint_clause

CHECKPOINT [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ]

close_keystore

SET KEYSTORE CLOSE
  [ IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password ]
  [ CONTAINER = { ALL | CURRENT } ]

cluster_clause

BY [ LINEAR | INTERLEAVED ] ORDER clustering_columns

cluster_index_clause

CLUSTER [ schema. ] cluster index_attributes

cluster_range_partitions

PARTITION BY RANGE (column[, column ]...)
( PARTITION [ partition ]
    range_values_clause table_partition_description
      [, PARTITION [ partition ]
        range_values_clause table_partition_description
      ]...
)

clustering_column_group

( column [, column ]... )

clustering_columns

clustering_column_group
| ( clustering_column_group [, clustering_column_group ]... )

clustering_join

[ schema. ] table JOIN [ schema. ] table ON ( equijoin_condition )
                    [, JOIN [ schema. ] table ON ( equijoin_condition ) ]...

clustering_when

[ { YES | NO } ON LOAD ] [ { YES | NO } ON DATA MOVEMENT ]

coalesce_index_partition

COALESCE PARTITION [ parallel_clause ]

coalesce_table_partition

COALESCE PARTITION
  [ update_index_clauses ]
  [ parallel_clause ]
  [ allow_disallow_clustering ]

coalesce_table_subpartition

COALESCE SUBPARTITION subpartition
  [update_index_clauses]
  [parallel_clause]
  [allow_disallow_clustering]

column_association

COLUMNS [ schema. ]table.column
          [, [ schema. ]table.column ]...
   using_statistics_type

column_clauses

{ { add_column_clause
  | modify_column_clauses
  | drop_column_clause
  | add_period_clause
  | drop_period_clause
  }...
| rename_column_clause
| { modify_collection_retrieval }...
| { modify_LOB_storage_clause }...
| { alter_varray_col_properties }...
}

column_definition

column datatype [ SORT ] [ VISIBLE | INVISIBLE ]
  [ DEFAULT [ ON NULL ] expr | identity_clause ]
  [ ENCRYPT encryption_spec ]
  [ ( { inline_constraint }... )
  | inline_ref_constraint
  ]

column_properties

{ object_type_col_properties
| nested_table_col_properties
| { varray_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause }
    [ (LOB_partition_storage [, LOB_partition_storage ]...) ]
| XMLType_column_properties
}...

commit_switchover_clause

{ PREPARE | COMMIT } TO SWITCHOVER
[ TO { { [ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ] PRIMARY
     | [ PHYSICAL ] STANDBY
     } [ { WITH | WITHOUT } SESSION SHUTDOWN
         { WAIT | NOWAIT }
       ]
     | LOGICAL STANDBY
     }
| CANCEL
]

component_actions

ACTIONS COMPONENT =
  { DATAPUMP | DIRECT_LOAD | OLS | XS } component_action [, component_action ]...
  |
  DV component_action ON object_name [, component_action ON object_name ]...

composite_hash_partitions

PARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ] ...)
  { subpartition_by_range
  | subpartition_by_list
  | subpartition_by_hash
  }
  { individual_hash_partitions
  | hash_partitions_by_quantity
  }

composite_list_partitions

PARTITION BY LIST ( column )
  { subpartition_by_range
  | subpartition_by_list
  | subpartition_by_hash
  }
( list_partition_desc [, list_partition_desc]... )

composite_range_partitions

PARTITION BY RANGE ( column [, column]... )
  [ INTERVAL ( expr ) [ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]... ) ]]
  { subpartition_by_range
  | subpartition_by_list
  | subpartition_by_hash
  }
( range_partition_desc [, range_partition_desc]... )

conditional_insert_clause

[ ALL | FIRST ]
WHEN condition
THEN insert_into_clause
  [ values_clause ]
  [ error_logging_clause ]
  [ insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [ error_logging_clause ] ]...
[ WHEN condition
  THEN insert_into_clause
    [ values_clause ]
    [ error_logging_clause ]
    [ insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [ error_logging_clause ] ]...
]...
[ ELSE insert_into_clause
  [ values_clause ]
  [ error_logging_clause ]
   [ insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [ error_logging_clause ] ]...
]

constraint

{ inline_constraint
| out_of_line_constraint
| inline_ref_constraint
| out_of_line_ref_constraint
}

constraint_clauses

{ ADD { { out_of_line_constraint }...
      | out_of_line_REF_constraint
      }
| MODIFY { CONSTRAINT constraint_name
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
         } constraint_state [ CASCADE ]
| RENAME CONSTRAINT old_name TO new_name
| drop_constraint_clause
}

constraint_state

[ [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
  [ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
| [ INITIALLY { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED } ]
  [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
]
[ RELY | NORELY ]
[ using_index_clause ]
[ ENABLE | DISABLE ]
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
[ exceptions_clause ]

container_data_clause

{
SET CONTAINER_DATA = { ALL | DEFAULT | ( container_name [, container_name ]... ) }
|
ADD CONTAINER_DATA = ( container_name [, container_name ]... )
|
REMOVE CONTAINER_DATA = ( container_name [, container_name ]... )
}
[ FOR [ schema. ] container_data_object ]

containers_clause

CONTAINERS( [schema.] { table | view } )

context_clause

[ WITH INDEX CONTEXT,
  SCAN CONTEXT implementation_type
  [ COMPUTE ANCILLARY DATA ]
]
[ WITH COLUMN CONTEXT ]

controlfile_clauses

CREATE { [ LOGICAL | PHYSICAL ] STANDBY | FAR SYNC INSTANCE }
  CONTROLFILE AS
  'filename' [ REUSE ]
| BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO
  { 'filename' [ REUSE ]
  | trace_file_clause
  }

convert_database_clause

CONVERT TO ( PHYSICAL | SNAPSHOT ) STANDBY

cost_matrix_clause

COST
  { MODEL [AUTO]
  | ( class_value [, class_value]... )
        VALUES ( ( cost_value [, cost_value]...)
                 [ , (cost_value [, cost_value]... ) ]...
               )
  }

create_datafile_clause

CREATE DATAFILE
   { 'filename' | filenumber }
     [, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
   }
   [ AS { file_specification
          [, file_specification ]...
        | NEW
        }
   ]

create_file_dest_clause

CREATE_FILE_DEST = { NONE | 'directory_path_name' | diskgroup_name }

create_key

CREATE [ ENCRYPTION ] KEY [ USING TAG 'tag' ]
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]
  [ CONTAINER = { ALL | CURRENT } ]

create_keystore

CREATE
  { KEYSTORE 'keystore_location'
  | [ LOCAL ] AUTO_LOGIN KEYSTORE FROM KEYSTORE 'keystore_location'
  }
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password

create_mv_refresh

{ REFRESH
  { { FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE }
  | { ON DEMAND
    | ON COMMIT
    }
  | { START WITH date |
      NEXT date
    }...
  | WITH { PRIMARY KEY | ROWID }
  | USING
     { DEFAULT [ MASTER | LOCAL ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT
     | [ MASTER | LOCAL ] ROLLBACK SEGMENT rollback_segment
     }...
  | USING
     { ENFORCED | TRUSTED } CONSTRAINTS
  }...
| NEVER REFRESH
}

create_pdb_clone

FROM { src_pdb_name [ @ dblink ] } | { NON$CDB @ dblink }
  [ pdb_storage_clause ]
  [ file_name_convert ]
  [ path_prefix_clause ]
  [ tempfile_reuse_clause ]
  [ SNAPSHOT COPY ]
  [ user_tablespaces_clause ]
  [ standbys_clause ]
  [ logging_clause ]
  [ create_file_dest_clause ]
  [ NO DATA ]

create_pdb_from_seed

ADMIN USER admin_user_name IDENTIFIED BY password
  [ pdb_dba_roles ]
  [ default_tablespace ]
  [ file_name_convert ]
  [ pdb_storage_clause ]
  [ path_prefix_clause ]
  [ tempfile_reuse_clause ]
  [ user_tablespaces_clause ]
  [ standbys_clause ]
  [ logging_clause ]
  [ create_file_dest_clause ]

create_pdb_from_xml

[ AS CLONE ] USING filename [ source_file_name_convert ]
  [ { [ COPY | MOVE ] file_name_convert } | NOCOPY ]
  [ pdb_storage_clause ]
  [ path_prefix_clause ]
  [ tempfile_reuse_clause ]
  [ user_tablespaces_clause ]
  [ standbys_clause ]
  [ logging_clause ]
  [ create_file_dest_clause ]

create_zonemap_as_subquery

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
  [ schema. ] zonemap_name
  [ ( column_alias [, column_alias ]... ) ]
  [ zonemap_attributes ]
  [ zonemap_refresh_clause ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } PRUNING ]
  AS query_block

create_zonemap_on_table

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP
  [ schema. ] zonemap_name
  [ zonemap_attributes ]
  [ zonemap_refresh_clause ]
  [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } PRUNING ]
  ON [ schema. ] { table | materialized_view } ( column [, column]... )

cross_outer_apply_clause

{ CROSS | OUTER } APPLY { table_reference | collection_expression }

cycle_clause

{CYCLE c_alias [, c_alias]...
    SET cycle_mark_c_alias TO cycle_value
    DEFAULT no_cycle_value
}

database_file_clauses

{ RENAME FILE  'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
   TO 'filename'
| create_datafile_clause
| alter_datafile_clause
| alter_tempfile_clause
| move_datafile_clause
}

database_logging_clauses

{ LOGFILE
    [ GROUP integer ] file_specification
      [, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...
| MAXLOGFILES integer
| MAXLOGMEMBERS integer
| MAXLOGHISTORY integer
| { ARCHIVELOG | NOARCHIVELOG }
| FORCE LOGGING
}

datafile_tempfile_clauses

{ ADD { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE }
   [ file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
| DROP {DATAFILE | TEMPFILE } { 'filename' | file_number }
| SHRINK TEMPFILE { 'filename' | file_number } [KEEP size_clause]
| RENAME DATAFILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
    TO 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| { DATAFILE | TEMPFILE } { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
}

datafile_tempfile_spec

[ 'filename' | 'ASM_filename' ]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ REUSE ]
[ autoextend_clause ]

db_user_proxy_clauses

[ WITH
  { ROLE { role_name [, role_name]...
         | ALL EXCEPT role_name [, role_name]...
         }
  | NO ROLES
  }
]
[ AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED ]

dblink

database[.domain [.domain ]... ] [ @ connection_qualifier ]

dblink_authentication

AUTHENTICATED BY user IDENTIFIED BY password

deallocate_unused_clause

DEALLOCATE UNUSED [ KEEP size_clause ]

default_cost_clause

DEFAULT COST (cpu_cost, io_cost, network_cost)

default_selectivity_clause

DEFAULT SELECTIVITY default_selectivity

default_settings_clauses

{ DEFAULT EDITION = edition_name
| SET DEFAULT { BIGFILE | SMALLFILE } TABLESPACE
| DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
| DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| RENAME GLOBAL_NAME TO database.domain [.domain ]...
| ENABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING [ USING FILE 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
| DISABLE BLOCK CHANGE TRACKING
| [NO] FORCE FULL DATABASE CACHING
| flashback_mode_clause
| set_time_zone_clause
}

default_tablespace

DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace
[ DATAFILE datafile_tempfile_spec ]
[ extent_management_clause ]

default_temp_tablespace

  [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
  [ TEMPFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]...]
  [ extent_management_clause ]

deferred_segment_creation

SEGMENT CREATION { IMMEDIATE | DEFERRED }

delete_secret

DELETE SECRET FOR CLIENT 'client_identifier'
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

dependent_tables_clause

DEPENDENT TABLES
( table ( partition_spec [, partition_spec]...
          [, table ( partition_spec [, partition_spec]... ]
        )
)

dimension_join_clause

{ JOIN KEY
   { child_key_column
   | (child_key_column [, child_key_column ]...)
   }
  REFERENCES parent_level
}...

disk_offline_clause

OFFLINE
  { [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK disk_name [, disk_name ] ...
  | DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP failgroup_name [, failgroup_name ]...
  } ... [timeout_clause]

disk_online_clause

ONLINE
  { { [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK disk_name [, disk_name]...
    | DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP failgroup_name [, failgroup_name]...
    } ...
  | ALL
  } [ POWER integer ] [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]

disk_region_clause

[ HOT | COLD ] [ MIRRORHOT | MIRRORCOLD ]

diskgroup_alias_clauses

{ ADD ALIAS
    'alias_name' FOR 'filename'
    [, 'alias_name' FOR 'filename' ]...
| DROP ALIAS 'alias_name' [, 'alias_name' ]...
| RENAME ALIAS
    'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name'
    [, 'old_alias_name' TO 'new_alias_name' ]...
}

diskgroup_attributes

SET ATTRIBUTE 'attribute_name' = 'attribute_value'

diskgroup_availability

{ MOUNT [ RESTRICTED | NORMAL ]
           [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
| DISMOUNT [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
}

diskgroup_directory_clauses

{ ADD DIRECTORY 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
| DROP DIRECTORY
    'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
    [, 'filename' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
| RENAME DIRECTORY
    'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name'
    [, 'old_dir_name' TO 'new_dir_name' ]...
}

diskgroup_template_clauses

{ { ADD | MODIFY } TEMPLATE template_name qualified_template_clause
      [, template_name qualified_template_clause ]...
| DROP TEMPLATE template_name [, template_name ]...
}

diskgroup_volume_clauses

{ add_volume_clause
| modify_volume_clause
| RESIZE VOLUME asm_volume SIZE size_clause
| DROP VOLUME asm_volume
}

distributed_recov_clauses

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } DISTRIBUTED RECOVERY

dml_table_expression_clause

{ [ schema. ]
  { table
    [ partition_extension_clause
    | @ dblink
    ]
  | { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
  }
| ( subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ] )
| table_collection_expression
}

domain_index_clause

indextype
   [ local_domain_index_clause ]
   [ parallel_clause ]
   [ PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters') ]

drop_binding_clause

DROP BINDING (parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
  [ FORCE ]

drop_column_clause

{ SET UNUSED { COLUMN column
             | (column [, column ]...)
             }
  [ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }... ]
  [ ONLINE ]
| DROP { COLUMN column
       | (column [, column ]...)
       }
  [ { CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | INVALIDATE }... ]
  [ CHECKPOINT integer ]
| DROP { UNUSED COLUMNS
       | COLUMNS CONTINUE
       }
  [ CHECKPOINT integer ]
}

drop_constraint_clause

DROP
   { { PRIMARY KEY
     | UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
     }
     [ CASCADE ]
     [ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]
   | CONSTRAINT constraint_name
     [ CASCADE ]
   } [ ONLINE ]

drop_disk_clause

DROP
{ [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK
    disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
    [, disk_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
| DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP
    failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
    [, failgroup_name [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
}

drop_diskgroup_file_clause

DROP FILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...

drop_index_partition

DROP PARTITION partition_name

drop_logfile_clauses

DROP [ STANDBY ] LOGFILE
   { logfile_descriptor
     [, logfile_descriptor ]...
   | MEMBER 'filename'
            [, 'filename' ]...
   }

drop_period_clause

DROP ( PERIOD FOR valid_time_column )

drop_table_partition

DROP partition_extended_names
  [ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]

drop_table_subpartition

DROP subpartition_extended_names
  [ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]

ds_iso_format

[-] P [days D]
  [T [hours H] [minutes M] [seconds [. frac_secs] S ] ]

else_clause

ELSE else_expr

enable_disable_clause

{ ENABLE | DISABLE }
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY
| CONSTRAINT constraint_name
}
[ using_index_clause ]
[ exceptions_clause ]
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]

enable_disable_volume

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } VOLUME
  { asm_volume [, asm_volume]...
  | ALL
  }

enable_pluggable_database

ENABLE PLUGGABLE DATABASE
  [ SEED
  [ file_name_convert ]
  [ SYSTEM tablespace_datafile_clauses ]
  [ SYSAUX tablespace_datafile_clauses ]
  ]

encryption_spec

  [ USING 'encrypt_algorithm' ]
  [ IDENTIFIED BY password ]
  [ 'integrity_algorithm' ]
  [ [ NO ] SALT ]

end_session_clauses

{ DISCONNECT SESSION 'integer1, integer2'
     [ POST_TRANSACTION ]
| KILL SESSION 'integer1, integer2 [, @integer3]'
}
[ IMMEDIATE | NOREPLAY ]

error_logging_clause

LOG ERRORS
  [ INTO [schema.] table ]
  [ (simple_expression) ]
  [ REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED } ]

evaluation_edition_clause

EVALUATE USING { CURRENT EDITION | EDITION edition | NULL EDITION }

exceptions_clause

EXCEPTIONS INTO [ schema. ] table

exchange_partition_subpart

EXCHANGE { partition_extended_name
         | subpartition_extended_name
         }
   WITH TABLE [ schema. ] table
   [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } INDEXES ]
   [ { WITH | WITHOUT } VALIDATION ]
   [ exceptions_clause ]
   [ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ]
   [ CASCADE ]

export_keys

EXPORT [ ENCRYPTION ] KEYS WITH SECRET secret
  TO 'filename'
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH IDENTIFIER IN { 'key_id' [, 'key_id' ]... | ( subquery ) } ]

expr

{ simple_expression
| compound_expression
| case_expression
| cursor_expression
| datetime_expression
| function_expression
| interval_expression
| JSON_object_access_expr
| model_expression
| object_access_expression
| scalar_subquery_expression
| type_constructor_expression
| variable_expression
}

expression_list

{ expr [, expr ]...
| ( [expr [, expr ]] ...)
}

extended_attribute_clause

ATTRIBUTE attribute
  { LEVEL level
    DETERMINES { dependent_column
               | (dependent_column [, dependent_column ]... )
               }
  }...

extent_management_clause

EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
  [ AUTOALLOCATE
  | UNIFORM [ SIZE size_clause ]
  ]

external_data_properties

DEFAULT DIRECTORY directory
[ ACCESS PARAMETERS
  { (opaque_format_spec)
  | USING CLOB subquery
  }
]
LOCATION
   ([ directory: ] 'location_specifier'
      [, [ directory: ] 'location_specifier' ]...
   )

external_table_clause

([ TYPE access_driver_type ]
 external_data_properties
)
[ REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED } ]

failover_clause

FAILOVER TO target_db_name [ FORCE ]

file_name_convert

FILE_NAME_CONVERT =
  { ( 'filename_pattern', 'replacement_filename_pattern'
      [, 'filename_pattern', 'replacement_filename_pattern' ]... )
    |
    NONE
  }

file_owner_clause

SET OWNERSHIP { OWNER = user | GROUP = usergroup
                  [, OWNER = user | GROUP = usergroup ]...
              } FOR FILE 'filename' [, 'filename']...

file_permissions_clause

SET PERMISSION { OWNER | GROUP | OTHER }
  = { NONE | READ ONLY | READ WRITE }
  [, { OWNER | GROUP | OTHER | ALL }
    = { NONE | READ ONLY | READ WRITE } ]...
    FOR FILE 'filename' [, 'filename']...

file_specification

{ datafile_tempfile_spec
| redo_log_file_spec
}

flashback_archive_clause

FLASHBACK ARCHIVE [flashback_archive] | NO FLASHBACK ARCHIVE

flashback_archive_quota

QUOTA integer { M | G | T | P | E }

flashback_archive_retention

RETENTION integer {YEAR | MONTH | DAY}

flashback_mode_clause

FLASHBACK { ON | OFF }

flashback_query_clause

{ VERSIONS BETWEEN { SCN | TIMESTAMP }
    { expr | MINVALUE } AND { expr | MAXVALUE }
| VERSIONS PERIOD FOR valid_time_column BETWEEN
    { expr | MINVALUE } AND { expr | MAXVALUE }
| AS OF { SCN | TIMESTAMP } expr
| AS OF PERIOD FOR valid_time_column expr
}

for_refresh_clause

{ FOR SYNCHRONOUS REFRESH USING staging_log_name
| FOR FAST REFRESH
}

for_update_clause

FOR UPDATE
  [ OF [ [ schema. ] { table | view } . ] column
         [, [ [ schema. ] { table | view } . ] column
         ]...
  ]
  [ { NOWAIT | WAIT integer
    |  SKIP LOCKED
    }
  ]

full_database_recovery

[ STANDBY ] DATABASE
[ { UNTIL { CANCEL
          | TIME date
          | CHANGE integer
          | CONSISTENT
          }
  | USING BACKUP CONTROLFILE
  | SNAPSHOT TIME date
  }...
]

fully_qualified_file_name

+diskgroup_name/db_name/file_type/
   file_type_tag.filenumber.incarnation_number

function_association

{ FUNCTIONS
     [ schema. ]function [, [ schema. ]function ]...
| PACKAGES
     [ schema. ]package [, [ schema. ]package ]...
| TYPES
     [ schema. ]type [, [ schema. ]type ]...
| INDEXES
     [ schema. ]index [, [ schema. ]index ]...
| INDEXTYPES
     [ schema. ]indextype [, [ schema. ]indextype ]...
}
{ using_statistics_type
| { default_cost_clause [, default_selectivity_clause ]
  | default_selectivity_clause [, default_cost_clause ]
  }
}

general_recovery

RECOVER
[ AUTOMATIC ]
[ FROM 'location' ]
{ { full_database_recovery
  | partial_database_recovery
  | LOGFILE 'filename'
  }
  [ { TEST
    | ALLOW integer CORRUPTION
    | parallel_clause
    }...
  ]
| CONTINUE [ DEFAULT ]
| CANCEL
}

global_partitioned_index

GLOBAL PARTITION BY
   { RANGE (column_list)
        (index_partitioning_clause)
   | HASH (column_list)
        { individual_hash_partitions
        | hash_partitions_by_quantity
        }
   }

grant_object_privileges

{ object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
  [ (column [, column ]...) ]
    [, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
       [ (column [, column ]...) ]
    ]...
on_object_clause
TO grantee_clause
  [ WITH HIERARCHY OPTION ]
  [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

grant_roles_to_programs

role [, role ]... TO program_unit [, program_unit ]...

