Index

A  B  C  D  E  F  H  I  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W 

---

A

Active Session History, 5.1.2

report

activity over time, 9.3.8

load profile, 9.3.2

top events, 9.3.1

top files, 9.3.7

top Java, 9.3.5

top latches, 9.3.7

top objects, 9.3.7

top PL/SQL, 9.3.4

top sessions, 9.3.6

Top SQL, 9.3.3

using, 9.3

reports, 9.2

allocation of memory, 11.1

applications

deploying, 2.7

design principles, 2.5

development trends, 2.5.7

implementing, 2.5.6

Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor

actions and rationales of recommendations, 7.1.4

analysis results example, 7.1.5

and DB time, 7.1.1

CONTROL_MANAGEMENT_PACK_ACCESS parameter, 7.2

DBIO_EXPECTED, 7.2

example report, 7.1.5

findings, 7.1.4

overview, 7.1

results, 7.1.4

setups, 7.2

STATISTICS_LEVEL parameter, 7.2

types of problems considered, 7.1.1

types of recommendations, 7.1.4

automatic database diagnostic monitoring, 1.2.1

automatic segment-space management, 4.1.4.1, 10.3.2.2.1, 17.2.6.2

Automatic shared memory management, 12.1

automatic SQL tuning, 1.2.1

automatic undo management, 4.1.2, 4.1.2

Automatic Workload Repository, 1.2.1

compare periods report

about, 8.1

advisory statistics, 8.3.2.8, 8.3.2.16

details, 8.3.2

dictionary cache statistics, 8.3.2.14

instance activity statistics, 8.3.2.6

I/O statistics, 8.3.2.7

latch statistics, 8.3.2.11

library cache statistics, 8.3.2.15

operating system statistics, 8.3.2.2

segment statistics, 8.3.2.12, 8.3.2.13

service statistics, 8.3.2.4

SQL statistics, 8.3.2.5

summary, 8.3.1

supplemental information, 8.3.3

time model statistics, 8.3.2.1

undo statistics, 8.3.2.10

using, 8.3

wait events, 8.3.2.3

wait statistics, 8.3.2.9

configuring, 6.2.1

DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY package, 6.2.2.1, 6.2.3.1, 6.2.4.1

default settings, 6.1.4

factors affecting space usage, 6.1.4

managing with APIs, 6.2.2.1, 6.2.3.1, 6.2.4.1

minimizing space usage, 6.1.4

overview, 6.1.1

recommendations for retention period, 6.1.4

reports, 6.3.2.1

retention period, 6.1.4

settings in DBA_HIST_WR_CONTROL view, 6.2.2.4.1

space usage, 6.1.4

statistics collected, 6.1.1

turning off automatic snapshot collection, 6.1.4

unusual percentages in reports, 6.3

views for accessing data, 6.2.6

awrrpt.sql

Automatic Workload Repository report, 6.3.2.1

---

B

baselines, 1.1.2.2, 6.1.3

performance, 6.1

benchmarking workloads, 2.6.2.2

big bang rollout strategy, 2.7.1

bitmap indexes, 2.5.3.2.2

block cleanout, 10.2.4.2

block size

choosing, 17.2.6

optimal, 17.2.6

bottlenecks

elimination, 1.1.2.4.2

fixing, 3.1

identifying, 3.1

memory, 11.1

resource, 10.3.19.1.2

B-tree indexes, 2.5.3.2.1

buffer busy wait events, 10.2.3, 10.3.2

actions, 10.3.2.2

buffer cache

contention, 10.3.3, 10.3.4, 10.3.11.2

hit ratio, 13.2.2

buffer pools

default cache, 13.3.1.1

KEEP, 13.3.6

KEEP cache, 13.3.1.1

multiple, 13.3

RECYCLE cache, 13.3.1.1

buffer waits

about, 8.3.2.9.1

business logic, 2.4.1.2.2, 2.5.6

---

C

chained rows, 10.2.4.3

classes

wait events, 5.1.3, 10.1.3.2

client/server applications, 18.4.1.2

column order

indexes, 2.5.3.5

COMPATIBLE initialization parameter, 4.1.1

components

hardware, 2.4.1.1

software, 2.4.1.2

conceptual modeling, 3.1.2

consistency

read, 10.2.4.2

consistent gets from cache statistic, 13.2.2

contention

library cache latch, 10.3.11.3

memory, 10, 11.1

shared pool, 10.3.11.3

tuning, 10

wait events, 10.3.11

context switches, 18.4.1.4.2

CONTROL_FILES initialization parameter, 4.1.1

CONTROL_MANAGEMENT_PACK_ACCESS initialization parameter

enabling automatic database diagnostic monitoring, 7.2

CPUs, 2.4.1.1.1

statistics, 10.1.2.1.3

utilization, 18.4.1

CREATE INDEX statement

PARALLEL clause, 4.2.3

CURSOR_SHARING initialization parameter, 14.2.1

CURSOR_SPACE_FOR_TIME initialization parameter, 14.3.2

cursors

accessing, 14.2.6

sharing, 14.2.6

---

D

data

and transactions, 2.4.1.2.4

cache, 18.1.1

gathering, 5.1

modeling, 2.5.2

queries, 2.4.2

searches, 2.4.2

database caching modes

configuring, 13.5

default database caching mode, 13.5.1

determining which mode to use, 13.5.3

force full database caching mode

about, 13.5.2

verifying, 13.5.4

database monitoring, 1.2.1

diagnostic, 7.1

database performance

comparing, 8.1

degradation over time, 8.1

Database Resource Manager, 10.1.2.1.3, 18.1.3, 18.1.3, 18.4.2

database tuning

performance degradation over time, 8.1

transient performance problems, 9.1

databases

diagnosing and monitoring, 7.1

size, 2.4.2

statistics, 5.1

db block gets from cache statistic, 13.2.2

db file scattered read wait events, 10.2.3, 10.3.3, 10.3.3

actions, 10.3.3.1, 10.3.4.1

db file sequential read wait events, 10.2.3, 10.3.3, 10.3.4

actions, 10.3.4.1

DB time

metric, 7.1.1

statistic, 5.1.1

DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter, 4.1.1, 17.2.1.2

DB_CACHE_ADVICE parameter, 13.2.4

DB_CACHE_SIZE initialization parameter, 13.3

DB_DOMAIN initialization parameter, 4.1.1

DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT initialization parameter, 10.3.3, 17.2.1.1, 17.2.1.2, 17.2.1.3

DB_KEEP_CACHE_SIZE

initialization parameter, 13.3.6

DB_NAME initialization parameter, 4.1.1

DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE initialization parameter, 13.2.4