grant_system_privileges

{ system_privilege | role | ALL PRIVILEGES }
  [, { system_privilege | role | ALL PRIVILEGES } ]...
TO { grantee_clause | grantee_identified_by } [ WITH { ADMIN | DELEGATE } OPTION ]

grantee_clause

{ user | role | PUBLIC }
  [, { user | role | PUBLIC } ]...

grantee_identified_by

user [, user ]... IDENTIFIED BY password [, password ]...

group_by_clause

GROUP BY
   { expr
   | rollup_cube_clause
   | grouping_sets_clause
   }
     [, { expr
        | rollup_cube_clause
        | grouping_sets_clause
        }
     ]...
   [ HAVING condition ]

grouping_expression_list

expression_list [, expression_list ]...

grouping_sets_clause

GROUPING SETS
({ rollup_cube_clause | grouping_expression_list })

hash_partitions

PARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ] ...)
{ individual_hash_partitions
| hash_partitions_by_quantity
}

hash_partitions_by_quantity

PARTITIONS hash_partition_quantity
[ STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
[ table_compression | index_compression ]
[ OVERFLOW STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]

hash_subparts_by_quantity

SUBPARTITIONS integer [STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]... )]

heap_org_table_clause

[ table_compression ] [ inmemory_table_clause ] [ ilm_clause ]

hierarchical_query_clause

{ CONNECT BY [ NOCYCLE ] condition [ START WITH condition ]
| START WITH condition CONNECT BY [ NOCYCLE ] condition
}

hierarchy_clause

HIERARCHY hierarchy
(child_level { CHILD OF parent_level }...
  [ dimension_join_clause ]
)

identity_clause

GENERATED
[ ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT [ ON NULL ] ]
AS IDENTITY [ ( identity_options ) ]

identity_options

{ START WITH ( integer | LIMIT VALUE )
| INCREMENT BY integer
| ( MAXVALUE integer | NOMAXVALUE )
| ( MINVALUE integer | NOMINVALUE )
| ( CYCLE | NOCYCLE )
| ( CACHE integer | NOCACHE )
| ( ORDER | NOORDER ) }...

ilm_clause

ILM
{ ADD POLICY ilm_policy_clause
| { DELETE | ENABLE | DISABLE } POLICY ilm_policy_name
| DELETE_ALL | ENABLE_ALL | DISABLE_ALL
}

ilm_policy_clause

{ table_compression | tiering_clause }
{ SEGMENT | GROUP | ROW }
{{ AFTER number { { DAY | DAYS } | { MONTH | MONTHS } | { YEAR | YEARS } }
   OF { { NO ACCESS } | { NO MODIFICATION } | CREATION } }
 | ON function_name }

implementation_clause

{ ANCILLARY TO primary_operator
    ( parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
      [, primary_operator
         ( parameter_type [, parameter_type ]...)
      ]...
| context_clause
}

import_keys

IMPORT [ ENCRYPTION ] KEYS WITH SECRET secret
  FROM 'filename'
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

incomplete_file_name

+diskgroup_name [ (template_name) ]

index_attributes

[ { physical_attributes_clause
  | logging_clause
  | ONLINE
  | TABLESPACE { tablespace | DEFAULT }
  | index_compression
  | { SORT | NOSORT }
  | REVERSE
  | VISIBLE | INVISIBLE
  | partial_index_clause
  | parallel_clause
  }...
]

index_compression

{ prefix_compression
| advanced_index_compression
}

index_expr

{ column | column_expression }

index_org_overflow_clause

  [ INCLUDING column_name ]
OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ]

index_org_table_clause

[ { mapping_table_clause
  | PCTTHRESHOLD integer
  | prefix_compression
  }...
]
[ index_org_overflow_clause ]

index_partition_description

PARTITION
[ partition
   [ { segment_attributes_clause
     | index_compression
     }...
   | PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' )
   ]
   [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
]

index_partitioning_clause

PARTITION [ partition ]
   VALUES LESS THAN (literal[, literal]... )
   [ segment_attributes_clause ]

index_properties

[ { { global_partitioned_index
    | local_partitioned_index
    }
  | index_attributes
  }...
| INDEXTYPE IS { domain_index_clause
               | XMLTable_index_clause
               | XMLIndex_clause
               }
]

index_subpartition_clause

{ STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (SUBPARTITION
      [ subpartition ][ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ index_compression ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
   [, SUBPARTITION
         [ subpartition ][ TABLESPACE tablespace ] [ index_compression ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
   ]...
  )
}

indexing_clause

INDEXING { ON | OFF }

individual_hash_partitions

PARTITION [partition] [indexing_clause] [partitioning_storage_clause]
  [, PARTITION [partition] [indexing_clause] [partitioning_storage_clause]]...

individual_hash_subparts

SUBPARTITION [subpartition] [indexing_clause] [partitioning_storage_clause]

inline_constraint

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ [ NOT ] NULL
| UNIQUE
| PRIMARY KEY
| references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
}
[ constraint_state ]

inline_ref_constraint

{ SCOPE  IS [ schema. ] scope_table
| WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
  references_clause
  [ constraint_state ]
}

inmemory_alter_table_clause

[ INMEMORY [ inmemory_parameters ] ] [ inmemory_column_clause ]
| NO INMEMORY

inmemory_clause

INMEMORY [ inmemory_parameters ]
| NO INMEMORY

inmemory_column_clause

{ INMEMORY [ inmemory_memcompress ] | NO INMEMORY } ( column [, column ]... )
 [ { INMEMORY [ inmemory_memcompress ] | NO INMEMORY } ( column [, column ]... ) ]...

inmemory_distribute

DISTRIBUTE [ AUTO | BY { ROWID RANGE | PARTITION | SUBPARTITION } ]

inmemory_duplicate

DUPLICATE | DUPLICATE ALL | NO DUPLICATE

inmemory_memcompress

MEMCOMPRESS FOR { DML | QUERY [ LOW | HIGH ] | CAPACITY [ LOW | HIGH ] }
| NO MEMCOMPRESS

inmemory_parameters

[ inmemory_memcompress ] [ inmemory_priority ] [ inmemory_distribute ] [ inmemory_duplicate ]

inmemory_priority

PRIORITY { NONE | LOW | MEDIUM | HIGH | CRITICAL }

inmemory_table_clause

INMEMORY [ inmemory_parameters ] [ inmemory_column_clause ]
| NO INMEMORY

inner_cross_join_clause

{ [ INNER ] JOIN table_reference
    { ON condition
    | USING (column [, column ]...)
    }
| { CROSS
  | NATURAL [ INNER ]
  }
  JOIN table_reference
}

insert_into_clause

INTO dml_table_expression_clause [ t_alias ]
[ (column [, column ]...) ]

instance_clauses

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } INSTANCE 'instance_name'

instances_clause

INSTANCES = { ( 'instance_name' [, 'instance_name' ]... )
            | ALL [ EXCEPT ( 'instance_name' [, 'instance_name' ]... ) ] }

integer

[ + | - ] digit [ digit ]...

interval_day_to_second

INTERVAL '{ integer | integer time_expr | time_expr }'
{ { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE } [ (leading_precision) ]
| SECOND [ (leading_precision [, fractional_seconds_precision ]) ]
}
[ TO { DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND [ (fractional_seconds_precision) ] } ]

interval_year_to_month

INTERVAL 'integer [- integer ]'
{ YEAR | MONTH } [ (precision) ] [ TO { YEAR | MONTH } ]

into_clause

INTO [ schema. ] table

invoker_rights_clause

AUTHID { CURRENT_USER | DEFINER }

join_clause

table_reference
  { inner_cross_join_clause | outer_join_clause | cross_outer_apply_clause }...

JSON_column_definition

JSON_exists_column
| JSON_query_column
| JSON_value_column
| JSON_nested_path
| ordinality_column

JSON_columns_clause

COLUMNS ( JSON_column_definition [, JSON_column_definition ]... )

JSON_exists_column

column_name JSON_value_return_type
  EXISTS PATH JSON_path_expression [ JSON_exists_on_error_clause ]

JSON_exists_on_error_clause

{ ERROR | TRUE | FALSE } ON ERROR

JSON_nested_path

NESTED PATH JSON_path_expression JSON_columns_clause

JSON_path_expression

$[ object_step | array_step ]...

JSON_query_column

column_name JSON_query_return_type
  FORMAT JSON [ JSON_query_wrapper_clause ]
  PATH JSON_path_expression [ JSON_query_on_error_clause ]

JSON_query_on_error_clause

{ ERROR | NULL | EMPTY } ON ERROR

JSON_query_return_type

VARCHAR2 [ ( size [BYTE | CHAR] ) ]

JSON_query_returning_clause

[ RETURNING JSON_query_return_type ] [ PRETTY ] [ ASCII ]

JSON_query_wrapper_clause

WITHOUT [ ARRAY ] WRAPPER
| WITH [ UNCONDITIONAL | CONDITIONAL ] [ ARRAY ] WRAPPER

JSON_table_on_error_clause

{ ERROR | NULL | DEFAULT literal } ON ERROR

JSON_value_column

column_name JSON_value_return_type PATH JSON_path_expression
  [ JSON_value_on_error_clause ]

JSON_value_on_error_clause

{ ERROR | NULL | DEFAULT literal } ON ERROR

JSON_value_return_type

{ VARCHAR2 [ ( size [BYTE | CHAR] ) ]
| NUMBER [ ( precision [, scale] ) ]
}

JSON_value_returning_clause

[ RETURNING JSON_value_return_type ] [ ASCII ]

key_management_clauses

{ set_key
| create_key
| use_key
| set_key_tag
| export_keys
| import_keys
| migrate_key
| reverse_migrate_key
}

keystore_management_clauses

{ create_keystore
| open_keystore
| close_keystore
| backup_keystore
| alter_keystore_password
| merge_into_new_keystore
| merge_into_exist_keystore
}

level_clause

LEVEL level IS
   { level_table.level_column
   | (level_table.level_column
      [, level_table.level_column ]...
     )
   }

list_partition_desc

PARTITION [partition]
list_values_clause
table_partition_description
  [ ( range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc]...
      | list_subpartition_desc, [, list_subpartition_desc]...
      | individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts]...
    )
    | hash_subparts_by_quantity
  ]

list_partitions

PARTITION BY LIST (column)
(PARTITION [ partition ]
    list_values_clause table_partition_description
  [, PARTITION [ partition ]
        list_values_clause table_partition_description
  ]...
)

list_subpartition_desc

SUBPARTITION [subpartition]
  list_values_clause
  [indexing_clause] [partitioning_storage_clause]

list_values_clause

VALUES ({ literal | NULL }
        [, { literal | NULL }]...
       | DEFAULT
       )

LOB_compression_clause

{ COMPRESS [HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW ]
| NOCOMPRESS
}

LOB_deduplicate_clause

{ DEDUPLICATE
| KEEP_DUPLICATES
}

LOB_parameters

{ { ENABLE | DISABLE } STORAGE IN ROW
  | CHUNK integer
  | PCTVERSION integer
  | FREEPOOLS integer
  | LOB_retention_clause
  | LOB_deduplicate_clause
  | LOB_compression_clause
  | { ENCRYPT encryption_spec | DECRYPT }
  | { CACHE | NOCACHE | CACHE READS } [ logging_clause ]
}...

LOB_partition_storage

PARTITION partition
{ LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }...
  [ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
     { LOB_partitioning_storage | varray_col_properties }...
    )
]

LOB_partitioning_storage

LOB (LOB_item) STORE AS [BASICFILE | SECUREFILE]
  [ LOB_segname [ (TABLESPACE tablespace) ]
  | (TABLESPACE tablespace)
  ]

LOB_retention_storage

RETENTION [ MAX | MIN integer | AUTO | NONE ]

LOB_storage_clause

LOB
{ (LOB_item [, LOB_item ]...)
     STORE AS { {SECUREFILE | BASICFILE}
              | (LOB_storage_parameters)
              }...
| (LOB_item)
     STORE AS { {SECUREFILE | BASICFILE}
              | LOB_segname
              | (LOB_storage_parameters)
              }...
}

LOB_storage_parameters

{ { TABLESPACE tablespace
  | LOB_parameters [storage_clause]
  }...
| storage_clauase
}

local_domain_index_clause

LOCAL
  [ ( PARTITION partition [ PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' ) ]
      [,  PARTITION partition [ PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters') ]]...
    )
  ]

local_partitioned_index

LOCAL
[ on_range_partitioned_table
| on_list_partitioned_table
| on_hash_partitioned_table
| on_comp_partitioned_table
]

local_XMLIndex_clause

LOCAL
  [ ( PARTITION partition [ XMLIndex_parameters_clause ]
      [, PARTITION partition [ XMLIndex_parameters_clause ] ]...
    )
  ]

logfile_clause

LOGFILE
[ GROUP integer ] file_specification
  [, [ GROUP integer ] file_specification ]...

logfile_clauses

{ { ARCHIVELOG [ MANUAL ]
  | NOARCHIVELOG
  }
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
| RENAME FILE 'filename' [, 'filename' ]...
    TO 'filename'
| CLEAR [ UNARCHIVED ]
    LOGFILE logfile_descriptor [, logfile_descriptor ]...
    [ UNRECOVERABLE DATAFILE ]
| add_logfile_clauses
| drop_logfile_clauses
| switch_logfile_clause
| supplemental_db_logging
}

logfile_descriptor

{ GROUP integer
| ('filename' [, 'filename' ]...)
| 'filename'
}

logging_clause

{ LOGGING | NOLOGGING |  FILESYSTEM_LIKE_LOGGING }

main_model

[ MAIN main_model_name ]
model_column_clauses
[ cell_reference_options ]
model_rules_clause

managed_standby_recovery

RECOVER
{ MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE
    [ { USING ARCHIVED LOGFILE
      | DISCONNECT [FROM SESSION]
      | NODELAY
      | UNTIL CHANGE integer
      | UNTIL CONSISTENT
      | parallel_clause
      }...
    | FINISH
    | CANCEL
    ]
| TO LOGICAL STANDBY { db_name | KEEP IDENTITY }
}

mapping_table_clauses

{ MAPPING TABLE | NOMAPPING }

materialized_view_props

[ column_properties ]
[ table_partitioning_clauses ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ build_clause ]

maximize_standby_db_clause

SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE
{ PROTECTION | AVAILABILITY | PERFORMANCE }

maxsize_clause

MAXSIZE { UNLIMITED | size_clause }

merge_insert_clause

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT [ (column [, column ]...) ]
VALUES ({ expr | DEFAULT }
           [, { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
       )
[ where_clause ]

merge_into_exist_keystore

MERGE KEYSTORE 'keystore1_location' [ IDENTIFIED BY keystore1_password ]
  INTO EXISTING KEYSTORE 'keystore2_location' IDENTIFIED BY keystore2_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

merge_into_new_keystore

MERGE KEYSTORE 'keystore1_location' [ IDENTIFIED BY keystore1_password ]
  AND KEYSTORE 'keystore2_location' [ IDENTIFIED BY keystore2_password ]
  INTO NEW KEYSTORE 'keystore3_location' IDENTIFIED BY keystore3_password

merge_table_partitions

MERGE PARTITIONS partition_or_key_value
   { , partition_or_key_value [, partition_or_key_value ]...
   | TO partition_or_key_value }
   [ INTO partition_spec ]
   [ dependent_tables_clause ]
   [ update_index_clauses ]
   [ parallel_clause ]
   [ allow_disallow_clustering ]

merge_table_subpartitions

MERGE SUBPARTITIONS subpartition_or_key_value
   { , subpartition_or_key_value [, subpartition_or_key_value ]...
   | TO subpartition_or_key_value }
   [ INTO { range_subpartition_desc
          | list_subpartition_desc
          }
   ]
   [ dependent_tables_clause ]
   [ update_index_clauses ]
   [ parallel_clause ]
   [ allow_disallow_clustering ]

merge_update_clause

WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET column = { expr | DEFAULT }
           [, column = { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
[ where_clause ]
[ DELETE where_clause ]

migrate_key

SET [ ENCRYPTION ] KEY IDENTIFIED BY HSM_auth_string
  MIGRATE USING software_keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

mining_analytic_clause

[ query_partition_clause ] [ order_by_clause ]

mining_attribute_clause

USING
{ *
| { [ schema . ] table . *
  | expr [ AS alias ]
  }
    [, { [ schema . ] table . *
       | expr [ AS alias ]
       }
    ]...
}

model_clause

MODEL
   [ cell_reference_options ]
   [ return_rows_clause ]
   [ reference_model ]...
main_model

model_column

expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]

model_column_clauses

[ PARTITION BY (expr [ c_alias ] [, expr [c_alias] ]...) ]
DIMENSION BY (expr [c_alias] [, expr [c_alias] ]...)
MEASURES (expr [c_alias] [, expr [c_alias] ]...)

model_iterate_clause

ITERATE ( number ) [ UNTIL ( condition ) ]

model_rules_clause

[ RULES
  [ { UPDATE | UPSERT [ ALL ] } ]
  [ { AUTOMATIC | SEQUENTIAL } ORDER ]
  [ model_iterate_clause ]
]
( [ { UPDATE | UPSERT [ ALL ] } ]
cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
  [,  [ { UPDATE | UPSERT [ ALL ] } ]
    cell_assignment [ order_by_clause ] = expr
  ]...
)

modify_col_properties

column [ datatype ]
       [ DEFAULT [ ON NULL ] expr | identity_clause | DROP IDENTITY ]
       [ { ENCRYPT encryption_spec } | DECRYPT ]
       [ inline_constraint ... ]
       [ LOB_storage_clause ]
       [ alter_XMLSchema_clause ]

modify_col_substitutable

COLUMN column
[ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
[ FORCE ]

modify_col_visibility

column { VISIBLE | INVISIBLE }

modify_collection_retrieval

MODIFY NESTED TABLE collection_item
RETURN AS { LOCATOR | VALUE }

modify_column_clauses

MODIFY
{ ( modify_col_properties | modify_virtcol_properties
    [, modify_col_properties | modify_virtcol_properties ]... )
| ( modify_col_visibility [, modify_col_visibility ]... )
| modify_col_substitutable
}

modify_diskgroup_file

MODIFY FILE 'filename' ATTRIBUTE ( disk_region_clause )
  [, 'filename' ATTRIBUTE ( disk_region_clause ) ]...

modify_hash_partition

MODIFY partition_extended_name
  { partition_attributes
  | coalesce_table_subpartition
  | alter_mapping_table_clause
  | [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
  | indexing_clause
  }

modify_index_default_attrs

MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
   [ FOR PARTITION partition ]
   { physical_attributes_clause
   | TABLESPACE { tablespace | DEFAULT }
   | logging_clause
   }...

modify_index_partition

MODIFY PARTITION partition
{ { deallocate_unused_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | physical_attributes_clause
  | logging_clause
  | index_compression
  }...
| PARAMETERS ('ODCI_parameters')
| COALESCE [ CLEANUP ]
| UPDATE BLOCK REFERENCES
| UNUSABLE
}

modify_index_subpartition

MODIFY SUBPARTITION subpartition
{ UNUSABLE
| allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
}

modify_list_partition

MODIFY partition_extended_name
  { partition_attributes
  | { ADD | DROP } VALUES (literal[ , literal ]...)
  | { add_range_subpartition
    | add_list_subpartition
    | add_hash_subpartition
    }
  | coalesce_table_subpartition
  | [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
  | indexing_clause
  }

modify_LOB_parameters

{ storage_clause
| PCTVERSION integer
| FREEPOOLS integer
| REBUILD FREEPOOLS
| LOB_retention_clause
| LOB_deduplicate_clause
| LOB_compression_clause
| { ENCRYPT encryption_spec | DECRYPT }
| { CACHE
  | { NOCACHE | CACHE READS } [ logging_clause ]
  }
| allocate_extent_clause
| shrink_clause
| deallocate_unused_clause
} ...