DB_RECYCLE_CACHE_SIZE

initialization parameter, 13.3.7

DB_WRITER_PROCESSES initialization parameter, 10.3.9.3.1

DBA_HIST views, 6.2.6

DBA_HIST_WR_CONTROL view

Automatic Workload Repository settings, 6.2.2.4.1

DBA_OBJECTS view, 13.3.5.2

DBIO_EXPECTED parameter, 7.2

DBMS_ADDM package

Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor, 7.3

DBMS_ADVISOR package

setting DBIO_EXPECTED, 7.2

setups for ADDM, 7.2, 7.2

DBMS_RESULT_CACHE, 15.2.1.2

DBMS_SHARED_POOL package

managing the shared pool, 14.3.5

DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY package

managing the Automatic Workload Repository, 6.2.2.1, 6.2.3.1, 6.2.4.1

debugging designs, 2.6.4

default cache, 13.3.1.1

deploying applications, 2.7

design principles, 2.5

designs

debugging, 2.6.4

testing, 2.6.4

validating, 2.6.4

development environments, 2.5.6

diagnostic monitoring, 1.2.1, 7.1

introduction, 7.1

dictionary cache, 8.3.2.14

direct path

read events, 10.3.5

read events actions, 10.3.5.2

read events causes, 10.3.5.1

wait events, 10.3.6

write events actions, 10.3.6.2

write events causes, 10.3.6.1

disks

monitoring operating system file activity, 10.1.2.2

---

E

emergencies

performance, 3.2

Emergency Performance Method, 3.2.1

End to End Application Tracing

action and module names, 2.5.6

enqueue

about, 8.3.2.9.2

enqueue wait events, 10.2.3, 10.3.7

actions, 10.3.7.2

statistics, 10.1.3.4.5

estimating workloads, 2.6.2

benchmarking, 2.6.2.2

extrapolating, 2.6.2.1

EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL

creating temporary tablespaces, 4.1.4.2

extrapolating workloads, 2.6.2.1

---

F

FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET

and tuning instance recovery, 10.4.3

Fast-Start checkpointing architecture, 10.4.2

Fast-Start Fault Recovery, 10.4, 10.4.2

FILESYSTEMIO_OPTIONS initialization parameter, 18.1.1.2

free buffer wait events, 10.2.3, 10.3.9

free lists, 10.3.2.2.1

full table scans, 10.3.5.2.2

function-based indexes, 2.5.3.2.3

---

H

hard parsing, 2.5.5

hardware

components, 2.4.1.1

limitations of components, 2.3.3

sizing of components, 2.3.3

HOLD_CURSOR clause, 14.2.6.2

hours of service, 2.4.2

HW enqueue

contention, 10.3.7.2.2

---

I

idle wait events, 10.3.10

SQL*Net message from client, 10.3.19.1

implementing business logic, 2.4.1.2.2

indexes

adding columns, 2.5.3.1

appending columns, 2.5.3.1

bitmap, 2.5.3.2.2

B-tree, 2.5.3.2.1

column order, 2.5.3.5

costs, 2.5.3.3

creating, 4.2.3

design, 2.5.3

function-based, 2.5.3.2.3

partitioned, 2.5.3.2.4

placement on disk, 17.2.2

reducing I/O, 2.5.3.5

reverse key, 2.5.3.2.5

selectivity, 2.5.3.5

sequences in, 2.5.3.4

serializing in, 2.5.3.4

initialization parameters

CONTROL_FILES, 4.1.1

DB_BLOCK_SIZE, 4.1.1

DB_DOMAIN, 4.1.1

DB_NAME, 4.1.1

OPEN_CURSORS, 4.1.1

PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET, 4.2.3.1

PROCESSES, 4.1.1

SESSIONS, 4.1.1

STREAMS_POOL_SIZE, 4.1.1, 12.2

In-Memory Column Store

about, 12.4.1

configuring, 12.4

estimating required size, 12.4.3

performance benefits, 12.4.2

sizing, 12.4.4

In-Memory Column Store (IM column store), Preface

instance activity

comparing, 8.3.2.6

instance caging, 18.4

instance configuration

initialization files, 4.1.1

performance considerations, 4.1

instance recovery

Fast-Start Fault Recovery, 10.4.2

performance tuning, 10.4

Internet scalability, 2.3.2

I/O

and SQL statements, 10.3.3.4

contention, 10.1.2.2.1, 10.1.3.2, 10.3.3.2, 10.3.15

excessive I/O waits, 10.3.3.2

monitoring, 10.1.2.2

objects causing I/O waits, 10.3.3.5

---

K

KEEP buffer pool, 13.3.6