modify_LOB_storage_clause

MODIFY LOB (LOB_item)
   (modify_LOB_parameters)

modify_mv_column_clause

MODIFY ( column [ ENCRYPT encryption_spec
       | DECRYPT ]
       )

modify_opaque_type

MODIFY OPAQUE TYPE anydata_column
STORE ( type_name [, type_name ]... ) UNPACKED

modify_range_partition

MODIFY partition_extended_name
   { partition_attributes
   | { add_range_subpartition
     | add_hash_subpartition
     | add_list_subpartition
     }
   | coalesce_table_subpartition
   | alter_mapping_table_clause
   | [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
   | indexing_clause
   }

modify_table_default_attrs

MODIFY DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES
   [ FOR partition_extended_name ]
   [ deferred_segment_creation ]
   [ indexing_clause ]
   [ segment_attributes_clause ]
   [ table_compression ]
   [ inmemory_clause ]
   [ PCTTHRESHOLD integer ]
   [ prefix_compression ]
   [ alter_overflow_clause ]
   [ { LOB (LOB_item) | VARRAY varray } (LOB_parameters) ]...

modify_table_partition

{ modify_range_partition
| modify_hash_partition
| modify_list_partition
}

modify_table_subpartition

MODIFY subpartition_extended_name
{ allocate_extent_clause
| deallocate_unused_cluse
| shrink_clause
| { { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray } (modify_LOB_parameters) }...
| [ REBUILD ] UNUSABLE LOCAL INDEXES
| { ADD | DROP } VALUES ( literal [, literal]... )
| indexing_clause
}

modify_virtcol_properties

column [ datatype ]
[ GENERATED ALWAYS ] AS (column_expression) [ VIRTUAL ]
evaluation_edition_clause [ unusable_editions_clause ]

modify_volume_clause

MODIFY VOLUME asm_volume
  [ ATTRIBUTE (disk_region_clause) ]
  [ MOUNTPATH 'mountpath_name' ]
  [ USAGE 'usage_name' ]

move_datafile_clause

MOVE DATAFILE ( 'filename' | 'ASM_filename' | file_number )
 [ TO ( 'filename' | 'ASM_filename' ) ]
 [ REUSE ] [ KEEP ]

move_mv_log_clause

MOVE segment_attributes_clause [parallel_clause]

move_table_clause

MOVE [ ONLINE ]
   [ segment_attributes_clause ]
   [ table_compression ]
   [ index_org_table_clause ]
   [ { LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }... ]
   [ parallel_clause ]
   [ allow_disallow_clustering ]

move_table_partition

MOVE partition_extended_name
   [ MAPPING TABLE ]
   [ table_partition_description ]
   [ update_index_clauses ]
   [ parallel_clause ]
   [ allow_disallow_clustering ]
   [ ONLINE ]

move_table_subpartition

MOVE subpartition_extended_name [ indexing_clause ]
     [ partitioning_storage_clause ] [ update_index_clauses ]
     [ parallel_clause ] [ allow_disallow_clustering ] [ ONLINE ]

multi_column_for_loop

FOR (dimension_column
      [, dimension_column ]...)
IN ( { (literal [, literal ]...)
       [ (literal [, literal ]...) ]...
     | subquery
     }
   )

multi_table_insert

{ ALL
  { insert_into_clause [ values_clause ] [error_logging_clause] }...
| conditional_insert_clause
} subquery

multiset_except

nested_table1
MULTISET EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

multiset_intersect

nested_table1
MULTISET INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

multiset_union

nested_table1
MULTISET UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
nested_table2

mv_log_augmentation

ADD { { OBJECT ID
      | PRIMARY KEY
      | ROWID
      | SEQUENCE
      } [ (column [, column ]...) ]
    | (column [, column ]... )
    } [, { { OBJECT ID
           | PRIMARY KEY
           | ROWID
           | SEQUENCE
           }
           [ (column [, column ]...) ]
         | (column [, column ]...)
         }
      ]...
    [ new_values_clause ]

mv_log_purge_clause

PURGE { IMMEDIATE [ SYNCHRONOUS | ASYNCHRONOUS ]  )
      | START WITH datetime_expr
          [ NEXT datetime_expr
          | REPEAT INTERVAL interval_expr
          ]
      | [ START WITH datetime_expr ] { NEXT datetime_expr
                                     | REPEAT INTERVAL interval_expr
                                     }
      }

nested_table_col_properties

NESTED TABLE
{ nested_item | COLUMN_VALUE }
[ substitutable_column_clause ]
[ LOCAL | GLOBAL ]
STORE AS storage_table
[ ( { (object_properties)
    | [ physical_properties ]
    | [ column_properties ]
    }...
  )
]
[ RETURN [ AS ] { LOCATOR | VALUE } ]

nested_table_partition_spec

PARTITION partition [segment_attributes_clause]

new_values_clause

{ INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } NEW VALUES

number

[ + | - ]
{ digit [ digit ]... [ . ] [ digit [ digit ]... ]
| . digit [ digit ]...
}
[ [ e | E ] [ + | - ] digit [ digit ]... ] [ f | F | d | D ]

numeric_file_name

+diskgroup_name.filenumber.incarnation_number

object_properties

{ { column | attribute }
    [ DEFAULT expr ]
    [ { inline_constraint }...  | inline_ref_constraint ]
| { out_of_line_constraint
  | out_of_line_ref_constraint
  | supplemental_logging_props
  }
}

object_step

.{ simple_name | "complex_name"  | * }

object_table

OF
   [ schema. ] object_type
   [ object_table_substitution ]
   [ (object_properties) ]
   [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
   [ OID_clause ]
   [ OID_index_clause ]
   [ physical_properties ]
   [ table_properties ]

object_table_substitution

[ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS

object_type_col_properties

COLUMN column substitutable_column_clause

object_view_clause

OF [ schema. ] type_name
{ WITH OBJECT { IDENTIFIER | ID }
  { DEFAULT | ( attribute [, attribute ]... ) }
| UNDER [ schema. ] superview
}
[ ( { out_of_line_constraint
    | attribute { inline_constraint }...
    }  [, { out_of_line_constraint
          | attribute { inline_constraint }...
          }
       ]...
  )
]

OID_clause

OBJECT IDENTIFIER IS
{ SYSTEM GENERATED | PRIMARY KEY }

OID_index_clause

OIDINDEX [ index ]
({ physical_attributes_clause
 | TABLESPACE tablespace
 }...
)

on_comp_partitioned_table

[ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace ]... ) ]
( PARTITION
    [ partition ]
    [ { segment_attributes_clause
      | index_compression
      }...
    ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ] [ index_subpartition_clause ]
      [, PARTITION
           [ partition ]
           [ { segment_attributes_clause
             | index_compression
             }...
           ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ] [ index_subpartition_clause ]
       ]...
)

on_hash_partitioned_table

{ STORE IN (tablespace[, tablespace ]...)
| (PARTITION [ partition ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
    [ index_compression ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
  [, PARTITION [ partition ] [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
    [ index_compression ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]] ...
  )
}

on_list_partitioned_table

( PARTITION
    [ partition ]
    [ { segment_attributes_clause
      | index_compression
      }...
    ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
      [, PARTITION
           [ partition ]
           [ { segment_attributes_clause
             | index_compression
             }...
           ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
      ]...
)

on_object_clause

ON { [ schema. ] object
   | USER user [, user]...
   | DIRECTORY directory_name
   | EDITION edition_name
   | MINING MODEL [ schema. ] mining_model_name
   | JAVA { SOURCE | RESOURCE } [ schema. ] object
   | SQL TRANSLATION PROFILE [ schema. ] profile
   }

on_range_partitioned_table

( PARTITION
    [ partition ]
    [ { segment_attributes_clause
      | index_compression
      }...
    ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
      [, PARTITION
          [ partition ]
          [ { segment_attributes_clause
            | index_compression
            }...
          ] [ USABLE | UNUSABLE ]
     ]...
)

open_keystore

SET KEYSTORE OPEN
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ CONTAINER = { ALL | CURRENT } ]

order_by_clause

ORDER [ SIBLINGS ] BY
{ expr | position | c_alias }
[ ASC | DESC ]
[ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
  [, { expr | position | c_alias }
     [ ASC | DESC ]
     [ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
  ]...

ordinality_column

column_name FOR ORDINALITY

out_of_line_constraint

  [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY (column [, column ]...)
| FOREIGN KEY (column [, column ]...) references_clause
| CHECK (condition)
} [ constraint_state ]

out_of_line_part_storage

PARTITION partition
  { nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
    [ nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties ]...
[ (SUBPARTITION subpartition
   { nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }
     [ nested_table_col_properties | LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties
     ]...
  )
]

out_of_line_ref_constraint

{ SCOPE FOR ({ ref_col | ref_attr })
    IS [ schema. ] scope_table
| REF ({ ref_col | ref_attr }) WITH ROWID
| [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] FOREIGN KEY
    ( { ref_col [, ref_col ] | ref_attr [, ref_attr ] } ) references_clause
    [ constraint_state ]
}

outer_join_clause

  [ query_partition_clause ] [ NATURAL ]
outer_join_type JOIN table_reference
  [ query_partition_clause ]
  [ ON condition
  | USING ( column [, column ]...)
  ]

outer_join_type

{ FULL | LEFT | RIGHT } [ OUTER ]

parallel_clause

{ NOPARALLEL | PARALLEL [ integer ] }

partial_database_recovery

{ TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
| DATAFILE { 'filename' | filenumber }
             [, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
}

partial_index_clause

INDEXING { PARTIAL | FULL }

partition_attributes

[ { physical_attributes_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  | shrink_clause
  }...
]
[ OVERFLOW
  { physical_attributes_clause
  | logging_clause
  | allocate_extent_clause
  | deallocate_unused_clause
  }...
]
[ table_compression ]
[ inmemory_clause ]
[ { { LOB LOB_item | VARRAY varray } (modify_LOB_parameters) }...]

partition_extended_name

PARTITION partition
|
PARTITION FOR ( partition_key_value [, partition_key_value]... )

partition_extended_names

{ PARTITION | PARTITIONS }
partition | { FOR ( partition_key_value [, partition_key_value ]... ) }
  [, partition | { FOR ( partition_key_value [, partition_key_value ]... ) } ]...

partition_extension_clause

{ PARTITION (partition)
| PARTITION FOR (partition_key_value [, partition_key_value]...)
| SUBPARTITION (subpartition)
| SUBPARTITION FOR (subpartition_key_value [, subpartition_key_value]...)
}

partition_or_key_value

partition
|
FOR ( partition_key_value [, partition_key_value ]... )

partition_spec

PARTITION [ partition ] [ table_partition_description ]

partitioning_storage_clause

[ { TABLESPACE tablespace
  | OVERFLOW [TABLESPACE tablespace]
  | table_compression
  | index_compression
  | inmemory_clause
  | LOB_partitioning_storage
  | VARRAY varray_item STORE AS [SECUREFILE | BASICFILE] LOB LOB_segname
  }...
]

password_parameters

{ { FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS
  | PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME
  | PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME
  | PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX
  | PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME
  | PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME
  }
  { expr | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION
  { function | NULL | DEFAULT }
}

path_prefix_clause

PATH_PREFIX = { 'path_name' | NONE }

pdb_change_state

[ pdb_name ] { pdb_open | pdb_close | pdb_save_or_discard_state }

pdb_change_state_from_root

{ pdb_name [, pdb_name ]... | ALL [ EXCEPT pdb_name [, pdb_name ]... ] }
{ pdb_open | pdb_close | pdb_save_or_discard_state }

pdb_close

CLOSE [ IMMEDIATE ] [ instances_clause | relocate_clause ]

pdb_datafile_clause

[ pdb_name ] DATAFILE
  { { { 'filename' | filenumber } [, 'filename' | filenumber ]... } | ALL }
  { ONLINE | OFFLINE }

pdb_dba_roles

ROLES = ( role [, role ]... )

pdb_force_logging_clause

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } FORCE { LOGGING | NOLOGGING }

pdb_general_recovery

RECOVER [ AUTOMATIC ]  [ FROM 'location' ]
  [ DATABASE
  |
  TABLESPACE tablespace [, tablespace ]...
  |
  DATAFILE { 'filename' | filenumber }
             [, 'filename' | filenumber ]...
  |
  LOGFILE 'filename'
  |
  CONTINUE [ DEFAULT ]
  ]

pdb_logging_clauses

{ logging_clause
| pdb_force_logging_clause
}

pdb_open

OPEN
  { [ READ WRITE | READ ONLY ] [ RESTRICTED ] [ FORCE ]
  | [ READ WRITE ] UPGRADE [ RESTRICTED ]
  | RESETLOGS
  }
  [ instances_clause ]

pdb_recovery_clauses

[ pdb_name ] { pdb_general_recovery
             | { BEGIN | END } BACKUP
             | { ENABLE | DISABLE } RECOVERY
             }

pdb_save_or_discard_state

{ SAVE | DISCARD } STATE [ instances_clause ]

pdb_settings_clauses

[ pdb_name ]
{ DEFAULT EDITION = edition_name
| SET DEFAULT ( BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ) TABLESPACE
| DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace_name
| DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE { tablespace | tablespace_group_name }
| RENAME GLOBAL_NAME TO database.domain [. domain ]...
| set_time_zone_clause
| database_file_clauses
| supplemental_db_logging
| pdb_storage_clause
| pdb_logging_clauses
}

pdb_storage_clause

STORAGE
  { ( MAXSIZE { UNLIMITED | size_clause }
    |
    MAX_SHARED_TEMP_SIZE { UNLIMITED | size_clause }... )
  |
  UNLIMITED
  }

pdb_unplug_clause

pdb_name UNPLUG INTO 'filename'

period_definition

PERIOD FOR valid_time_column [ ( start_time_column, end_time_column ) ]

permanent_tablespace_clause

TABLESPACE tablespace
  [ DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
{ MINIMUM EXTENT size_clause
| BLOCKSIZE integer [ K ]
| logging_clause
| FORCE LOGGING
| ENCRYPTION tablespace_encryption_spec
| DEFAULT [ table_compression ] [ inmemory_clause ] [ storage_clause ]
| { ONLINE | OFFLINE }
| extent_management_clause
| segment_management_clause
| flashback_mode_clause
}...

physical_attributes_clause

[ { PCTFREE integer
  | PCTUSED integer
  | INITRANS integer
  | storage_clause
  }...
]

physical_properties

{ [ deferred_segment_creation ] segment_attributes_clause [ table_compression ]
    [ inmemory_table_clause ] [ ilm_clause ]
| [ deferred_segment_creation ] ORGANIZATION
  { HEAP [ segment_attributes_clause ] heap_org_table_clause
  | INDEX [ segment_attributes_clause ] index_org_table_clause
  | EXTERNAL external_table_clause
  }
| CLUSTER cluster (column [, column ]...)
}

pivot_clause

PIVOT [ XML ]
  ( aggregate_function ( expr ) [[AS] alias ]
      [, aggregate_function ( expr ) [[AS] alias ] ]...
    pivot_for_clause
    pivot_in_clause
  )

pivot_for_clause

FOR { column
    | ( column [, column]... )
    }

pivot_in_clause

IN ( { { { expr
         | ( expr [, expr]... )
         } [ [ AS] alias]
       }...
     | subquery
     | ANY [, ANY]...
     }
   )

plsql_declarations

{ function_declaration | procedure_declaration }...

prefix_compression

COMPRESS [ integer ] | NOCOMPRESS

privilege_audit_clause

PRIVILEGES system_privilege [, system_privilege ]...

program_unit

{ FUNCTION [ schema. ] function_name
|
PROCEDURE [ schema. ] procedure_name
|
PACKAGE [ schema. ] package_name }

proxy_clause

{ GRANT CONNECT THROUGH { ENTERPRISE USERS | db_user_proxy db_user_proxy_clauses }
| REVOKE CONNECT THROUGH { ENTERPRISE USERS | db_user_proxy }}

qualified_disk_clause

search_string
[ NAME disk_name ]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ FORCE | NOFORCE ]

qualified_template_clause

ATTRIBUTE
( redundancy_clause
  striping_clause
  disk_region_clause
)

query_block

  [ with_clause ]
SELECT [ hint ] [ { { DISTINCT | UNIQUE } | ALL } ] select_list
  FROM { table_reference | join_clause | ( join_clause ) }
         [ , { table_reference | join_clause | (join_clause) } ] ...
  [ where_clause ]
  [ hierarchical_query_clause ]
  [ group_by_clause ]
  [ model_clause ]

query_partition_clause

PARTITION BY
  { expr[, expr ]...
  | ( expr[, expr ]... )
  }

query_rewrite_clause

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } QUERY REWRITE [ unusable_editions_clause ]

query_table_expression

{ query_name
| [ schema. ]
  { table [ partition_extension_clause
          | @ dblink
          ]
  | { view | materialized view } [ @ dblink ]
  } [sample_clause]
| [ LATERAL ] (subquery [ subquery_restriction_clause ])
| table_collection_expression
}

quiesce_clauses

QUIESCE RESTRICTED | UNQUIESCE

range_partition_desc

PARTITION [partition]
range_values_clause
table_partition_description
[ ( { range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc] ...
    | list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc] ...
    | individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts] ...
    }
  ) | hash_subparts_by_quantity ]

range_partitions

PARTITION BY RANGE (column[, column ]...)
  [ INTERVAL (expr) [ STORE IN ( tablespace [, tablespace]...) ]]
( PARTITION [ partition ]
    range_values_clause table_partition_description
      [, PARTITION [ partition ]
        range_values_clause table_partition_description
      ]...
)

range_subpartition_desc

SUBPARTITION [subpartition] range_values_clause
  [indexing_clause] [partitioning_storage_clause]

range_values_clause

VALUES LESS THAN
  ({ literal | MAXVALUE }
     [, { literal | MAXVALUE } ]...
  )

rebalance_diskgroup_clause

REBALANCE [POWER integer] [WAIT | NOWAIT]

rebuild_clause

REBUILD
  [ { PARTITION partition
    | SUBPARTITION subpartition
    }
  | { REVERSE | NOREVERSE }
  ]
  [ parallel_clause
  | TABLESPACE tablespace
  | PARAMETERS ( 'ODCI_parameters' )
  | XMLIndex_parameters_clause
  | ONLINE
  | physical_attributes_clause
  | index_compression
  | logging_clause
  | partial_index_clause
  ]...

records_per_block_clause

{ MINIMIZE | NOMINIMIZE } RECORDS_PER_BLOCK

recovery_clauses

{ general_recovery
| managed_standby_recovery
| BEGIN BACKUP
| END BACKUP
}

redo_log_file_spec

[ 'filename | ASM_filename'
| ('filename | ASM_filename'
   [, 'filename | ASM_filename' ]...)
]
[ SIZE size_clause ]
[ BLOCKSIZE size_clause
[ REUSE ]

redundancy_clause

[ MIRROR | HIGH | UNPROTECTED ]

reference_model

REFERENCE reference_model_name ON (subquery)
  model_column_clauses [ cell_reference_options ]

reference_partition_desc

PARTITION [partition] [table_partition_description] )

reference_partitioning

PARTITION BY REFERENCE ( constraint )
  [ (reference_partition_desc...) ]

references_clause

REFERENCES [ schema. ] object [ (column [, column ]...) ]
  [ON DELETE { CASCADE | SET NULL } ]

register_logfile_clause

REGISTER [ OR REPLACE ]
  [ PHYSICAL | LOGICAL ]
LOGFILE [ file_specification  [, file_specification ]...
  [ FOR logminer_session_name ]

relational_properties

{ column_definition
| virtual_column_definition
| period_definition
| { out_of_line_constraint | out_of_line_ref_constraint }
| supplemental_logging_props
}
  [, { column_definition
     | virtual_column_definition
     | period_definition
     | { out_of_line_constraint | out_of_line_ref_constraint }
     | supplemental_logging_props
     }
  ]...

relational_table

[ (relational_properties) ]
[ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
[ physical_properties ]
[ table_properties ]

relocate_clause

RELOCATE [ TO 'instance_name' ]
| NORELOCATE

rename_column_clause

RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name

rename_disk_clause

RENAME
  { DISK old_disk_name TO new_disk_name [, old_disk_name TO new_disk_name ]...
  | DISKS ALL }

rename_index_partition

RENAME
  { PARTITION partition | SUBPARTITION subpartition }
TO new_name

rename_partition_subpart

RENAME { partition_extended_name
       | subpartition_extended_name
       } TO new_name

replace_disk_clause

REPLACE DISK disk_name WITH 'path_name' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]
  [, disk_name WITH 'path_name' [ FORCE | NOFORCE ] ]...
[ POWER integer ] [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]

resize_disk_clause

RESIZE
{ ALL [ SIZE size_clause ]
| [QUORUM | REGULAR] DISK
   disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
   [, disk_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
| DISKS IN [QUORUM | REGULAR] FAILGROUP
    failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ]
    [, failgroup_name [ SIZE size_clause ] ]...
}

resource_parameters

{ { SESSIONS_PER_USER
  | CPU_PER_SESSION
  | CPU_PER_CALL
  | CONNECT_TIME
  | IDLE_TIME
  | LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION
  | LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL
  | COMPOSITE_LIMIT
  }
  { integer | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
| PRIVATE_SGA
  { size_clause | UNLIMITED | DEFAULT }
}

return_rows_clause

RETURN { UPDATED | ALL } ROWS

returning_clause

{ RETURN | RETURNING } expr [, expr ]...
INTO data_item [, data_item ]...