KEEP cache, 13.3.1.1

---

L

LARGE_POOL_SIZE initialization parameter, 14.4.3

latch contention

library cache latches, 10.2.1.2

shared pool latches, 10.2.1.2

latch free wait events, 10.2.3

actions, 10.3.11.1

latch wait events, 10.3.11

latches, 9.3.7.3

tuning, 1.1.2.3, 10.3.11.3

library cache, 8.3.2.15

latch contention, 10.3.11.3

latch wait events, 10.3.11.1

lock, 10.3.14

pin, 10.3.13

linear scalability, 2.3.3

locks and lock holders

finding, 10.3.7.1

log buffer

space wait events, 10.2.3, 10.3.15

log file

parallel write wait events, 10.3.12

switch wait events, 10.3.16

sync wait events, 10.2.3, 10.3.17

log writer processes

tuning, 17.2.3.2

LOG_BUFFER initialization parameter, 13.4.1

LRU

aging policy, 13.3

latch contention, 10.3.11.3.4

---

M

managing the user interface, 2.4.1.2.1

max session memory statistic, 14.4.3

MAX_DISPATCHERS initialization parameter, 4.3.1.1

MAXOPENCURSORS clause, 14.2.6.2

memory

hardware component, 2.4.1.1.2

PGA statistics, 8.3.2.8

statistics, 8.3.2.16

memory allocation

importance, 11.1

tuning, 12.2.5

metrics, 6.1

migrated rows, 10.2.4.3

mirroring

redo logs, 17.2.3.3

modeling

conceptual, 3.1.2

data, 2.5.2

workloads, 2.6.3

monitoring

diagnostic, 1.2.1

multiple buffer pools, 13.3

---

N

NAMESPACE column

V$LIBRARYCACHE view, 14.3.1.1.1

network

hardware component, 2.4.1.1.4

speed, 2.4.2

network communication wait events, 10.3.19

db file scattered read wait events, 10.3.3

db file sequential read wait events, 10.3.3, 10.3.4

SQL*Net message from Dblink, 10.3.19.2

SQL*Net more data to client, 10.3.19.3

---

O

object-orientation, 2.5.7

OPEN_CURSORS initialization parameter, 4.1.1

operating system

data cache, 18.1.1

monitoring disk I/O, 10.1.2.2

optimization

described

optimizer

introduction, 1.1.3.1

query, 1.1.3.1

Oracle CPU statistics, 10.1.2.1.3

Oracle Enterprise Manager

advisors, 1.2.1

Performance page, 1.2.1

Oracle Forms

control of parsing and private SQL areas, 14.2.6.5

Oracle Managed Files, 17.2.5

tuning, 17.2.5

Oracle Orion

calibration tool parameters, 17.4.4

command-line options, 17.4.4

Oracle performance improvement method, 3.1

steps, 3.1.1

---

P

package

DBMS_RESULT_CACHE, 15.2.1.2

page table, 18.4.1.1.2

paging, 18.4.1.2

reducing, 12.2.4.1

PARALLEL clause

CREATE INDEX statement, 4.2.3

parameter

RESULT_CACHE_MAX_SIZE, 15.2.1.1

RESULT_CACHE_MODE, 15.2.3

parameters

initialization, 8.3.3.1

parsing

hard, 2.5.5

Oracle Forms, 14.2.6.5

Oracle precompilers, 14.2.6.2

reducing unnecessary calls, 14.2.6

soft, 2.5.5

partitioned indexes, 2.5.3.2.4

PCTFREE parameter, 4.2, 10.2.4.3

PCTUSED parameter, 10.2.4.3, 10.2.4.3

performance

emergencies, 3.2

improvement method, 3.1

improvement method steps, 3.1.1

mainframe, 18.2.3

monitoring memory on Windows, 18.4.1.1.1

tools for diagnosing and tuning, 1.2

UNIX-based systems, 18.2.1

Windows, 18.2.2

Performance Hub active reports

about, 6.4.1

generating, 6.4, 6.4.3

performance problems

transient, 9.1

performance tuning

Fast-Start Fault Recovery, 10.4

instance recovery, 10.4

FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET, 10.4.2

setting FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET, 10.4.3

using V$INSTANCE_RECOVERY, 10.4.2.3

PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET initialization parameter, 4.1.1, 4.2.3.1, 16.2.1, 18.1.2.2

physical reads from cache statistic, 13.2.2

PRIVATE_SGA variable, 14.4.4

proactive monitoring, 1.1.2.4.1

processes

scheduling, 18.4.1.4.1

PROCESSES initialization parameter, 4.1.1

program global area (PGA)

direct path read, 10.3.5

direct path write, 10.3.6

shared servers, 14.4.1

programming languages, 2.5.6

---

Q

queries

data, 2.4.2

query optimizer, 1.1.3.1

See optimizer

---

R

rdbms ipc reply wait events, 10.3.18

read consistency, 10.2.4.2

read wait events

direct path, 10.3.5

scattered, 10.3.3

RECYCLE cache, 13.3.1.1

REDO BUFFER ALLOCATION RETRIES statistic, 13.4.2

redo logs, 4.1.3

buffer size, 10.3.15

mirroring, 17.2.3.3

placement on disk, 17.2.3.2

sizing, 4.1.3

space requests, 10.2.4.1

reducing

contention with dispatchers, 4.3.1.1

paging and swapping, 12.2.4.1

RELEASE_CURSOR clause, 14.2.6.2

resources

allocation, 2.4.1.2.3, 2.5.6

bottlenecks, 10.3.19.1.2

wait events, 10.3.4

response time, 2.4.2

reverse key indexes, 2.5.3.2.5

rollout strategies

big bang approach, 2.7.1

trickle approach, 2.7.1

row cache objects, 10.3.11.3.6

---

S

sar UNIX command, 18.4.1.1.1

scalability, 2.3.1

factors preventing, 2.3.3, 2.3.3

Internet, 2.3.2

linear, 2.3.3

scattered read wait events, 10.3.3

actions, 10.3.3.1

segment-level statistics, 10.1.3.5

selectivity

ordering columns in an index, 2.5.3.5

sequential read wait events

actions, 10.3.4.1

service hours, 2.4.2

session memory statistic, 14.4.3

SESSIONS initialization parameter, 4.1.1

SGA_TARGET initialization parameter, 4.1.1

and Automatic Shared Memory Management, 12.1.2.1

automatic memory management, 12.1

shared pool contention, 10.3.11.3

shared server

performance issues, 4.3

reducing contention, 4.3

tuning, 4.3

tuning memory, 14.4.1

SHARED_POOL_SIZE initialization parameter, 14.3.1.4, 14.3.1.5

SHOW SGA statement, 12.2.4.2.1

sizing redo logs, 4.1.3

snapshots

about, 6.1.2

soft parsing, 2.5.5

software

components, 2.4.1.2

sort areas

tuning, 16.1.1

SQL statements

waiting for I/O, 10.3.3.4

SQL Tuning Advisor, 1.2.1

SQL*Net

message from client idle events, 10.3.19.1

message from dblink wait events, 10.3.19.2

more data to client wait events, 10.3.19.3

ST enqueue

contention, 10.3.7.2.1

statistics

and STATISTICS_LEVEL initialization parameter, 1.2

baselines, 6.1

consistent gets from cache, 13.2.2

databases, 5.1

db block gets from cache, 13.2.2

dictionary cache, 8.3.2.14

gathering, 5.1

instance activity, 8.3.2.6

I/O, 8.3.2.7

latch, 8.3.2.11

library cache, 8.3.2.15

max session memory, 14.4.3

memory, 8.3.2.16

operating system

comparing, 8.3.2.2

PGA memory, 8.3.2.8

physical reads from cache, 13.2.2

segment, 8.3.2.12, 8.3.2.13

segment-level, 10.1.3.5

service, 8.3.2.4

session memory, 14.4.3

shared server processes, 4.3.2

SQL, 8.3.2.5

time model, 5.1.1, 8.3.2.1

undo, 8.3.2.10

waits, 8.3.2.9

STATISTICS_LEVEL initialization parameter, 5.2.2, 10.1.3.1

and Automatic Workload Repository, 6.2.1

enabling automatic database diagnostic monitoring, 7.2

settings for statistic gathering, 1.2

STREAMS_POOL_SIZE initialization parameter, 4.1.1, 12.2

striping

manual, 17.2.2

swapping, 18.4.1.1.1, 18.4.1.2

reducing, 12.2.4.1

switching processes, 18.4.1.4.1