reverse_migrate_key

SET [ ENCRYPTION ] KEY IDENTIFIED BY software_keystore_password
  REVERSE MIGRATE USING HSM_auth_string

revoke_object_privileges

{ object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
  [, { object_privilege | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] } ]...
on_object_clause
FROM revokee_clause
[ CASCADE CONSTRAINTS | FORCE ]

revoke_roles_from_programs

{ role [, role ]... | ALL } FROM program_unit [, program_unit ]...

revoke_system_privileges

{ system_privilege | role | ALL PRIVILEGES }
  [, { system_privilege | role | ALL PRIVILEGES } ]...
FROM revokee_clause

revokee_clause

{ user | role | PUBLIC }
  [, { user | role | PUBLIC } ]...

role_audit_clause

ROLES role [, role ]...

rolling_migration_clauses

{ START ROLLING MIGRATION TO 'ASM_version'
| STOP ROLLING MIGRATION
}

rolling_patch_clauses

{ START ROLLING PATCH
| STOP ROLLING PATCH
}

rollup_cube_clause

{ ROLLUP | CUBE } (grouping_expression_list)

routine_clause

[ schema. ] [ type. | package. ]
{ function | procedure | method }
[ @dblink_name ]
( [ argument [, argument ]... ] )

row_limiting_clause

[ OFFSET offset { ROW | ROWS } ]
[ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ { rowcount | percent PERCENT } ]
    { ROW | ROWS } { ONLY | WITH TIES } ]

row_movement_clause

{ ENABLE | DISABLE } ROW MOVEMENT

row_pattern

[ row_pattern | ] row_pattern_term

Note: The vertical bar is part of the syntax rather than BNF notation.

row_pattern_aggregate_func

[ RUNNING | FINAL ] aggregate_function

row_pattern_classifier_func

CLASSIFIER()

row_pattern_clause

MATCH_RECOGNIZE {
  [ row_pattern_partition_by ]
  [ row_pattern_order_by ]
  [ row_pattern_measures ]
  [ row_pattern_rows_per_match ]
  [ row_pattern_skip_to ]
  PATTERN (row_pattern)
  [ row_pattern_subset_clause ]
  DEFINE row_pattern_definition_list
  }

row_pattern_definition

variable_name AS condition

row_pattern_definition_list

row_pattern_definition [, row_pattern_definition ]...

row_pattern_factor

row_pattern_primary [ row_pattern_quantifier ]

row_pattern_match_num_func

MATCH_NUMBER()

row_pattern_measure_column

expr AS c_alias

row_pattern_measures

MEASURES row_pattern_measure_column [, row_pattern_measure_column ]...

row_pattern_nav_compound

{ PREV | NEXT }
( [ RUNNING | FINAL ] { FIRST | LAST } ( expr [, offset ] ) [, offset] )

row_pattern_nav_logical

[ RUNNING | FINAL ] { FIRST | LAST } ( expr [, offset ] )

row_pattern_nav_physical

{ PREV | NEXT } ( expr [, offset ] )

row_pattern_navigation_func

row_pattern_nav_logical
| row_pattern_nav_physical
| row_pattern_nav_compound

row_pattern_order_by

ORDER BY column [, column ]...

row_pattern_partition_by

PARTITION BY column [, column ]...

row_pattern_permute

PERMUTE ( row_pattern [, row_pattern ]...)

row_pattern_primary

variable_name
| $
| ^
| ( [ row_pattern ] )
| {- row_pattern -}
| row_pattern_permute

Note: The curly brackets are part of the syntax rather than BNF notation.

row_pattern_quantifier

* [ ? ]
| + [ ? ]
| ? [ ? ]
| { [ unsigned_integer ] , [ unsigned_integer ] } [ ? ]
| { unsigned_integer }

Note: The curly brackets are part of the syntax rather than BNF notation.

row_pattern_rec_func

row_pattern_classifier_func
| row_pattern_match_num_func
| row_pattern_navigation_func
| row_pattern_aggregate_func

row_pattern_rows_per_match

ONE ROW PER MATCH
| ALL ROWS PER MATCH

row_pattern_skip_to

AFTER MATCH {
  SKIP TO NEXT ROW
  | SKIP PAST LAST ROW
  | SKIP TO FIRST variable_name
  | SKIP TO LAST variable_name
  | SKIP TO variable_name
  }

row_pattern_subset_clause

SUBSET row_pattern_subset_item [, row_pattern_subset_item ]...

row_pattern_subset_item

variable_name = ( variable_name [, variable_name ] )

row_pattern_term

[ row_pattern_term ] row_pattern_factor

sample_clause

SAMPLE [ BLOCK ]
       (sample_percent)
       [ SEED (seed_value) ]

scoped_table_ref_constraint

{ SCOPE FOR ({ ref_column | ref_attribute })
  IS [ schema. ] { scope_table_name | c_alias }
}

scrub_clause

SCRUB [ FILE 'ASM_filename' | DISK disk_name ]
  [ REPAIR | NOREPAIR ]
  [ POWER { AUTO | LOW | HIGH | MAX } ]
  [ WAIT | NOWAIT ]
  [ FORCE | NOFORCE ]

search_clause

{ SEARCH
        { DEPTH FIRST BY c_alias [, c_alias]...
            [ ASC | DESC ]
            [ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
         | BREADTH FIRST BY c_alias [, c_alias]...
            [ ASC | DESC ]
            [ NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST ]
        }
        SET ordering_column
}

searched_case_expression

{ WHEN condition THEN return_expr }...

secret_management_clauses

{ add_update_secret
| delete_secret
}

security_clause

GUARD { ALL | STANDBY | NONE }

security_clauses

{ { ENABLE | DISABLE } RESTRICTED SESSION
  | SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN
    IDENTIFIED BY { "wallet_password" | "HSM_auth_string" }
  | SET ENCRYPTION WALLET CLOSE
    [ IDENTIFIED BY { "wallet_password" | "HSM_auth_string" } ]
  | set_encryption_key
}

segment_attributes_clause

{ physical_attributes_clause
| TABLESPACE tablespace
| logging_clause
}...

segment_management_clause

SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT { AUTO | MANUAL }

select_list

{ [t_alias.] *
| { query_name.*
  | [ schema. ]
    { table | view | materialized view } .*
  | expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
  }
    [, { query_name.*
       | [ schema. ]
         { table | view | materialized view } .*
       | expr [ [ AS ] c_alias ]
       }
    ]...
}

set_encryption_key

{ SET ENCRYPTION KEY
  {
    [ "certificate_id" ] IDENTIFIED BY "wallet_password"
    |
    IDENTIFIED BY "HSM_auth_string" [ MIGRATE USING "wallet_password" ]
  }
}

set_key

SET [ ENCRYPTION ] KEY [ USING TAG 'tag' ]
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]
  [ CONTAINER = { ALL | CURRENT } ]

set_key_tag

SET TAG 'tag' FOR 'key_id' IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

set_parameter_clause

parameter_name =
   parameter_value [, parameter_value ]...
   [ COMMENT = string ]
   [ DEFERRED ]
   [ { SCOPE = { MEMORY | SPFILE | BOTH }
     | SID = { 'sid' | '*' }
     }...
   ]
   [ CONTAINER = { CURRENT | ALL } ]

set_subpartition_template

SET SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
   { ( range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc]... )
   | ( list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc]... )
   | ( individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts]... )
   | ()
   | hash_subpartition_quantity
   }

set_time_zone_clause

SET TIME_ZONE =
   '{ { + | - } hh : mi | time_zone_region }'

shrink_clause

SHRINK SPACE [ COMPACT ] [ CASCADE ]

shutdown_dispatcher_clause

SHUTDOWN [ IMMEDIATE ] dispatcher_name

simple_case_expression

expr
  { WHEN comparison_expr THEN return_expr }...

single_column_for_loop

FOR dimension_column
  { IN ( { literal [, literal ]...
         | subquery
         }
       )
  | [ LIKE pattern ] FROM literal TO literal
      { INCREMENT | DECREMENT } literal
  }

single_table_insert

insert_into_clause
{ values_clause [ returning_clause ]
| subquery
} [ error_logging_clause ]

size_clause

integer [ K | M | G | T | P | E ]

source_file_name_convert

SOURCE_FILE_NAME_CONVERT =
  { ( 'filename_pattern', 'replacement_filename_pattern'
      [, 'filename_pattern', 'replacement_filename_pattern' ]... )
    |
    NONE
  }

split_index_partition

SPLIT PARTITION partition_name_old
   AT (literal [, literal ]...)
   [ INTO (index_partition_description,
           index_partition_description
          )
   ]
   [ parallel_clause ]

split_nested_table_part

NESTED TABLE column INTO
  ( PARTITION partition [segment_attributes_clause],
    PARTITION partition [segment_attributes_clause] [split_nested_table_part]
  ) [ split_nested_table_part ]

split_table_partition

SPLIT partition_extended_name
  { AT (literal [, literal]... )
    [ INTO ( range_partition_desc, range_partition_desc ) ]
  | VALUES (literal [, literal] ... )
    [ INTO (list_partition_desc, list_partition_desc ) ]
  | INTO ( { range_partition_desc [, range_partition_desc ]...
           | list_partition_desc [, list_partition_desc ]... }
         , partition_spec )
  } [ split_nested_table_part ]
    [ dependent_tables_clause ]
    [ update_index_clauses ]
    [ parallel_clause ]
    [ allow_disallow_clustering ]

split_table_subpartition

SPLIT subpartition_extended_name
  { AT ( literal [, literal]... )
    [ INTO (range_subpartition_desc, range_subpartition_desc) ]
  | VALUES ({ literal | NULL  [, literal | NULL ]...})
    [ INTO (list_subpartition_desc, list_subpartition_desc) ]
  | INTO ( { range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc ]...
           | list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc ]... }
         , subpartition_spec )
  } [ dependent_tables_clause ]
    [ update_index_clauses ]
    [ parallel_clause ]
    [ allow_disallow_clustering ]

sql_format

[+ | -] days hours : minutes : seconds [. frac_secs ]

standard_actions

ACTIONS
  { { object_action | ALL }
    ON { DIRECTORY directory_name
       | MINING MODEL [ schema. ] object_name
       | [ schema. ] object_name }
  | { system_action | ALL }
  }
    [ { object_action | ALL }
      ON { DIRECTORY directory_name
         | MINING MODEL [ schema. ] object_name
         | [ schema. ] object_name }
    | { system_action | ALL } ]...

standby_database_clauses

{ { activate_standby_db_clause
| maximize_standby_db_clause
| register_logfile_clause
| commit_switchover_clause
| start_standby_clause
| stop_standby_clause
| convert_database_clause
} [ parallel_clause ] }
|
{ switchover_clause | failover_clause }

standbys_clause

STANDBYS = { NONE | ALL }

start_standby_clause

START LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY
[ IMMEDIATE ]
[ NODELAY ]
[ NEW PRIMARY dblink
| INITIAL [ scn_value ]
| { SKIP FAILED TRANSACTION | FINISH }
]

startup_clauses

{ MOUNT [ { STANDBY | CLONE } DATABASE ]
| OPEN
  { [ READ WRITE ]
      [ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]
        [ UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE ]
  | READ ONLY
  }
}

still_image_object_types

{ SI_StillImage
| SI_AverageColor
| SI_PositionalColor
| SI_ColorHistogram
| SI_Texture
| SI_FeatureList
| SI_Color
}

stop_standby_clause

{ STOP | ABORT } LOGICAL STANDBY APPLY

storage_clause

STORAGE
({ INITIAL size_clause
 | NEXT size_clause
 | MINEXTENTS integer
 | MAXEXTENTS { integer | UNLIMITED }
 | maxsize_clause
 | PCTINCREASE integer
 | FREELISTS integer
 | FREELIST GROUPS integer
 | OPTIMAL [ size_clause | NULL ]
 | BUFFER_POOL { KEEP | RECYCLE | DEFAULT }
 | FLASH_CACHE { KEEP | NONE | DEFAULT }
 | ENCRYPT
 } ...
)

storage_table_clause

WITH {SYSTEM | USER} MANAGED STORAGE TABLES

string

[ {N | n} ]
{ '[ c ]...'
| { Q | q } 'quote_delimiter c [ c ]... quote_delimiter'
}

striping_clause

[ FINE | COARSE ]

subpartition_by_hash

SUBPARTITION BY HASH (column [, column ]...)
   [ SUBPARTITIONS integer
        [ STORE IN (tablespace [, tablespace ]...) ]
   | subpartition_template
   ]

subpartition_by_list

SUBPARTITION BY LIST (column) [ subpartition_template ]

subpartition_by_range

SUBPARTITION BY RANGE ( column [, column]... ) [subpartition_template]

subpartition_extended_name

SUBPARTITION subpartition
|
SUBPARTITION FOR ( subpartition_key_value [, subpartition_key_value]... )

subpartition_extended_names

{ SUBPARTITION | SUBPARTITIONS }
subpartition | { FOR ( subpartition_key_value [, subpartition_key_value ]... ) }
  [, subpartition | { FOR ( subpartition_key_value [, subpartition_key_value ]... ) } ]...

subpartition_or_key_value

subpartition
|
FOR ( subpartition_key_value [, subpartition_key_value ]... )

subpartition_spec

SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ] [ partitioning_storage_clause ]

subpartition_template

SUBPARTITION TEMPLATE
  ( { range_subpartition_desc [, range_subpartition_desc] ...
    | list_subpartition_desc [, list_subpartition_desc] ...
    | individual_hash_subparts [, individual_hash_subparts] ...
    }
  ) | hash_subpartition_quantity

subquery

{ query_block
| subquery { UNION [ALL] | INTERSECT | MINUS } subquery
    [ { UNION [ALL] | INTERSECT | MINUS } subquery ]...
| ( subquery )
} [ order_by_clause ] [ row_limiting_clause ]

subquery_factoring_clause

query_name ([c_alias [, c_alias]...]) AS (subquery) [search_clause] [cycle_clause]
[, query_name ([c_alias [, c_alias]...]) AS (subquery) [search_clause] [cycle_clause]]...

subquery_restriction_clause

WITH { READ ONLY
     | CHECK OPTION
     } [ CONSTRAINT constraint ]

substitutable_column_clause

{ [ ELEMENT ] IS OF [ TYPE ] ( [ONLY] type)
| [ NOT ] SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS
}

supplemental_db_logging

{ ADD | DROP } SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
{ DATA
| supplemental_id_key_clause
| supplemental_plsql_clause
}

supplemental_id_key_clause

DATA
( { ALL | PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | FOREIGN KEY }
    [, { ALL | PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | FOREIGN KEY } ]...
)
COLUMNS

supplemental_log_grp_clause

GROUP log_group
(column [ NO LOG ]
  [, column [ NO LOG ] ]...)
  [ ALWAYS ]

supplemental_logging_props

SUPPLEMENTAL LOG { supplemental_log_grp_clause
                 | supplemental_id_key_clause
                 }

supplemental_plsql_clause

DATA FOR PROCEDURAL REPLICATION

supplemental_table_logging

{ ADD SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
  { supplemental_log_grp_clause | supplemental_id_key_clause }
    [, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
       { supplemental_log_grp_clause | supplemental_id_key_clause }
    ]...
| DROP SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
  { supplemental_id_key_clause | GROUP log_group }
    [, SUPPLEMENTAL LOG
       { supplemental_id_key_clause | GROUP log_group }
    ]...
}

switch_logfile_clause

SWITCH ALL LOGFILES TO BLOCKSIZE integer

switchover_clause

SWITCHOVER TO target_db_name [ VERIFY | FORCE ]

system_partitioning

PARTITION BY SYSTEM [ PARTITIONS integer
                    | reference_partition_desc
                       [, reference_partition_desc ...]
                    ]

table_collection_expression

TABLE (collection_expression) [ (+) ]

table_compression

COMPRESS
| ROW STORE COMPRESS [ BASIC | ADVANCED ]
| COLUMN STORE COMPRESS [  FOR { QUERY | ARCHIVE } [ LOW | HIGH ] ]
  [ [NO] ROW LEVEL LOCKING ]
| NOCOMPRESS

table_index_clause

[ schema. ] table [ t_alias ]
(index_expr [ ASC | DESC ]
  [, index_expr [ ASC | DESC ] ]...)
  [ index_properties ]

table_partition_description

[ deferred_segment_creation ]
[ indexing_clause ]
[ segment_attributes_clause ]
[ table_compression | prefix_compression ]
[ inmemory_clause ]
[ OVERFLOW [ segment_attributes_clause ] ]
[ { LOB_storage_clause
  | varray_col_properties
  | nested_table_col_properties
  }...
]

table_partitioning_clauses

{ range_partitions
| list_partitions
| hash_partitions
| composite_range_partitions
| composite_list_partitions
| composite_hash_partitions
| reference_partitioning
| system_partitioning
}

table_properties

[ column_properties ]
[ indexing_clause ]
[ table_partitioning_clauses ]
[ attribute_clustering_clause ]
[ CACHE | NOCACHE ]
[ RESULT_CACHE ( MODE {DEFAULT | FORCE } ) ]
[ parallel_clause ]
[ ROWDEPENDENCIES | NOROWDEPENDENCIES ]
[ enable_disable_clause ]...
[ row_movement_clause ]
[ flashback_archive_clause ]
[ ROW ARCHIVAL ]
[ AS subquery ]

table_reference

{ { { ONLY (query_table_expression) | query_table_expression }
  [ flashback_query_clause ]
  [ pivot_clause | unpivot_clause | row_pattern_clause ] }
| containers_clause
}
[ t_alias ]

tablespace_clauses

{ EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
| DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]...
| SYSAUX DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]...
| default_tablespace
| default_temp_tablespace
| undo_tablespace
}

tablespace_datafile_clauses

DATAFILES { SIZE size_clause | autoextend_clause }...

tablespace_encryption_spec

[ USING 'encrypt_algorithm' ]

tablespace_group_clause

TABLESPACE GROUP { tablespace_group_name | '' }

tablespace_logging_clauses

{ logging_clause
| [ NO ] FORCE LOGGING
}

tablespace_retention_clause

RETENTION { GUARANTEE | NOGUARANTEE }

tablespace_state_clauses

{ { ONLINE
  | OFFLINE [ NORMAL | TEMPORARY | IMMEDIATE ]
  }
  | READ { ONLY | WRITE }
  | { PERMANENT | TEMPORARY }
}

tempfile_reuse_clause

TEMPFILE REUSE

temporary_tablespace_clause

TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tablespace
  [ TEMPFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
  [ tablespace_group_clause ]
  [ extent_management_clause ]

tiering_clause

TIER TO tablespace [ READ ONLY ]

timeout_clause

DROP AFTER integer { M | H }

trace_file_clause

TRACE
  [ AS 'filename' [ REUSE ] ]
  [ RESETLOGS | NORESETLOGS ]

truncate_partition_subpart

TRUNCATE { partition_extended_names | subpartition_extended_names }
   [ { DROP [ ALL ] | REUSE } STORAGE ]
   [ update_index_clauses [ parallel_clause ] ] [ CASCADE ]

undo_tablespace

  [ BIGFILE | SMALLFILE ]
UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
  [ TABLESPACE file_specification [, file_specification ]...]

undo_tablespace_clause

UNDO TABLESPACE tablespace
  [ DATAFILE file_specification [, file_specification ]... ]
  [ extent_management_clause ]
  [ tablespace_retention_clause ]

undrop_disk_clause

UNDROP DISKS

unpivot_clause

UNPIVOT [ {INCLUDE | EXCLUDE} NULLS ]
( { column | ( column [, column]... ) }
  pivot_for_clause
  unpivot_in_clause
)

unpivot_in_clause

IN
( { column | ( column [, column]... ) }
      [  AS { literal | ( literal [, literal]... ) } ]
        [, { column | ( column [, column]... ) }
          [  AS {literal | ( literal [, literal]... ) } ]
        ]...
)

unusable_editions_clause

[ UNUSABLE BEFORE { CURRENT EDITION | EDITION edition } ]
[ UNUSABLE BEGINNING WITH { CURRENT EDITION | EDITION edition | NULL EDITION } ]

update_all_indexes_clause

UPDATE INDEXES
   [ ( index ( update_index_partition
             | update_index_subpartition
             )
        [, index ( update_index_partition
                 | update_index_subpartition
                 )
        ]...
      )
   ]

update_global_index_clause

{ UPDATE | INVALIDATE } GLOBAL INDEXES

update_index_clauses

{ update_global_index_clause
| update_all_indexes_clause
}

update_index_partition

index_partition_description [ index_subpartition_clause ]
  [, index_partition_description [ index_subpartition_clause ] ]...

update_index_subpartition

SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
   [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[, SUBPARTITION [ subpartition ]
      [ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
]...

update_set_clause

SET
{ { (column [, column ]...) = (subquery)
  | column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
  }
     [, { (column [, column]...) = (subquery)
        | column = { expr | (subquery) | DEFAULT }
        }
     ]...
| VALUE (t_alias) = { expr | (subquery) }
}

upgrade_table_clause

UPGRADE [ [NOT ] INCLUDING DATA ]
   [ column_properties ]

use_key

USE [ ENCRYPTION ] KEY 'key_id' [ USING TAG 'tag' ]
  IDENTIFIED BY keystore_password
  [ WITH BACKUP [ USING 'backup_identifier' ] ]

user_clauses

{ ADD USER user [, user]...
| DROP USER user [, user]... [CASCADE]
| REPLACE USER old_user WITH new_user [, old_user WITH new_user]...
}

user_tablespaces_clause

USER_TABLESPACES =
  { ( 'tablespace' [, 'tablespace' ]... )
  | NONE
  | ALL [ EXCEPT ( 'tablespace' [, 'tablespace' ]... ) ]
  }

usergroup_clauses

{ ADD USERGROUP usergroup WITH MEMBER user [, user]...
| MODIFY USERGROUP usergroup { ADD | DROP } MEMBER user [, user]...
| DROP USERGROUP usergroup
}

using_function_clause

USING [ schema. ] [ package. | type. ] function_name

using_index_clause

USING INDEX
  { [ schema. ] index
  | (create_index_statement)
  | index_properties
  }

using_statistics_type

USING { [ schema. ] statistics_type | NULL }

using_type_clause

USING [ schema. ] implementation_type [ array_DML_clause ]

validation_clauses

{ VALIDATE REF UPDATE [ SET DANGLING TO NULL ]
| VALIDATE STRUCTURE
     [ CASCADE { FAST | COMPLETE { OFFLINE | ONLINE } [ into_clause ] } ]
}

values_clause

VALUES ({ expr | DEFAULT }
          [, { expr | DEFAULT } ]...
       )

varray_col_properties

VARRAY varray_item
{ [ substitutable_column_clause ] varray_storage_clause
| substitutable_column_clause
}

varray_storage_clause

STORE AS [SECUREFILE | BASICFILE] LOB
{ [LOB_segname] ( LOB_storage_parameters )
| LOB_segname
}

virtual_column_definition

column [ datatype ] [ VISIBLE | INVISIBLE ]
  [ GENERATED ALWAYS ] AS (column_expression) [ VIRTUAL ]
  [ evaluation_edition_clause ] [ unusable_editions_clause ]
  [ inline_constraint [ inline_constraint ]... ]

where_clause

WHERE condition

windowing_clause

{ ROWS | RANGE }
{ BETWEEN
  { UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
  | CURRENT ROW
  | value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
  }
  AND
  { UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
  | CURRENT ROW
  | value_expr { PRECEDING | FOLLOWING }
  }
| { UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
  | CURRENT ROW
  | value_expr PRECEDING
  }
}

with_clause

WITH [ plsql_declarations ] [ subquery_factoring_clause ]

XML_attributes_clause

XMLATTRIBUTES
  ( [ ENTITYESCAPING | NOENTITYESCAPING ]
    [ SCHEMACHECK | NOSCHEMACHECK ]
    value_expr [ { [AS] c_alias } | { AS EVALNAME value_expr } ]
      [, value_expr [ { [AS] c_alias } | { AS EVALNAME value_expr } ] ]...
  )

XML_namespaces_clause

XMLNAMESPACES
  ( [ string AS identifier ]
      [ [, string AS identifier ]
      ]...
    [ DEFAULT string ]
  )

XML_passing_clause

PASSING [ BY VALUE ]
    expr [ AS identifier ]
      [, expr [ AS identifier ]
      ]...

XML_table_column

column
     { FOR ORDINALITY
     | { datatype | XMLTYPE [ (SEQUENCE) BY REF ] }
     [ PATH string ] [ DEFAULT expr ]
     }

XMLIndex_clause

[XDB.] XMLINDEX [ local_XMLIndex_clause ]
                [ parallel_clause ]
  [ XMLIndex_parameters_clause ]

XMLSchema_spec

  [ XMLSCHEMA XMLSchema_URL ]
ELEMENT { element | XMLSchema_URL # element }
  [ STORE ALL VARRAYS AS { LOBS | TABLES } ]
  [ { ALLOW | DISALLOW } NONSCHEMA ]
  [ { ALLOW | DISALLOW } ANYSCHEMA ]

XMLTABLE_options

[ XML_passing_clause ]
[ RETURNING SEQUENCE BY REF ]
[ COLUMNS XML_table_column [, XML_table_column]...]

XMLType_column_properties

XMLTYPE [ COLUMN ] column
   [ XMLType_storage ]
   [ XMLSchema_spec ]

XMLType_storage

STORE
{ AS
{ OBJECT RELATIONAL
| [SECUREFILE | BASICFILE]
  { CLOB | BINARY XML }
    [ { LOB_segname [ (LOB_parameters) ]
      | (LOB_parameters)
      }
    ]
}
| { ALL VARRAYS AS { LOBS | TABLES } }
}

XMLType_table

OF XMLTYPE
  [ (oject_properties) ]
  [ XMLTYPE XMLType_storage ]
  [ XMLSchema_spec ]
  [ XMLType_virtual_columns ]
  [ ON COMMIT { DELETE | PRESERVE } ROWS ]
  [ OID_clause ]
  [ OID_index_clause ]
  [ physical_properties ]
  [ table_properties ]

XMLType_view_clause

OF XMLTYPE [ XMLSchema_spec ]
WITH OBJECT { IDENTIFIER | ID }
  { DEFAULT | ( expr [, expr ]...) }

XMLType_virtual_columns

VIRTUAL COLUMNS ( column AS (expr) [, column AS (expr) ]... )

ym_iso_format

[-] P [ years Y ] [months M] [days D]
  [T [hours H] [minutes M] [seconds [. frac_secs] S ] ]

zonemap_attributes

{ TABLESPACE tablespace
| SCALE integer
| PCTFREE integer
| PCTUSED integer
| { CACHE | NOCACHE }
}...

zonemap_clause

{ WITH MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP [ ( zonemap_name ) ] }
|
{ WITHOUT MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP }

zonemap_refresh_clause

REFRESH
[ FAST | COMPLETE | FORCE ]
[ ON { DEMAND | COMMIT | LOAD | DATA MOVEMENT | LOAD DATA MOVEMENT } ]

6 Data Types

This chapter presents data types that are recognized by Oracle and available for use within SQL.

This chapter includes the following sections:

Overview of Data Types

Oracle Built-In Data Types

Oracle-Supplied Data Types

Converting to Oracle Data Types

Overview of Data Types

A data type is a classification of a particular type of information or data. Each value manipulated by Oracle has a data type. The data type of a value associates a fixed set of properties with the value. These properties cause Oracle to treat values of one data type differently from values of another.

The data types recognized by Oracle are:

ANSI-supported data types

{ CHARACTER [VARYING] (size)
| { CHAR | NCHAR } VARYING (size)
| VARCHAR (size)
| NATIONAL { CHARACTER | CHAR }
     [VARYING] (size)
| { NUMERIC | DECIMAL | DEC }
     [ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| { INTEGER | INT | SMALLINT }
| FLOAT [ (size) ]
| DOUBLE PRECISION
| REAL
}

Oracle built-in data types

{ character_datatypes
| number_datatypes
| long_and_raw_datatypes
| datetime_datatypes
| large_object_datatypes
| rowid_datatypes
}

Oracle-supplied data types

{ any_types
| XML_types
| spatial_types
| media_types
}

User-defined data types

User-defined data types use Oracle built-in data types and other user-defined data types to model the structure and behavior of data in applications.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information about data types

Oracle Built-In Data Types

This section describes the kinds of Oracle built-in data types.

character_datatypes

{ CHAR [ (size [ BYTE | CHAR ]) ]
| VARCHAR2 (size [ BYTE | CHAR ])
| NCHAR [ (size) ]
| NVARCHAR2 (size)
}

datetime_datatypes

{ DATE
| TIMESTAMP [ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
     [ WITH [ LOCAL ] TIME ZONE ]
| INTERVAL YEAR [ (year_precision) ] TO MONTH
| INTERVAL DAY [ (day_precision) ] TO SECOND
     [ (fractional_seconds_precision) ]
}

large_object_datatypes

{ BLOB | CLOB | NCLOB | BFILE }

long_and_raw_datatypes

{ LONG | LONG RAW | RAW (size) }

number_datatypes

{ NUMBER [ (precision [, scale ]) ]
| FLOAT [ (precision) ]
| BINARY_FLOAT
| BINARY_DOUBLE
}

rowid_datatypes

{ ROWID | UROWID [ (size) ] }

The codes listed for the data types are used internally by Oracle Database. The data type code of a column or object attribute is returned by the DUMP function.

Table 6-1 Built-in Data Type Summary

Code
Data Type
Description

1

VARCHAR2(size [BYTE | CHAR])

Variable-length character string having maximum length size bytes or characters. You must specify size for VARCHAR2. Minimum size is 1 byte or 1 character. Maximum size is:

32767 bytes or characters if MAX_STRING_SIZE = EXTENDED

4000 bytes or characters if MAX_STRING_SIZE = STANDARD

Refer to Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on the MAX_STRING_SIZE initialization parameter.

BYTE indicates that the column will have byte length semantics. CHAR indicates that the column will have character semantics.

1

NVARCHAR2(size)

Variable-length Unicode character string having maximum length size characters. You must specify size for NVARCHAR2. The number of bytes can be up to two times size for AL16UTF16 encoding and three times size for UTF8 encoding. Maximum size is determined by the national character set definition, with an upper limit of:

32767 bytes if MAX_STRING_SIZE = EXTENDED

4000 bytes if MAX_STRING_SIZE = STANDARD

Refer to Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on the MAX_STRING_SIZE initialization parameter.

2

NUMBER [ (p [, s]) ]

Number having precision p and scale s. The precision p can range from 1 to 38. The scale s can range from -84 to 127. Both precision and scale are in decimal digits. A NUMBER value requires from 1 to 22 bytes.

2

FLOAT [(p)]

A subtype of the NUMBER data type having precision p. A FLOAT value is represented internally as NUMBER. The precision p can range from 1 to 126 binary digits. A FLOAT value requires from 1 to 22 bytes.

8

LONG

Character data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes, or 2³¹ -1 bytes. Provided for backward compatibility.

12

DATE

Valid date range from January 1, 4712 BC, to December 31, 9999 AD. The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The size is fixed at 7 bytes. This data type contains the datetime fields YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND. It does not have fractional seconds or a time zone.

100

BINARY_FLOAT

32-bit floating point number. This data type requires 4 bytes.

101

BINARY_DOUBLE

64-bit floating point number. This data type requires 8 bytes.

180

TIMESTAMP [(fractional_seconds_precision)]

Year, month, and day values of date, as well as hour, minute, and second values of time, where fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the SECOND datetime field. Accepted values of fractional_seconds_precision are 0 to 9. The default is 6. The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The size is 7 or 11 bytes, depending on the precision. This data type contains the datetime fields YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, and SECOND. It contains fractional seconds but does not have a time zone.

181

TIMESTAMP [(fractional_seconds_precision)] WITH TIME ZONE

All values of TIMESTAMP as well as time zone displacement value, where fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the SECOND datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 6. The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The size is fixed at 13 bytes. This data type contains the datetime fields YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, TIMEZONE_HOUR, and TIMEZONE_MINUTE. It has fractional seconds and an explicit time zone.

231

TIMESTAMP [(fractional_seconds_precision)] WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE

All values of TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, with the following exceptions:

Data is normalized to the database time zone when it is stored in the database.

When the data is retrieved, users see the data in the session time zone.

The default format is determined explicitly by the NLS_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT parameter or implicitly by the NLS_TERRITORY parameter. The size is 7 or 11 bytes, depending on the precision.

182

INTERVAL YEAR [(year_precision)] TO MONTH

Stores a period of time in years and months, where year_precision is the number of digits in the YEAR datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 2. The size is fixed at 5 bytes.

183

INTERVAL DAY [(day_precision)] TO SECOND [(fractional_seconds_precision)]

Stores a period of time in days, hours, minutes, and seconds, where

day_precision is the maximum number of digits in the DAY datetime field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 2.

fractional_seconds_precision is the number of digits in the fractional part of the SECOND field. Accepted values are 0 to 9. The default is 6.

The size is fixed at 11 bytes.

23

RAW(size)

Raw binary data of length size bytes. You must specify size for a RAW value. Maximum size is:

32767 bytes if MAX_STRING_SIZE = EXTENDED

2000 bytes if MAX_STRING_SIZE = STANDARD

Refer to Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on the MAX_STRING_SIZE initialization parameter.

24

LONG RAW

Raw binary data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes.

69

ROWID

Base 64 string representing the unique address of a row in its table. This data type is primarily for values returned by the ROWID pseudocolumn.

208

UROWID [(size)]

Base 64 string representing the logical address of a row of an index-organized table. The optional size is the size of a column of type UROWID. The maximum size and default is 4000 bytes.

96

CHAR [(size [BYTE | CHAR])]

Fixed-length character data of length size bytes or characters. Maximum size is 2000 bytes or characters. Default and minimum size is 1 byte.

BYTE and CHAR have the same semantics as for VARCHAR2.

96

NCHAR[(size)]

Fixed-length character data of length size characters. The number of bytes can be up to two times size for AL16UTF16 encoding and three times size for UTF8 encoding. Maximum size is determined by the national character set definition, with an upper limit of 2000 bytes. Default and minimum size is 1 character.

112

CLOB

A character large object containing single-byte or multibyte characters. Both fixed-width and variable-width character sets are supported, both using the database character set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block size).

112

NCLOB

A character large object containing Unicode characters. Both fixed-width and variable-width character sets are supported, both using the database national character set. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block size). Stores national character set data.

113

BLOB

A binary large object. Maximum size is (4 gigabytes - 1) * (database block size).

114

BFILE

Contains a locator to a large binary file stored outside the database. Enables byte stream I/O access to external LOBs residing on the database server. Maximum size is 4 gigabytes.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information about built-in data types

Oracle-Supplied Data Types

This section shows the syntax for the Oracle-supplied data types.

any_types

{ SYS.AnyData | SYS.AnyType | SYS.AnyDataSet }

media_types

{ ORDAudio
| ORDImage
| ORDVideo
| ORDDoc
| ORDDicom
| still_image_object_types
}

spatial_types

{ SDO_Geometry | SDO_Topo_Geometry |SDO_GeoRaster }

XML_types

{ XMLType | URIType }

Converting to Oracle Data Types

SQL statements that create tables and clusters can also use ANSI data types and data types from the IBM products SQL/DS and DB2. Oracle recognizes the ANSI or IBM data type name that differs from the Oracle data type name, records it as the name of the data type of the column, and then stores the column data in an Oracle data type based on the conversions shown in the following table.

Table 6-2 ANSI Data Types Converted to Oracle Data Types

ANSI SQL Data Type
Oracle Data Type

CHARACTER(n)

CHAR(n)

CHAR(n)

CHARACTER VARYING(n)

CHAR VARYING(n)

VARCHAR2(n)

NATIONAL CHARACTER(n)

NATIONAL CHAR(n)

NCHAR(n)

NCHAR(n)

NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING(n)

NATIONAL CHAR VARYING(n)

NCHAR VARYING(n)

NVARCHAR2(n)

NUMERIC[(p,s)]

DECIMAL[(p,s)] (Note 1)

NUMBER(p,s)

INTEGER

INT

SMALLINT

NUMBER(p,0)

FLOAT (Note 2)

DOUBLE PRECISION (Note 3)

REAL (Note 4)

FLOAT(126)

FLOAT(126)

FLOAT(63)

Notes:

The NUMERIC and DECIMAL data types can specify only fixed-point numbers. For those data types, the scale (s) defaults to 0.

The FLOAT data type is a floating-point number with a binary precision b. The default precision for this data type is 126 binary, or 38 decimal.

The DOUBLE PRECISION data type is a floating-point number with binary precision 126.

The REAL data type is a floating-point number with a binary precision of 63, or 18 decimal.

Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:

GRAPHIC

LONG VARGRAPHIC

VARGRAPHIC

TIME

Note that data of type TIME can also be expressed as Oracle datetime data.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on data types

7 Format Models

This chapter presents the format models for datetime and number data stored in character strings.

This chapter includes the following sections:

Overview of Format Models

Number Format Models

Datetime Format Models

Overview of Format Models

A format model is a character literal that describes the format of DATETIME or NUMBER data stored in a character string. When you convert a character string into a datetime or number, a format model tells Oracle how to interpret the string.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on format models

Number Format Models

You can use number format models:

In the TO_CHAR function to translate a value of NUMBER data type to VARCHAR2 data type

In the TO_NUMBER function to translate a value of CHAR or VARCHAR2 data type to NUMBER data type

Number Format Elements

A number format model is composed of one or more number format elements. The following table lists the elements of a number format model.

Table 7-1 Number Format Elements

Element
Example
Description

, (comma)

9,999

Returns a comma in the specified position. You can specify multiple commas in a number format model.

Restrictions:

A comma element cannot begin a number format model.

A comma cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a number format model.

. (period)

99.99

Returns a decimal point, which is a period (.) in the specified position.

Restriction: You can specify only one period in a number format model.

$

$9999

Returns value with a leading dollar sign.

0

0999

9990

Returns leading zeros.

Returns trailing zeros.

9

9999

Returns value with the specified number of digits with a leading space if positive or with a leading minus if negative. Leading zeros are blank, except for a zero value, which returns a zero for the integer part of the fixed-point number.

B

B9999

Returns blanks for the integer part of a fixed-point number when the integer part is zero (regardless of zeros in the format model).

C

C999

Returns in the specified position the ISO currency symbol (the current value of the NLS_ISO_CURRENCY parameter).

D

99D99

Returns in the specified position the decimal character, which is the current value of the NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter. The default is a period (.).

Restriction: You can specify only one decimal character in a number format model.

EEEE

9.9EEEE

Returns a value using in scientific notation.

G

9G999

Returns in the specified position the group separator (the current value of the NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTER parameter). You can specify multiple group separators in a number format model.

Restriction: A group separator cannot appear to the right of a decimal character or period in a number format model.

L

L999

Returns in the specified position the local currency symbol (the current value of the NLS_CURRENCY parameter).

MI

9999MI

Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).

Returns positive value with a trailing blank.

Restriction: The MI format element can appear only in the last position of a number format model.

PR

9999PR

Returns negative value in <angle brackets>.

Returns positive value with a leading and trailing blank.

Restriction: The PR format element can appear only in the last position of a number format model.

RN

rn

RN

rn

Returns a value as Roman numerals in uppercase.

Returns a value as Roman numerals in lowercase.

Value can be an integer between 1 and 3999.

S

S9999

9999S

Returns negative value with a leading minus sign (-).

Returns positive value with a leading plus sign (+).

Returns negative value with a trailing minus sign (-).

Returns positive value with a trailing plus sign (+).

Restriction: The S format element can appear only in the first or last position of a number format model.

TM

TM

The text minimum number format model returns (in decimal output) the smallest number of characters possible. This element is case insensitive.

The default is TM9, which returns the number in fixed notation unless the output exceeds 64 characters. If the output exceeds 64 characters, then Oracle Database automatically returns the number in scientific notation.

Restrictions:

You cannot precede this element with any other element.

You can follow this element only with one 9 or one E (or e), but not with any combination of these. The following statement returns an error:

SELECT TO_CHAR(1234, 'TM9e') FROM DUAL;

U

U9999

Returns in the specified position the Euro (or other) dual currency symbol, determined by the current value of the NLS_DUAL_CURRENCY parameter.

V

999V99

Returns a value multiplied by 10n (and if necessary, round it up), where n is the number of 9's after the V.

X

XXXX

xxxx

Returns the hexadecimal value of the specified number of digits. If the specified number is not an integer, then Oracle Database rounds it to an integer.

Restrictions:

This element accepts only positive values or 0. Negative values return an error.

You can precede this element only with 0 (which returns leading zeroes) or FM. Any other elements return an error. If you specify neither 0 nor FM with X, then the return always has one leading blank. Refer to Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for information on the FM format model modifier.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on number format models

Datetime Format Models

You can use datetime format models:

In the TO_CHAR, TO_DATE, TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, TO_YMINTERVAL, and TO_DSINTERVAL datetime functions to translate a character string that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a DATETIME value

In the TO_CHAR function to translate a DATETIME value that is in a format other than the default datetime format into a character string

Datetime Format Elements

A datetime format model is composed of one or more datetime format elements. The following table lists the elements of a date format model.

Table 7-2 Datetime Format Elements

Element
TO_* datetime functions?
Description

-
/
,
.
;
:
"text"

Yes

Punctuation and quoted text is reproduced in the result.

AD
A.D.

Yes

AD indicator with or without periods.

AM
A.M.

Yes

Meridian indicator with or without periods.

BC
B.C.

Yes

BC indicator with or without periods.

CC
SCC

Century.

If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are between 01 and 99 (inclusive), then the century is one greater than the first 2 digits of that year.

If the last 2 digits of a 4-digit year are 00, then the century is the same as the first 2 digits of that year.

For example, 2002 returns 21; 2000 returns 20.

D

Yes

Day of week (1-7). This element depends on the NLS territory of the session.

DAY

Yes

Name of day.

DD

Yes

Day of month (1-31).

DDD

Yes

Day of year (1-366).

DL

Yes

Returns a value in the long date format, which is an extension of Oracle Database's DATE format, determined by the current value of the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter. Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, Month dd, yyyy'. In the GERMAN_GERMANY locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format 'fmDay, dd. Month yyyy'.

Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element, separated by white space.

DS

Yes

Returns a value in the short date format. Makes the appearance of the date components (day name, month number, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE parameters. For example, in the AMERICAN_AMERICA locale, this is equivalent to specifying the format 'MM/DD/RRRR'. In the ENGLISH_UNITED_KINGDOM locale, it is equivalent to specifying the format 'DD/MM/RRRR'.

Restriction: You can specify this format only with the TS element, separated by white space.

DY

Yes

Abbreviated name of day.

E

Yes

Abbreviated era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).

EE

Yes

Full era name (Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars).

FF [1..9]

Yes

Fractional seconds; no radix character is printed. Use the X format element to add the radix character. Use the numbers 1 to 9 after FF to specify the number of digits in the fractional second portion of the datetime value returned. If you do not specify a digit, then Oracle Database uses the precision specified for the datetime data type or the data type's default precision. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Examples: 'HH:MI:SS.FF'

SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSTIMESTAMP, 'SS.FF3') from dual;

FM

Yes

Returns a value with no leading or trailing blanks.

See Also: Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on the FM format model modifier

FX

Yes

Requires exact matching between the character data and the format model.

See Also: Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on the FX format model modifier

HH
HH12

Yes

Hour of day (1-12).

HH24

Yes

Hour of day (0-23).

IW

Week of year (1-52 or 1-53) based on the ISO standard.

IYY
IY
I

Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year.

IYYY

4-digit year based on the ISO standard.

J

Yes

Julian day; the number of days since January 1, 4712 BC. Number specified with J must be integers.

MI

Yes

Minute (0-59).

MM

Yes

Month (01-12; January = 01).

MON

Yes

Abbreviated name of month.

MONTH

Yes

Name of month.

PM
P.M.

Yes

Meridian indicator with or without periods.

Q

Quarter of year (1, 2, 3, 4; January - March = 1).

RM

Yes

Roman numeral month (I-XII; January = I).

RR

Yes

Lets you store 20th century dates in the 21st century using only two digits.

See Also: Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on the RR datetime format element

RRRR

Yes

Round year. Accepts either 4-digit or 2-digit input. If 2-digit, provides the same return as RR. If you do not want this functionality, then enter the 4-digit year.

SS

Yes

Second (0-59).

SSSSS

Yes

Seconds past midnight (0-86399).

TS

Yes

Returns a value in the short time format. Makes the appearance of the time components (hour, minutes, and so forth) depend on the NLS_TERRITORY and NLS_LANGUAGE initialization parameters.

Restriction: You can specify this format only with the DL or DS element, separated by white space.

TZD

Yes

Daylight saving information. The TZD value is an abbreviated time zone string with daylight saving information. It must correspond with the region specified in TZR. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: PST (for US/Pacific standard time); PDT (for US/Pacific daylight time).

TZH

Yes

Time zone hour. (See TZM format element.) Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.

TZM

Yes

Time zone minute. (See TZH format element.) Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: 'HH:MI:SS.FFTZH:TZM'.

TZR

Yes

Time zone region information. The value must be one of the time zone regions supported in the database. Valid in timestamp and interval formats, but not in DATE formats.

Example: US/Pacific

WW

Week of year (1-53) where week 1 starts on the first day of the year and continues to the seventh day of the year.

W

Week of month (1-5) where week 1 starts on the first day of the month and ends on the seventh.

X

Yes

Local radix character.

Example: 'HH:MI:SSXFF'.

Y,YYY

Yes

Year with comma in this position.

YEAR
SYEAR

Year, spelled out; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign (-).

YYYY
SYYYY

Yes

4-digit year; S prefixes BC dates with a minus sign.

YYY
YY
Y

Yes

Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of year.

See Also:

Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information on datetime format models

A SQL*Plus Commands

This appendix presents many of the SQL*Plus commands.

This appendix includes the following section:

SQL*Plus Commands

SQL*Plus Commands

SQL*Plus is a command-line tool that provides access to the Oracle RDBMS. SQL*Plus enables you to:

Enter SQL*Plus commands to configure the SQL*Plus environment

Startup and shutdown an Oracle database

Connect to an Oracle database

Enter and execute SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks

Format and print query results

SQL*Plus is available on several platforms.

The commands shown in Table A-1 are SQL*Plus commands available in the command-line interface. Not all commands or command parameters are shown.

See Also:

SQL*Plus Quick Reference

SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference

Table A-1 Basic SQL*Plus Commands

Database Operation
SQL*Plus Command

Log in to SQL*Plus

SQLPLUS [
          [{username[/password][@connect_identifier] | / }
          [AS {SYSASM|SYSBACKUP|SYSDBA|SYSDG|SYSOPER|SYSKM}]
          [edition=value]]
        | /NOLOG
        ]

List help topics available in SQL*Plus

HELP [ INDEX | topic ]

Execute host commands

HOST [ command ]

Show SQL*Plus system variables or environment settings

SHOW { ALL | ERRORS | USER | system_variable [, system_variable] ...}

Alter SQL*Plus system variables or environment settings

SET system_variable value

Start up a database

STARTUP { db_options | cdb_options | upgrade_options }

Where db_options has the following syntax:

[FORCE] [RESTRICT] [PFILE=filename] [QUIET]
[ MOUNT [dbname] | [ OPEN [open_db_options] [dbname] ]
| NOMOUNT ]

Where open_db_options has the following syntax:

READ {ONLY | WRITE [RECOVER]} | RECOVER

Where cdb_options has the following syntax:

root_connection_options | pdb_connection_options

Where root_connection_options has the following syntax:

PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdbname [FORCE] | [RESTRICT]
[ OPEN {open_pdb_options} ]

Where pdb_connection_options has the following syntax:

[FORCE] | [RESTRICT] [ OPEN {open_pdb_options} ]

Where open_pdb_options has the following syntax:

READ WRITE | READ ONLY

Where upgrade_options has the following syntax:

[PFILE=filename] {UPGRADE | DOWNGRADE} [QUIET]

Connect to a database

CONNECT [{username[/password] [@connect_identifier] | /
         | proxy_user [ username ] [/password]
         [@connect_identifier]}
         [AS {SYSASM|SYSBACKUP|SYSDBA|SYSDG|SYSOPER|SYSKM}]
         [edition=value]
        ]

Note: The square brackets shown in boldface type are part of the syntax and do not imply optionality.

List column definitions for a table, view, or synonym, or specifications for a function or procedure

DESCRIBE [ schema. ] object

Edit contents of the SQL buffer or a file

EDIT [ filename [ .ext ] ]

Get a file and load its contents into the SQL buffer

GET filename [ .ext ] [ LIST | NOLLIST ]

Save contents of the SQL buffer to a file

SAVE filename [ .ext ] [ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND ]

List contents of the SQL buffer

LIST [ n | n m | n LAST ]

Delete contents of the SQL buffer

DEL [ n | n m | n LAST ]

Add new lines following current line in the SQL buffer

INPUT [ text ]

Append text to end of current line in the SQL buffer

APPEND text

Find and replace first occurrence of a text string in current line of the SQL buffer

CHANGE sepchar old [ sepchar [ new [ sepchar ] ] ]

sepchar can be any nonalphanumeric ASCII character such as "/" or "!"

Capture query results in a file and, optionally, send contents of file to default printer

SPOOL [ filename [ .ext ]  [ CREATE | REPLACE | APPEND | OFF | OUT ]

Run SQL*Plus statements stored in a file

@ { url | filename [ .ext ] } [ arg ... ]START { url | filename [ .ext ] } [ arg ... ]

ext can be omitted if the filename extension is .sql

Execute commands stored in the SQL buffer

/

List and execute commands stored in the SQL buffer

RUN

Execute a single PL/SQL statement or run a stored procedure

EXECUTE statement

Disconnect from a database

DISCONNECT

Shut down a database

SHUTDOWN [ ABORT | IMMEDIATE | NORMAL | TRANSACTIONAL [LOCAL] ]

Log out of SQL*Plus

{ EXIT | QUIT }
 [ SUCCESS | FAILURE | WARNING | n | variable | :BindVariable ]
 [ COMMIT | ROLLBACK ]

Index

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z 

Symbols

 / (slash) SQL*Plus command, A.1

@ (at sign) SQL*Plus command, A.1

A

ABS function, 2.1

ACOS function, 2.1

action_audit_clause, 5.1

activate_standby_db_clause, 5.1

add_binding_clause, 5.1

add_column_clause, 5.1

add_disk_clause, 5.1

add_hash_index_partition, 5.1

add_hash_partition_clause, 5.1

add_hash_subpartition, 5.1

add_list_partition_clause, 5.1

add_list_subpartition, 5.1

add_logfile_clauses, 5.1

ADD_MONTHS function, 2.1

add_mv_log_column_clause, 5.1

add_overflow_clause, 5.1

add_period_clause, 5.1

add_range_partition_clause, 5.1

add_range_subpartition, 5.1

add_system_partition_clause, 5.1

add_table_partition, 5.1

add_update_secret, 5.1

add_volume_clause, 5.1

ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT statement, 1.1

advanced_index_compression, 5.1

aggregate functions, 2.1

alias_file_name, 5.1

allocate_extent_clause, 5.1

allow_disallow_clustering, 5.1

ALTER AUDIT POLICY statement, 1.1

ALTER CLUSTER statement, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE LINK statement, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE statement, 1.1

ALTER DIMENSION statement, 1.1

ALTER DISKGROUP statement, 1.1

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE statement, 1.1

ALTER FUNCTION statement, 1.1

ALTER INDEX statement, 1.1

ALTER INDEXTYPE statement, 1.1

ALTER JAVA statement, 1.1

ALTER LIBRARY statement, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG statement, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW statement, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP statement, 1.1

ALTER OPERATOR statement, 1.1

ALTER OUTLINE statement, 1.1

ALTER PACKAGE statement, 1.1

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE statement, 1.1

ALTER PROCEDURE statement, 1.1

ALTER PROFILE statement, 1.1

ALTER RESOURCE COST statement, 1.1

ALTER ROLE statement, 1.1

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 1.1

ALTER SEQUENCE statement, 1.1

ALTER SESSION statement, 1.1

ALTER SYNONYM statement, 1.1

ALTER SYSTEM statement, 1.1

ALTER TABLE statement, 1.1

ALTER TABLESPACE statement, 1.1

ALTER TRIGGER statement, 1.1

ALTER TYPE statement, 1.1

ALTER USER statement, 1.1

ALTER VIEW statement, 1.1

alter_datafile_clause, 5.1

alter_external_table, 5.1

alter_index_partitioning, 5.1

alter_interval_partitioning, 5.1

alter_iot_clauses, 5.1

alter_keystore_password, 5.1

alter_mapping_table_clauses, 5.1

alter_mv_refresh, 5.1

alter_overflow_clause, 5.1

alter_query_rewrite_clause, 5.1

alter_session_set_clause, 5.1

alter_system_reset_clause, 5.1

alter_system_set_clause, 5.1

alter_table_partitioning, 5.1

alter_table_properties, 5.1

alter_tempfile_clause, 5.1

alter_varray_col_properties, 5.1

alter_XMLSchema_clause, 5.1

alter_zonemap_attributes, 5.1

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

converting to Oracle data types, 6.4

analytic functions, 2.1

analytic_clause, 5.1

ANALYZE statement, 1.1

ANSI-supported data types, 6.1

any_types, 6.3

APPEND SQL*Plus command, A.1

APPENDCHILDXML function, 2.1

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT function, 2.1

archive_log_clause, 5.1

array_DML_clause, 5.1

array_step, 5.1

ASCII function, 2.1

ASCIISTR function, 2.1

ASIN function, 2.1

ASM_filename, 5.1

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS statement, 1.1

ATAN function, 2.1

ATAN2 function, 2.1

attribute_clause, 5.1

attribute_clustering_clause, 5.1

AUDIT (Traditional Auditing) statement, 1.1

AUDIT (Unified Auditing) statement, 1.1

audit_operation_clause, 5.1

audit_schema_object_clause, 5.1

auditing_by_clause, 5.1

auditing_on_clause, 5.1

autoextend_clause, 5.1

AVG function, 2.1

B

backup_keystore, 5.1

BETWEEN condition, 4.1

BFILENAME function, 2.1

BIN_TO_NUM function, 2.1

binding_clause, 5.1

BITAND function, 2.1

bitmap_join_index_clause, 5.1

build_clause, 5.1

built-in data types, 6.1, 6.2

C

CALL statement, 1.1

CARDINALITY function, 2.1

CASE expressions, 3.1

CAST function, 2.1

CEIL function, 2.1

cell_assignment, 5.1

cell_reference_options, 5.1

CHANGE SQL*Plus command, A.1

character_datatypes, 6.2

character_set_clause, 5.1

CHARTOROWID function, 2.1

check_datafiles_clause, 5.1

check_diskgroup_clause, 5.1

checkpoint_clause, 5.1

CHR function, 2.1

close_keystore, 5.1

cluster_clause, 5.1

CLUSTER_DETAILS (analytic) function, 2.1

CLUSTER_DETAILS function, 2.1

CLUSTER_DISTANCE (analytic) function, 2.1

CLUSTER_DISTANCE function, 2.1

CLUSTER_ID (analytic) function, 2.1

CLUSTER_ID function, 2.1

cluster_index_clause, 5.1

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY (analytic) function, 2.1

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY function, 2.1

cluster_range_partitions, 5.1

CLUSTER_SET (analytic) function, 2.1

CLUSTER_SET function, 2.1

clustering_column_group, 5.1

clustering_columns, 5.1

clustering_join, 5.1

clustering_when, 5.1

COALESCE function, 2.1

coalesce_index_partition, 5.1

coalesce_table_partition, 5.1

coalesce_table_subpartition, 5.1

COLLECT function, 2.1

column expressions, 3.1

column_association, 5.1

column_clauses, 5.1

column_definition, 5.1

column_properties, 5.1

COMMENT statement, 1.1

COMMIT statement, 1.1

commit_switchover_clause, 5.1

component_actions, 5.1

COMPOSE function, 2.1

composite_hash_partitions, 5.1

composite_list_partitions, 5.1

composite_range_partitions, 5.1

compound conditions, 4.1

compound expressions, 3.1

CON_DBID_TO_ID function, 2.1

CON_GUID_TO_ID function, 2.1

CON_NAME_TO_ID function, 2.1

CON_UID_TO_ID function, 2.1

CONCAT function, 2.1

conditional_insert_clause, 5.1

conditions, 4

see also SQL conditions

CONNECT SQL*Plus command, A.1

constraint, 5.1

constraint_clauses, 5.1

constraint_state, 5.1

container_data_clause, 5.1

containers_clause, 5.1

context_clause, 5.1

controlfile_clauses, 5.1

CONVERT function, 2.1

convert_database_clause, 5.1

converting to Oracle data types, 6.4

CORR function, 2.1

CORR_K function, 2.1

CORR_S function, 2.1

COS function, 2.1

COSH function, 2.1

cost_matrix_clause, 5.1

COUNT function, 2.1

COVAR_POP function, 2.1

COVAR_SAMP function, 2.1

CREATE AUDIT POLICY statement, 1.1

CREATE CLUSTER statement, 1.1

CREATE CONTEXT statement, 1.1

CREATE CONTROLFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE LINK statement, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE statement, 1.1

CREATE DIMENSION statement, 1.1

CREATE DIRECTORY statement, 1.1

CREATE DISKGROUP statement, 1.1

CREATE EDITION statement, 1.1

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE statement, 1.1

CREATE FUNCTION statement, 1.1

CREATE INDEX statement, 1.1

CREATE INDEXTYPE statement, 1.1

CREATE JAVA statement, 1.1

CREATE LIBRARY statement, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG statement, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW statement, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP statement, 1.1

CREATE OPERATOR statement, 1.1

CREATE OUTLINE statement, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE BODY statement, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE statement, 1.1

CREATE PFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE statement, 1.1

CREATE PROCEDURE statement, 1.1

CREATE PROFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE RESTORE POINT statement, 1.1

CREATE ROLE statement, 1.1

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 1.1

CREATE SCHEMA statement, 1.1

CREATE SEQUENCE statement, 1.1

CREATE SPFILE statement, 1.1

CREATE SYNONYM statement, 1.1

CREATE TABLE statement, 1.1

CREATE TABLESPACE statement, 1.1

CREATE TRIGGER statement, 1.1

CREATE TYPE BODY statement, 1.1

CREATE TYPE statement, 1.1

CREATE USER statement, 1.1

CREATE VIEW statement, 1.1

create_datafile_clause, 5.1

create_file_dest_clause, 5.1

create_key, 5.1

create_keystore, 5.1

create_mv_refresh, 5.1

create_pdb_clone, 5.1

create_pdb_from_seed, 5.1

create_pdb_from_xml, 5.1

create_zonemap_as_subquery, 5.1

create_zonemap_on_table, 5.1

cross_outer_apply_clause, 5.1

CUBE_TABLE function, 2.1

CUME_DIST (aggregate) function, 2.1

CUME_DIST (analytic) function, 2.1

currency

group separators, 7.1.1.1

currency symbol

ISO, 7.1.1.1

local, 7.1.1.1

union, 7.1.1.1

CURRENT_DATE function, 2.1

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function, 2.1

CURSOR expressions, 3.1

CV function, 2.1

cycle_clause, 5.1

D

data types

ANSI-supported, 6.1

converting to Oracle, 6.4

Oracle built-in, 6.1, 6.2

Oracle-supplied, 6.1, 6.3

overview, 6.1

user-defined, 6.1

database_file_clauses, 5.1

database_logging_clauses, 5.1

datafile_tempfile_clauses, 5.1

datafile_tempfile_spec, 5.1

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION function, 2.1

date format models, 7.1.2, 7.1.2.1

long, 7.1.2.1

short, 7.1.2.1

datetime expressions, 3.1

datetime_datatypes, 6.2

db_user_proxy_clauses, 5.1

DB2 data types

restrictions on, 6.4

dblink, 5.1

dblink_authentication, 5.1

DBTIMEZONE function, 2.1

deallocate_unused_clause, 5.1

decimal characters

specifying, 7.1.1.1

DECODE function, 2.1

DECOMPOSE function, 2.1

default_cost_clause, 5.1

default_selectivity_clause, 5.1

default_settings_clauses, 5.1

default_tablespace, 5.1

default_temp_tablespace, 5.1

deferred_segment_creation, 5.1

DEL SQL*Plus command, A.1

DELETE statement, 1.1

delete_secret, 5.1

DELETEXML function, 2.1

DENSE_RANK (aggregate) function, 2.1

DENSE_RANK (analytic) function, 2.1

dependent_tables_clause, 5.1

DEPTH function, 2.1

DEREF function, 2.1

DESCRIBE SQL*Plus command, A.1

dimension_join_clause, 5.1

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS statement, 1.1

DISCONNECT SQL*Plus command, A.1

disk_offline_clause, 5.1

disk_online_clause, 5.1

disk_region_clause, 5.1

diskgroup_alias_clauses, 5.1

diskgroup_attributes, 5.1

diskgroup_availability, 5.1

diskgroup_directory_clauses, 5.1

diskgroup_template_clauses, 5.1

diskgroup_volume_clauses, 5.1

distributed_recov_clauses, 5.1

dml_table_expression_clause, 5.1

domain_index_clause, 5.1

DROP AUDIT POLICY statement, 1.1

DROP CLUSTER statement, 1.1

DROP CONTEXT statement, 1.1

DROP DATABASE LINK statement, 1.1

DROP DATABASE statement, 1.1

DROP DIMENSION statement, 1.1

DROP DIRECTORY statement, 1.1

DROP DISKGROUP statement, 1.1

DROP EDITION statement, 1.1

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE statement, 1.1

DROP FUNCTION statement, 1.1

DROP INDEX statement, 1.1

DROP INDEXTYPE statement, 1.1

DROP JAVA statement, 1.1

DROP LIBRARY statement, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG statement, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW statement, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP statement, 1.1

DROP OPERATOR statement, 1.1

DROP OUTLINE statement, 1.1

DROP PACKAGE statement, 1.1

DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE statement, 1.1

DROP PROCEDURE statement, 1.1

DROP PROFILE statement, 1.1

DROP RESTORE POINT statement, 1.1

DROP ROLE statement, 1.1

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 1.1

DROP SEQUENCE statement, 1.1

DROP SYNONYM statement, 1.1

DROP TABLE statement, 1.1

DROP TABLESPACE statement, 1.1

DROP TRIGGER statement, 1.1

DROP TYPE BODY statement, 1.1

DROP TYPE statement, 1.1

DROP USER statement, 1.1

DROP VIEW statement, 1.1

drop_binding_clause, 5.1

drop_column_clause, 5.1

drop_constraint_clause, 5.1

drop_disk_clause, 5.1

drop_diskgroup_file_clause, 5.1

drop_index_partition, 5.1

drop_logfile_clauses, 5.1

drop_period_clause, 5.1

drop_table_partition, 5.1

drop_table_subpartition, 5.1

ds_iso_format of TO_DSINTERVAL function, 5.1

DUMP function, 2.1

E

EDIT SQL*Plus command, A.1

else_clause, 5.1

EMPTY_BLOB function, 2.1

EMPTY_CLOB function, 2.1

enable_disable_clause, 5.1

enable_disable_volume, 5.1

enable_pluggable_database, 5.1

encryption_spec, 5.1

end_session_clauses, 5.1

EQUALS_PATH condition, 4.1

error_logging_clause, 5.1

evaluation_edition_clause, 5.1

exceptions_clause, 5.1

exchange_partition_subpart, 5.1

EXECUTE SQL*Plus command, A.1

EXISTS condition, 4.1

EXISTSNODE function, 2.1

EXIT SQL*Plus command, A.1

EXP function, 2.1

EXPLAIN PLAN statement, 1.1

export_keys, 5.1

expr, 5.1

expression_list, 5.1

expressions, 3

see also SQL expressions

extended_attribute_clause, 5.1

extent_management_clause, 5.1

external_data_properties, 5.1

external_table_clause, 5.1

EXTRACT (datetime) function, 2.1

EXTRACT (XML) function, 2.1

EXTRACTVALUE function, 2.1

F

failover_clause, 5.1

FEATURE_DETAILS (analytic) function, 2.1

FEATURE_DETAILS function, 2.1

FEATURE_ID (analytic) function, 2.1

FEATURE_ID function, 2.1

FEATURE_SET (analytic) function, 2.1

FEATURE_SET function, 2.1

FEATURE_VALUE (analytic) function, 2.1

FEATURE_VALUE function, 2.1

file_name_convert, 5.1

file_owner_clause, 5.1

file_permissions_clause, 5.1

file_specification, 5.1

FIRST function, 2.1

FIRST_VALUE function, 2.1

FLASHBACK DATABASE statement, 1.1

FLASHBACK TABLE statement, 1.1

flashback_archive_clause, 5.1

flashback_archive_quota, 5.1

flashback_archive_retention, 5.1

flashback_mode_clause, 5.1

flashback_query_clause, 5.1

floating-point conditions, 4.1

FLOOR function, 2.1

for_refresh_clause, 5.1

for_update_clause, 5.1

format models, 7.1

date format models, 7.1.2

number format models, 7.1.1.1

FROM_TZ function, 2.1

full_database_recovery, 5.1

fully_qualified_file_name, 5.1

function expressions, 3.1

function_association, 5.1

functions, 2

see also SQL functions

G

general_recovery, 5.1

GET SQL*Plus command, A.1

global_partitioned_index, 5.1

GRANT statement, 1.1

grant_object_privileges, 5.1

grant_roles_to_programs, 5.1

grant_system_privileges, 5.1

grantee_clause, 5.1

grantee_identified_by, 5.1

GRAPHIC data type

DB2, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4

GREATEST function, 2.1

group comparison conditions, 4.1

group separator

specifying, 7.1.1.1

group_by_clause, 5.1

GROUP_ID function, 2.1

GROUPING function, 2.1

grouping_expression_list, 5.1

GROUPING_ID function, 2.1

grouping_sets_clause, 5.1

H

hash_partitions, 5.1

hash_partitions_by_quantity, 5.1

hash_subparts_by_quantity, 5.1

heap_org_table_clause, 5.1

HELP SQL*Plus command, A.1

hexadecimal value

returning, 7.1.1.1

HEXTORAW function, 2.1

hierarchical_query_clause, 5.1

hierarchy_clause, 5.1

HOST SQL*Plus command, A.1

I

identity_clause, 5.1

identity_options, 5.1

ilm_clause, 5.1

ilm_policy_clause, 5.1

implementation_clause, 5.1

import_keys, 5.1

IN condition, 4.1

incomplete_file_name, 5.1

index_attributes, 5.1

index_compression, 5.1

index_expr, 5.1

index_org_overflow_clause, 5.1

index_org_table_clause, 5.1

index_partition_description, 5.1

index_partitioning_clause, 5.1

index_properties, 5.1

index_subpartition_clause, 5.1

indexing_clause, 5.1

individual_hash_partitions, 5.1

individual_hash_subparts, 5.1

INITCAP function, 2.1

inline_constraint, 5.1

inline_ref_constraint, 5.1

inmemory_alter_table_clause, 5.1

inmemory_clause, 5.1

inmemory_column_clause, 5.1

inmemory_distribute, 5.1

inmemory_duplicate, 5.1

inmemory_memcompress, 5.1

inmemory_parameters, 5.1

inmemory_priority, 5.1

inmemory_table_clause, 5.1

inner_cross_join_clause, 5.1

INPUT SQL*Plus command, A.1

INSERT statement, 1.1

insert_into_clause, 5.1

INSERTCHILDXML function, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER function, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE function, 2.1

INSERTXMLAFTER function, 2.1

INSERTXMLBEFORE function, 2.1

instance_clauses, 5.1

instances_clause, 5.1

INSTR function, 2.1

integer, 5.1

INTERVAL expressions, 3.1

interval_day_to_second, 5.1

interval_year_to_month, 5.1

into_clause, 5.1

invoker_rights_clause, 5.1

IS A SET condition, 4.1

IS ANY condition, 4.1

IS EMPTY condition, 4.1

IS JSON condition, 4.1

IS OF type condition, 4.1

IS PRESENT condition, 4.1

ITERATION_NUMBER function, 2.1

J

join_clause, 5.1

JSON object access expressions, 3.1

JSON_column_definition, 5.1

JSON_columns_clause, 5.1

JSON_EXISTS condition, 4.1

JSON_exists_column, 5.1

JSON_exists_on_error_clause, 5.1

JSON_nested_path, 5.1

JSON_path_expression, 5.1

JSON_QUERY function, 2.1

JSON_query_column, 5.1

JSON_query_on_error_clause, 5.1

JSON_query_return_type, 5.1

JSON_query_returning_clause, 5.1

JSON_query_wrapper_clause, 5.1

JSON_TABLE function, 2.1

JSON_table_on_error_clause, 5.1

JSON_TEXTCONTAINS condition, 4.1

JSON_VALUE function, 2.1

JSON_value_column, 5.1

JSON_value_on_error_clause, 5.1

JSON_value_return_type, 5.1

JSON_value_returning_clause, 5.1

K

key_management_clauses, 5.1

keystore_management_clauses, 5.1

L

LAG function, 2.1

large_object_datatypes, 6.2

LAST function, 2.1

LAST_DAY function, 2.1

LAST_VALUE function, 2.1

LEAD function, 2.1

LEAST function, 2.1

LENGTH function, 2.1

level_clause, 5.1

LIKE condition, 4.1

LIST SQL*Plus command, A.1

list_partition_desc, 5.1

list_partitions, 5.1

list_subpartition_desc, 5.1

list_values_clause, 5.1

LISTAGG function, 2.1

LN function, 2.1

LNNVL function, 2.1

LOB_compression_clause, 5.1

LOB_deduplicate_clause, 5.1

LOB_parameters, 5.1

LOB_partition_storage, 5.1

LOB_partitioning_storage, 5.1

LOB_retention_storage, 5.1

LOB_storage_clause, 5.1

LOB_storage_parameters, 5.1

local_domain_index_clause, 5.1

local_partitioned_index, 5.1

local_XMLIndex_clause, 5.1

locale independent, 7.1.2.1

LOCALTIMESTAMP function, 2.1

LOCK TABLE statement, 1.1

LOG function, 2.1

logfile_clause, 5.1

logfile_clauses, 5.1

logfile_descriptor, 5.1

logging_clause, 5.1

logical conditions, 4.1

LONG VARGRAPHIC data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4

long_and_raw_datatypes, 6.2

LOWER function, 2.1

LPAD function, 2.1

LTRIM function, 2.1

M

main_model, 5.1

MAKE_REF function, 2.1

managed_standby_recovery, 5.1

mapping_table_clauses, 5.1

materialized_view_props, 5.1

MAX function, 2.1

maximize_standby_db_clause, 5.1

maxsize_clause, 5.1

media_types, 6.3

MEDIAN function, 2.1

MEMBER condition, 4.1

MERGE statement, 1.1

merge_insert_clause, 5.1

merge_into_exist_keystore, 5.1

merge_into_new_keystore, 5.1

merge_table_partitions, 5.1

merge_table_subpartitions, 5.1

merge_update_clause, 5.1

migrate_key, 5.1

MIN function, 2.1

mining_analytic_clause, 5.1

mining_attribute_clause, 5.1

MOD function, 2.1

model expressions, 3.1

model_clause, 5.1

model_column, 5.1

model_column_clauses, 5.1

model_iterate_clause, 5.1

model_rules_clause, 5.1

modify_col_properties, 5.1

modify_col_substitutable, 5.1

modify_col_visibility, 5.1

modify_collection_retrieval, 5.1

modify_column_clauses, 5.1

modify_diskgroup_file, 5.1

modify_hash_partition, 5.1

modify_index_default_attrs, 5.1

modify_index_partition, 5.1

modify_index_subpartition, 5.1

modify_list_partition, 5.1

modify_LOB_parameters, 5.1

modify_LOB_storage_clause, 5.1

modify_mv_column_clause, 5.1

modify_opaque_type, 5.1

modify_range_partition, 5.1

modify_table_default_attrs, 5.1

modify_table_partition, 5.1

modify_table_subpartition, 5.1

modify_virtcol_properties, 5.1

modify_volume_clause, 5.1

MONTHS_BETWEEN function, 2.1

move_datafile_clause, 5.1

move_mv_log_clause, 5.1

move_table_clause, 5.1

move_table_partition, 5.1

move_table_subpartition, 5.1

multi_column_for_loop, 5.1

multi_table_insert, 5.1

multiset_except, 5.1

multiset_intersect, 5.1

multiset_union, 5.1

mv_log_augmentation, 5.1

mv_log_purge_clause, 5.1

N

NANVL function, 2.1

NCHR function, 2.1

nested_table_col_properties, 5.1

nested_table_partition_spec, 5.1

NEW_TIME function, 2.1

new_values_clause, 5.1

NEXT_DAY function, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN function, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_ID function, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_NAME function, 2.1

NLS_INITCAP function, 2.1

NLS_LOWER function, 2.1

NLS_UPPER function, 2.1

NLSSORT function, 2.1

NOAUDIT (Traditional Auditing) statement, 1.1

NOAUDIT (Unified Auditing) statement, 1.1

NTH_VALUE function, 2.1

NTILE function, 2.1

null conditions, 4.1

NULLIF function, 2.1

number, 5.1

number format elements, 7.1.1.1

number format models, 7.1.1.1

number_datatypes, 6.2

numeric_file_name, 5.1

NUMTODSINTERVAL function, 2.1

NUMTOYMINTERVAL function, 2.1

NVL function, 2.1

NVL2 function, 2.1

O

object access expressions, 3.1

object_properties, 5.1

object_step, 5.1

object_table, 5.1

object_table_substitution, 5.1

object_type_col_properties, 5.1

object_view_clause, 5.1

OID_clause, 5.1

OID_index_clause, 5.1

on_comp_partitioned_table, 5.1

on_hash_partitioned_table, 5.1

on_list_partitioned_table, 5.1

on_object_clause, 5.1

on_range_partitioned_table, 5.1

open_keystore, 5.1

ORA_DST_AFFECTED function, 2.1

ORA_DST_CONVERT function, 2.1

ORA_DST_ERROR function, 2.1

ORA_HASH function, 2.1

ORA_INVOKING_USER function, 2.1

ORA_INVOKING_USERID function, 2.1

Oracle built-in data types, 6.1, 6.2

Oracle-supplied data types, 6.1, 6.3

order_by_clause, 5.1

ordinality_column, 5.1

out_of_line_constraint, 5.1

out_of_line_part_storage, 5.1

out_of_line_ref_constraint, 5.1

outer_join_clause, 5.1

outer_join_type, 5.1

P

parallel_clause, 5.1

partial_database_recovery, 5.1

partial_index_clause, 5.1

partition_attributes, 5.1

partition_extended_name, 5.1

partition_extended_names, 5.1

partition_extension_clause, 5.1

partition_or_key_value, 5.1

partition_spec, 5.1

partitioning_storage_clause, 5.1

password_parameters, 5.1

PATH function, 2.1

path_prefix_clause, 5.1

pdb_change_state, 5.1

pdb_change_state_from_root, 5.1

pdb_close, 5.1

pdb_datafile_clause, 5.1

pdb_dba_roles, 5.1

pdb_force_logging_clause, 5.1

pdb_general_recovery, 5.1

pdb_logging_clauses, 5.1

pdb_open, 5.1

pdb_recovery_clauses, 5.1

pdb_save_or_discard_state, 5.1

pdb_settings_clauses, 5.1

pdb_storage_clause, 5.1

pdb_unplug_clause, 5.1

PERCENT_RANK (aggregate) function, 2.1

PERCENT_RANK (analytic) function, 2.1

PERCENTILE_CONT function, 2.1

PERCENTILE_DISC function, 2.1

period_definition, 5.1

permanent_tablespace_clause, 5.1

physical_attributes_clause, 5.1

physical_properties, 5.1

pivot_clause, 5.1

pivot_for_clause, 5.1

pivot_in_clause, 5.1

placeholder expressions, 3.1

plsql_declarations, 5.1

POWER function, 2.1

POWERMULTISET function, 2.1

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY function, 2.1

PREDICTION (analytic) function, 2.1

PREDICTION function, 2.1

PREDICTION_BOUNDS function, 2.1

PREDICTION_COST (analytic) function, 2.1

PREDICTION_COST function, 2.1

PREDICTION_DETAILS (analytic) function, 2.1

PREDICTION_DETAILS function, 2.1

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY (analytic) function, 2.1

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY function, 2.1

PREDICTION_SET (analytic) function, 2.1

PREDICTION_SET function, 2.1

prefix_compression, 5.1

PRESENTNNV function, 2.1

PRESENTV function, 2.1

PREVIOUS function, 2.1

privilege_audit_clause, 5.1

program_unit, 5.1

proxy_clause, 5.1

PURGE statement, 1.1

Q

qualified_disk_clause, 5.1

qualified_template_clause, 5.1

query_block, 5.1

query_partition_clause, 5.1

query_rewrite_clause, 5.1

query_table_expression, 5.1

quiesce_clauses, 5.1

QUIT SQL*Plus command, A.1

R

range_partition_desc, 5.1

range_partitions, 5.1

range_subpartition_desc, 5.1

range_values_clause, 5.1

RANK (aggregate) function, 2.1

RANK (analytic) function, 2.1

RATIO_TO_REPORT function, 2.1

RAWTOHEX function, 2.1

RAWTONHEX function, 2.1

rebalance_diskgroup_clause, 5.1

rebuild_clause, 5.1

records_per_block_clause, 5.1

recovery_clauses, 5.1

redo_log_file_spec, 5.1

redo_thread_clauses

see instance_clauses

redundancy_clause, 5.1

REF function, 2.1

reference_model, 5.1

reference_partition_desc, 5.1

reference_partitioning, 5.1

references_clause, 5.1

REFTOHEX function, 2.1

REGEXP_COUNT function, 2.1

REGEXP_INSTR function, 2.1

REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4.1

REGEXP_REPLACE function, 2.1

REGEXP_SUBSTR function, 2.1

register_logfile_clause, 5.1

REGR_AVGX function, 2.1

REGR_AVGY function, 2.1

REGR_COUNT function, 2.1

REGR_INTERCEPT function, 2.1

REGR_R2 function, 2.1

REGR_SLOPE function, 2.1

REGR_SXX function, 2.1

REGR_SXY function, 2.1

REGR_SYY function, 2.1

relational_properties, 5.1

relational_table, 5.1

relocate_clause, 5.1

REMAINDER function, 2.1

RENAME statement, 1.1

rename_column_clause, 5.1

rename_disk_clause, 5.1

rename_index_partition, 5.1

rename_partition_subpart, 5.1

REPLACE function, 2.1

replace_disk_clause, 5.1

resize_disk_clause, 5.1

resource_parameters, 5.1

return_rows_clause, 5.1

returning_clause, 5.1

reverse_migrate_key, 5.1

REVOKE statement, 1.1

revoke_object_privileges, 5.1

revoke_roles_from_programs, 5.1

revoke_system_privileges, 5.1

revokee_clause, 5.1

role_audit_clause, 5.1

ROLLBACK statement, 1.1

rolling_migration_clauses, 5.1

rolling_patch_clauses, 5.1

rollup_cube_clause, 5.1

ROUND (date) function, 2.1

ROUND (number) function, 2.1

routine_clause, 5.1

row_limiting_clause, 5.1

row_movement_clause, 5.1

ROW_NUMBER function, 2.1

row_pattern, 5.1

row_pattern_aggregate_func, 5.1

row_pattern_classifier_func, 5.1

row_pattern_clause, 5.1

row_pattern_definition, 5.1

row_pattern_definition_list, 5.1

row_pattern_factor, 5.1

row_pattern_match_num_func, 5.1

row_pattern_measure_column, 5.1

row_pattern_measures, 5.1

row_pattern_nav_compound, 5.1

row_pattern_nav_logical, 5.1

row_pattern_nav_physical, 5.1

row_pattern_navigation_func, 5.1

row_pattern_order_by, 5.1

row_pattern_partition_by, 5.1

row_pattern_permute, 5.1

row_pattern_primary, 5.1

row_pattern_quantifier, 5.1

row_pattern_rec_func, 5.1

row_pattern_rows_per_match, 5.1

row_pattern_skip_to, 5.1

row_pattern_subset_clause, 5.1

row_pattern_subset_item, 5.1

row_pattern_term, 5.1

rowid_datatypes, 6.2

ROWIDTOCHAR function, 2.1

ROWTONCHAR function, 2.1

RPAD function, 2.1

RTRIM function, 2.1

RUN SQL*Plus command, A.1

S

sample_clause, 5.1

SAVE SQL*Plus command, A.1

SAVEPOINT statement, 1.1

scalar subquery expressions, 3.1

scientific notation, 7.1.1.1

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2.1

scoped_table_ref_constraint, 5.1

scrub_clause, 5.1

search_clause, 5.1

searched_case_expression, 5.1

secret_management_clauses, 5.1

security_clause, 5.1

security_clauses, 5.1

segment_attributes_clause, 5.1

segment_management_clause, 5.1

SELECT statement, 1.1

select_list, 5.1

SESSIONTIMEZONE function, 2.1

SET CONSTRAINT statement, 1.1

SET function, 2.1

SET ROLE statement, 1.1

SET SQL*Plus command, A.1

SET TRANSACTION statement, 1.1

set_encryption_key, 5.1

set_key, 5.1

set_key_tag, 5.1

set_parameter_clause, 5.1

set_subpartition_template, 5.1

set_time_zone_clause, 5.1

SHOW SQL*Plus command, A.1

shrink_clause, 5.1

SHUTDOWN SQL*Plus command, A.1

shutdown_dispatcher_clause, 5.1

SIGN function, 2.1

simple comparison conditions, 4.1

simple expressions, 3.1

simple_case_expression, 5.1

SIN function, 2.1

single_column_for_loop, 5.1

single_table_insert, 5.1

SINH function, 2.1

size_clause, 5.1

SOUNDEX function, 2.1

source_file_name_convert, 5.1

spatial_types, 6.3

split_index_partition, 5.1

split_nested_table_part, 5.1

split_table_partition, 5.1

split_table_subpartition, 5.1

SPOOL SQL*Plus command, A.1

SQL conditions, 4

BETWEEN condition, 4.1

compound conditions, 4.1

EQUALS_PATH condition, 4.1

EXISTS condition, 4.1

floating-point conditions, 4.1

group comparison conditions, 4.1

IN condition, 4.1

IS A SET condition, 4.1

IS ANY condition, 4.1

IS EMPTY condition, 4.1

IS JSON condition, 4.1

IS OF type condition, 4.1

IS PRESENT condition, 4.1

JSON_EXISTS condition, 4.1

JSON_TEXTCONTAINS condition, 4.1

LIKE condition, 4.1

logical conditions, 4.1

MEMBER condition, 4.1

null conditions, 4.1

REGEXP_LIKE condition, 4.1

simple comparison conditions, 4.1

SUBMULTISET condition, 4.1

UNDER_PATH condition, 4.1

SQL expressions, 3

CASE expressions, 3.1

column expressions, 3.1

compound expressions, 3.1

CURSOR expressions, 3.1

datetime expressions, 3.1

function expressions, 3.1

INTERVAL expressions, 3.1

JSON object access expressions, 3.1

model expressions, 3.1

object access expressions, 3.1

placeholder expressions, 3.1

scalar subquery expressions, 3.1

simple expressions, 3.1

type constructor expressions, 3.1

SQL functions, 2

ABS, 2.1

ACOS, 2.1

ADD_MONTHS, 2.1

aggregate functions, 2.1

analytic functions, 2.1

APPENDCHILDXML, 2.1

APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT, 2.1

ASCII, 2.1

ASCIISTR, 2.1

ASIN, 2.1

ATAN, 2.1

ATAN2, 2.1

AVG, 2.1

BFILENAME, 2.1

BIN_TO_NUM, 2.1

BITAND, 2.1

CARDINALITY, 2.1

CAST, 2.1

CEIL, 2.1

CHARTOROWID, 2.1

CHR, 2.1

CLUSTER_DETAILS, 2.1

CLUSTER_DETAILS (analytic), 2.1

CLUSTER_DISTANCE, 2.1

CLUSTER_DISTANCE (analytic), 2.1

CLUSTER_ID, 2.1

CLUSTER_ID (analytic), 2.1

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY, 2.1

CLUSTER_PROBABILITY (analytic), 2.1

CLUSTER_SET, 2.1

CLUSTER_SET (analytic), 2.1

COALESCE, 2.1

COLLECT, 2.1

COMPOSE, 2.1

CON_DBID_TO_ID, 2.1

CON_GUID_TO_ID, 2.1

CON_NAME_TO_ID, 2.1

CON_UID_TO_ID, 2.1

CONCAT, 2.1

CONVERT, 2.1

CORR, 2.1

CORR_K, 2.1

CORR_S, 2.1

COS, 2.1

COSH, 2.1

COUNT, 2.1

COVAR_POP, 2.1

COVAR_SAMP, 2.1

CUBE_TABLE, 2.1

CUME_DIST (aggregate), 2.1

CUME_DIST (analytic), 2.1

CURRENT_DATE, 2.1

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 2.1

CV, 2.1

DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION, 2.1

DBTIMEZONE, 2.1

DECODE, 2.1

DECOMPOSE, 2.1

DELETEXML, 2.1

DENSE_RANK (aggregate), 2.1

DENSE_RANK (analytic), 2.1

DEPTH, 2.1

DEREF, 2.1

DUMP, 2.1

EMPTY_BLOB, 2.1

EMPTY_CLOB, 2.1

EXISTSNODE, 2.1

EXP, 2.1

EXTRACT (datetime), 2.1

EXTRACT (XML), 2.1

EXTRACTVALUE, 2.1

FEATURE_DETAILS, 2.1

FEATURE_DETAILS (analytic), 2.1

FEATURE_ID, 2.1

FEATURE_ID (analytic), 2.1

FEATURE_SET, 2.1

FEATURE_SET (analytic), 2.1

FEATURE_VALUE, 2.1

FEATURE_VALUE (analytic), 2.1

FIRST, 2.1

FIRST_VALUE, 2.1

FLOOR, 2.1

FROM_TZ, 2.1

GREATEST, 2.1

GROUP_ID, 2.1

GROUPING, 2.1

GROUPING_ID, 2.1

HEXTORAW, 2.1

INITCAP, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXML, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER, 2.1

INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE, 2.1

INSERTXMLAFTER, 2.1

INSERTXMLBEFORE, 2.1

INSTR, 2.1

ITERATION_NUMBER, 2.1

JSON_QUERY, 2.1

JSON_TABLE, 2.1

JSON_VALUE, 2.1

LAG, 2.1

LAST, 2.1

LAST_DAY, 2.1

LAST_VALUE, 2.1

LEAD, 2.1

LEAST, 2.1

LENGTH, 2.1

LISTAGG, 2.1

LN, 2.1

LNNVL, 2.1

LOCALTIMESTAMP, 2.1

LOG, 2.1

LOWER, 2.1

LPAD, 2.1

LTRIM, 2.1

MAKE_REF, 2.1

MAX, 2.1

MEDIAN, 2.1

MIN, 2.1

MOD, 2.1

MONTHS_BETWEEN, 2.1

NANVL, 2.1

NCGR, 2.1

NEW_TIME, 2.1

NEXT_DAY, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_ID, 2.1

NLS_CHARSET_NAME, 2.1

NLS_INITCAP, 2.1

NLS_LOWER, 2.1

NLS_UPPER, 2.1

NLSSORT, 2.1

NTH_VALUE, 2.1

NTILE, 2.1

NULLIF, 2.1

NUMTODSINTERVAL, 2.1

NUMTOYMINTERVAL, 2.1

NVL, 2.1

NVL2, 2.1

ORA_DST_AFFECTED, 2.1

ORA_DST_CONVERT, 2.1

ORA_DST_ERROR, 2.1

ORA_HASH, 2.1

ORA_INVOKING_USER, 2.1

ORA_INVOKING_USERID, 2.1

PATH, 2.1

PERCENT_RANK (aggregate), 2.1

PERCENT_RANK (analytic), 2.1

PERCENTILE_CONT, 2.1

PERCENTILE_DISC, 2.1

POWER, 2.1

POWERMULTISET, 2.1

POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY, 2.1

PREDICTION, 2.1

PREDICTION (analytic), 2.1

PREDICTION_BOUNDS, 2.1

PREDICTION_COST, 2.1

PREDICTION_COST (analytic), 2.1

PREDICTION_DETAILS, 2.1

PREDICTION_DETAILS (analytic), 2.1

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY, 2.1

PREDICTION_PROBABILITY (analytic), 2.1

PREDICTION_SET, 2.1

PREDICTION_SET (analytic), 2.1

PRESENTNNV, 2.1

PRESENTV, 2.1

PREVIOUS, 2.1

RANK (aggregate), 2.1

RANK (analytic), 2.1

RATIO_TO_REPORT, 2.1

RAWTOHEX, 2.1

RAWTONHEX, 2.1

REF, 2.1

REFTOHEX, 2.1

REGEXP_COUNT, 2.1

REGEXP_INSTR, 2.1

REGEXP_REPLACE, 2.1

REGEXP_SUBSTR, 2.1

REGR_AVGX, 2.1

REGR_AVGY, 2.1

REGR_COUNT, 2.1

REGR_INTERCEPT, 2.1

REGR_R2, 2.1

REGR_SLOPE, 2.1

REGR_SXX, 2.1

REGR_SXY, 2.1

REGR_SYY, 2.1

REMAINDER, 2.1

REPLACE, 2.1

ROUND (date), 2.1

ROUND (number), 2.1

ROW_NUMBER, 2.1

ROWIDTOCHAR, 2.1

ROWTONCHAR, 2.1

RPAD, 2.1

RTRIM, 2.1

SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP, 2.1

SESSIONTIMEZONE, 2.1

SET, 2.1

SIGN, 2.1

SIN, 2.1

SINH, 2.1

SOUNDEX, 2.1

SQRT, 2.1

STANDARD_HASH, 2.1

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST, 2.1

STATS_CROSSTAB, 2.1

STATS_F_TEST, 2.1

STATS_KS_TEST, 2.1

STATS_MODE, 2.1

STATS_MW_TEST, 2.1

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEP, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_ONE, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED, 2.1

STATS_WSR_TEST, 2.1

STDDEV, 2.1

STDDEV_POP, 2.1

STDDEV_SAMP, 2.1

SUBSTR, 2.1

SUM, 2.1

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH, 2.1

SYS_CONTEXT, 2.1

SYS_DBURIGEN, 2.1

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC, 2.1

SYS_GUID, 2.1

SYS_OP_ZONE_ID, 2.1

SYS_TYPEID, 2.1

SYS_XMLAGG, 2.1

SYS_XMLGEN, 2.1

SYSDATE, 2.1

SYSTIMESTAMP, 2.1

TAN, 2.1

TANH, 2.1

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN, 2.1

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE, 2.1

TO_BINARY_FLOAT, 2.1

TO_BLOB, 2.1

TO_CHAR (character), 2.1

TO_CHAR (datetime), 2.1

TO_CHAR (number), 2.1

TO_CLOB, 2.1

TO_DATE, 2.1

TO_DSINTERVAL, 2.1

TO_LOB, 2.1

TO_MULTI_BYTE, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (character), 2.1

TO_NCHAR (datetime), 2.1

TO_NCHAR (number), 2.1

TO_NCLOB, 2.1

TO_NUMBER, 2.1

TO_SINGLE_BYTE, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ, 2.1

TO_YMINTERVAL, 2.1

TRANSLATE, 2.1

TRANSLATE...USING, 2.1

TREAT, 2.1

TRIM, 2.1

TRUNC (date), 2.1

TRUNC (number), 2.1

TZ_OFFSET, 2.1

UID, 2.1

UNISTR, 2.1

UPDATEXML, 2.1

UPPER, 2.1

USER, 2.1

user-defined functions, 2.1

USERENV, 2.1

VALUE, 2.1

VAR_POP, 2.1

VAR_SAMP, 2.1

VARIANCE, 2.1

VSIZE, 2.1

WIDTH_BUCKET, 2.1

XMLAGG, 2.1

XMLCAST, 2.1

XMLCDATA, 2.1

XMLCOLATTVAL, 2.1

XMLCOMMENT, 2.1

XMLCONCAT, 2.1

XMLDIFF, 2.1

XMLELEMENT, 2.1

XMLEXISTS, 2.1

XMLFOREST, 2.1

XMLISVALID, 2.1

XMLPARSE, 2.1

XMLPATCH, 2.1

XMLPI, 2.1

XMLQUERY, 2.1

XMLROOT, 2.1

XMLSEQUENCE, 2.1

XMLSERIALIZE, 2.1

XMLTABLE, 2.1

XMLTRANSFORM, 2.1

SQL statements, 1

ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT, 1.1

ALTER AUDIT POLICY, 1.1

ALTER CLUSTER, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE, 1.1

ALTER DATABASE LINK, 1.1

ALTER DIMENSION, 1.1

ALTER DISKGROUP, 1.1

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE, 1.1

ALTER FUNCTION, 1.1

ALTER INDEX, 1.1

ALTER INDEXTYPE, 1.1

ALTER JAVA, 1.1

ALTER LIBRARY, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1.1

ALTER MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP, 1.1

ALTER OPERATOR, 1.1

ALTER OUTLINE, 1.1

ALTER PACKAGE, 1.1

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE, 1.1

ALTER PROCEDURE, 1.1

ALTER PROFILE, 1.1

ALTER RESOURCE COST, 1.1

ALTER ROLE, 1.1

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1.1

ALTER SEQUENCE, 1.1

ALTER SESSION, 1.1

ALTER SYNONYM, 1.1

ALTER SYSTEM, 1.1

ALTER TABLE, 1.1

ALTER TABLESPACE, 1.1

ALTER TRIGGER, 1.1

ALTER TYPE, 1.1

ALTER USER, 1.1

ALTER VIEW, 1.1

ANALYZE, 1.1

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1.1

AUDIT (Traditional Auditing), 1.1

AUDIT (Unified Auditing), 1.1

CALL, 1.1

COMMENT, 1.1

COMMIT, 1.1

CREATE AUDIT POLICY, 1.1

CREATE CLUSTER, 1.1

CREATE CONTEXT, 1.1

CREATE CONTROLFILE, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE, 1.1

CREATE DATABASE LINK, 1.1

CREATE DIMENSION, 1.1

CREATE DIRECTORY, 1.1

CREATE DISKGROUP, 1.1

CREATE EDITION, 1.1

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE, 1.1

CREATE FUNCTION, 1.1

CREATE INDEX, 1.1

CREATE INDEXTYPE, 1.1

CREATE JAVA, 1.1

CREATE LIBRARY, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1.1

CREATE MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP, 1.1

CREATE OPERATOR, 1.1

CREATE OUTLINE, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE, 1.1

CREATE PACKAGE BODY, 1.1

CREATE PFILE, 1.1

CREATE PLUGGABLE DATABASE, 1.1

CREATE PROCEDURE, 1.1

CREATE PROFILE, 1.1

CREATE RESTORE POINT, 1.1

CREATE ROLE, 1.1

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1.1

CREATE SCHEMA, 1.1

CREATE SEQUENCE, 1.1

CREATE SPFILE, 1.1

CREATE SYNONYM, 1.1

CREATE TABLE, 1.1

CREATE TABLESPACE, 1.1

CREATE TRIGGER, 1.1

CREATE TYPE, 1.1

CREATE TYPE BODY, 1.1

CREATE USER, 1.1

CREATE VIEW, 1.1

DELETE, 1.1

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS, 1.1

DROP AUDIT POLICY, 1.1

DROP CLUSTER, 1.1

DROP CONTEXT, 1.1

DROP DATABASE, 1.1

DROP DATABASE LINK, 1.1

DROP DIMENSION, 1.1

DROP DIRECTORY, 1.1

DROP DISKGROUP, 1.1

DROP EDITION, 1.1

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE, 1.1

DROP FUNCTION, 1.1

DROP INDEX, 1.1

DROP INDEXTYPE, 1.1

DROP JAVA, 1.1

DROP LIBRARY, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG, 1.1

DROP MATERIALIZED ZONEMAP, 1.1

DROP OPERATOR, 1.1

DROP OUTLINE, 1.1

DROP PACKAGE, 1.1

DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE, 1.1

DROP PROCEDURE, 1.1

DROP PROFILE, 1.1

DROP RESTORE POINT, 1.1

DROP ROLE, 1.1

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT, 1.1

DROP SEQUENCE, 1.1

DROP SYNONYM, 1.1

DROP TABLE, 1.1

DROP TABLESPACE, 1.1

DROP TRIGGER, 1.1

DROP TYPE, 1.1

DROP TYPE BODY, 1.1

DROP USER, 1.1

DROP VIEW, 1.1

EXPLAIN PLAN, 1.1

FLASHBACK DATABASE, 1.1

FLASHBACK TABLE, 1.1

GRANT, 1.1

INSERT, 1.1

LOCK TABLE, 1.1

MERGE, 1.1

NOAUDIT (Traditional Auditing), 1.1

NOAUDIT (Unified Auditing), 1.1

PURGE, 1.1

RENAME, 1.1

REVOKE, 1.1

ROLLBACK, 1.1

SAVEPOINT, 1.1

SELECT, 1.1

SET CONSTRAINT, 1.1

SET ROLE, 1.1

SET TRANSACTION, 1.1

TRUNCATE CLUSTER, 1.1

TRUNCATE TABLE, 1.1

UPDATE, 1.1

SQL*Plus commands, A, A.1

/ (slash), A.1

@ (at sign), A.1

APPEND, A.1

CHANGE, A.1

CONNECT, A.1

DEL, A.1

DESCRIBE, A.1

DISCONNECT, A.1

EDIT, A.1

EXECUTE, A.1

EXIT, A.1

GET, A.1

HELP, A.1

HOST, A.1

INPUT, A.1

LIST, A.1

QUIT, A.1

RUN, A.1

SAVE, A.1

SET, A.1

SHOW, A.1

SHUTDOWN, A.1

SPOOL, A.1

SQLPLUS, A.1

START, A.1

STARTUP, A.1

sql_format of TO_DSINTERVAL function, 5.1

SQL/DS data types

restrictions on, 6.4

SQLPLUS SQL*Plus command, A.1

SQRT function, 2.1

standard_actions, 5.1

STANDARD_HASH function, 2.1

standby_database_clauses, 5.1

standbys_clause, 5.1

START SQL*Plus command, A.1

start_standby_clause, 5.1

STARTUP SQL*Plus command, A.1

startup_clauses, 5.1

statements, 1

see also SQL statements

STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_CROSSTAB function, 2.1

STATS_F_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_KS_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_MODE function, 2.1

STATS_MW_TEST function, 2.1

STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEP function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_ONE function, 2.1

STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED function, 2.1

STATS_WSR_TEST function, 2.1

STDDEV function, 2.1

STDDEV_POP function, 2.1

STDDEV_SAMP function, 2.1

still_image_object_types, 5.1

stop_standby_clause, 5.1

storage_clause, 5.1

storage_table_clause, 5.1

string, 5.1

striping_clause, 5.1

SUBMULTISET condition, 4.1

subpartition_by_hash, 5.1

subpartition_by_list, 5.1

subpartition_by_range, 5.1

subpartition_extended_name, 5.1

subpartition_extended_names, 5.1

subpartition_or_key_value, 5.1

subpartition_spec, 5.1

subpartition_template, 5.1

subquery, 5.1

subquery_factoring_clause, 5.1

subquery_restriction_clause, 5.1

substitutable_column_clause, 5.1

SUBSTR function, 2.1

SUM function, 2.1

supplemental_db_logging, 5.1

supplemental_id_key_clause, 5.1

supplemental_log_grp_clause, 5.1

supplemental_logging_props, 5.1

supplemental_plsql_clause, 5.1

supplemental_table_logging, 5.1

supplied data types, 6.1, 6.3

switch_logfile_clause, 5.1

switchover_clause, 5.1

syntax for subclauses, 5.1

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH function, 2.1

SYS_CONTEXT function, 2.1

SYS_DBURIGEN function, 2.1

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC function, 2.1

SYS_GUID function, 2.1

SYS_OP_ZONE_ID function, 2.1

SYS_TYPEID function, 2.1

SYS_XMLAGG function, 2.1

SYS_XMLGEN function, 2.1

SYSDATE function, 2.1

system_partitioning, 5.1

SYSTIMESTAMP function, 2.1

T

table_collection_expression, 5.1

table_compression, 5.1

table_index_clause, 5.1

table_partition_description, 5.1

table_partitioning_clauses, 5.1

table_properties, 5.1

table_reference, 5.1

tablespace_clauses, 5.1

tablespace_datafile_clauses, 5.1

tablespace_encryption_spec, 5.1

tablespace_group_clause, 5.1

tablespace_logging_clauses, 5.1

tablespace_retention_clause, 5.1

tablespace_state_clauses, 5.1

TAN function, 2.1

TANH function, 2.1

tempfile_reuse_clause, 5.1

temporary_tablespace_clause, 5.1

tiering_clause, 5.1

TIME data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4, 6.4

time format models, 7.1.2.1

time zone formatting, 7.1.2.1

timeout_clause, 5.1

TIMESTAMP data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4, 6.4

TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN function, 2.1

TO_BINARY_DOUBLE function, 2.1

TO_BINARY_FLOAT function, 2.1

TO_BLOB function, 2.1

TO_CHAR (character) function, 2.1

TO_CHAR (datetime) function, 2.1

TO_CHAR (number) function, 2.1

TO_CLOB function, 2.1

TO_DATE function, 2.1

TO_DSINTERVAL function, 2.1

TO_LOB function, 2.1

TO_MULTI_BYTE function, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (character) function, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (datetime) function, 2.1

TO_NCHAR (number) function, 2.1

TO_NCLOB function, 2.1

TO_NUMBER function, 2.1

TO_SINGLE_BYTE function, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP function, 2.1

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ function, 2.1

TO_YMINTERVAL function, 2.1

trace_file_clause, 5.1

TRANSLATE function, 2.1

TRANSLATE...USING function, 2.1

TREAT function, 2.1

TRIM function, 2.1

TRUNC (date) function, 2.1

TRUNC (number) function, 2.1

TRUNCATE CLUSTER statement, 1.1

TRUNCATE TABLE statement, 1.1

truncate_partition_subpart, 5.1

type constructor expressions, 3.1

TZ_OFFSET function, 2.1

U

UID function, 2.1

UNDER_PATH condition, 4.1

undo_tablespace, 5.1

undo_tablespace_clause, 5.1

undrop_disk_clause, 5.1

UNISTR function, 2.1

unpivot_clause, 5.1

unpivot_in_clause, 5.1

unusable_editions_clause, 5.1

UPDATE statement, 1.1

update_all_indexes_clause, 5.1

update_global_index_clause, 5.1

update_index_clauses, 5.1

update_index_partition, 5.1

update_index_subpartition, 5.1

update_set_clause, 5.1

UPDATEXML function, 2.1

upgrade_table_clause, 5.1

UPPER function, 2.1

use_key, 5.1

USER function, 2.1

user_clauses, 5.1

user_tablespaces_clause, 5.1

user-defined data types, 6.1

user-defined functions, 2.1

USERENV function, 2.1

usergroup_clauses, 5.1

using_function_clause, 5.1

using_index_clause, 5.1

using_statistics_type, 5.1

using_type_clause, 5.1

V

validation_clauses, 5.1

VALUE function, 2.1

values_clause, 5.1

VAR_POP function, 2.1

VAR_SAMP function, 2.1

VARGRAPHIC data type

DB2, 6.4, 6.4

SQL/DS, 6.4, 6.4

VARIANCE function, 2.1

varray_col_properties, 5.1

varray_storage_clause, 5.1

virtual_column_definition, 5.1

VSIZE function, 2.1

W

where_clause, 5.1

WIDTH_BUCKET function, 2.1

windowing_clause, 5.1

with_clause, 5.1

X

XML_attributes_clause, 5.1

XML_namespaces_clause, 5.1

XML_passing_clause, 5.1

XML_table_column, 5.1

XML_types, 6.3

XMLAGG function, 2.1

XMLCast function, 2.1

XMLCDATA function, 2.1

XMLCOLATTVAL function, 2.1

XMLCOMMENT function, 2.1

XMLCONCAT function, 2.1

XMLDIFF function, 2.1

XMLELEMENT function, 2.1

XMLEXISTS function, 2.1

XMLFOREST function, 2.1

XMLIndex_clause, 5.1

XMLISVALID function, 2.1

XMLPARSE function, 2.1

XMLPATCH function, 2.1

XMLPI function, 2.1

XMLQUERY function, 2.1

XMLROOT function, 2.1

XMLSchema_spec, 5.1

XMLSEQUENCE function, 2.1

XMLSERIALIZE function, 2.1

XMLTABLE function, 2.1

XMLTABLE_options, 5.1

XMLTRANSFORM function, 2.1

XMLType_column_properties, 5.1

XMLType_storage, 5.1

XMLType_table, 5.1

XMLType_view_clause, 5.1

XMLType_virtual_columns, 5.1

Y

ym_iso_format of TO_YMINTERVAL function, 5.1

Z

zonemap_attributes, 5.1

zonemap_clause, 5.1

zonemap_refresh_clause, 5.1

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