system architecture, 2.4

configuration, 2.4.2

hardware components, 2.4.1.1

CPUs, 2.4.1.1.1

I/O subsystems, 2.4.1.1.3

memory, 2.4.1.1.2

networks, 2.4.1.1.4

software components, 2.4.1.2

data and transactions, 2.4.1.2.4

implementing business logic, 2.4.1.2.2

managing the user interface, 2.4.1.2.1

user requests and resource allocation, 2.4.1.2.3

System Global Area tuning, 12.2.4.2

---

T

tables

creating, 4.2

design, 2.5.3

full scans, 10.3.5.2.2

placement on disk, 17.2.2

setting storage options, 4.2

tablespaces, 4.1.4

creating, 4.1.4, 4.1.4.2

temporary, 4.1.4, 4.1.4.2

temporary tablespaces, 4.1.4

creating, 4.1.4.2

testing designs, 2.6.4

thrashing, 18.4.1.2

time model statistics, 5.1.1

comparing, 8.3.2.1

TM enqueue contention, 10.3.7.2.3

tools for performance tuning, 1.2

Top Java

Active Session History report, 9.3.5

top PL/SQL

Active Session History report, 9.3.4

Top Sessions

Active Session History report, 9.3.6

Top SQL

Active Session History report, 9.3.3

transactions and data, 2.4.1.2.4

trickle rollout strategy, 2.7.1

tuning

and bottleneck elimination, 1.1.2.4.2

and proactive monitoring, 1.1.2.4.1

latches, 1.1.2.3, 10.3.11.3

resource contention, 10

shared server, 4.3

sorts, 16.1.1

System Global Area (SGA), 12.2.4.2

TX enqueue contention, 10.3.7.2.4

---

U

undo management, automatic mode, 4.1.2

UNDO TABLESPACE clause, 4.1.2

UNDO_MANAGEMENT initialization parameter, 4.1.1, 4.1.2

UNDO_TABLESPACE initialization parameter, 4.1.1

UNIX system performance, 18.2.1

user global area (UGA)

shared servers, 4.3, 14.4.1

user requests, 2.4.1.2.3

users

interaction method, 2.4.2

interfaces, 2.5.6

location, 2.4.2

network speed, 2.4.2

number of, 2.4.2

requests, 2.5.6

response time, 2.4.2

UTLCHN1.SQL script, 10.2.4.3

---

V

V$ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY view, 5.1.2, 10.1.3.3

V$BH view, 13.3.5

V$BUFFER_POOL_STATISTICS view, 13.3.4

V$DB_CACHE_ADVICE view, 13.2.1, 13.2.2, 13.2.4, 13.2.5, 13.3.3

V$EVENT_HISTOGRAM view, 10.1.3.3

V$FILE_HISTOGRAM view, 10.1.3.3

V$JAVA_LIBRARY_CACHE_MEMORY view, 14.3.1.2.3

V$JAVA_POOL_ADVICE view, 14.3.1.2.3

V$LIBRARY_CACHE_MEMORY view, 14.3.1.2.2

V$LIBRARYCACHE view

NAMESPACE column, 14.3.1.1.1

V$QUEUE view, 4.3.2

V$ROWCACHE view

performance statistics, 14.3.1.3

V$RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP view, 10.1.2.1.3

V$SESS_TIME_MODEL view, 5.1.1, 10.1.3.3

V$SESSION view, 10.1.3.3, 10.1.3.4, 10.3

V$SESSION_EVENT view, 10.1.3.3, 10.3

V$SESSION_WAIT view, 10.1.3.3, 10.3

V$SESSION_WAIT_CLASS view, 10.1.3.3

V$SESSION_WAIT_HISTORY view, 10.1.3.3, 10.1.3.3, 10.3

V$SESSTAT view, 10.1.2.1.3, 14.4.3

V$SHARED_POOL_ADVICE view, 14.3.1.2.1

V$SHARED_POOL_RESERVED view, 14.3.6.1

V$SYS_TIME_MODEL view, 5.1.1, 10.1.3.3

V$SYSSTAT view

redo buffer allocation, 13.4.2

using, 13.2.2

V$SYSTEM_EVENT view, 10.1.3.3, 10.3

V$SYSTEM_WAIT_CLASS view, 10.1.3.3

V$TEMP_HISTOGRAM view, 10.1.3.3

V$UNDOSTAT view, 4.1.2

V$WAITSTAT view, 10.1.3.4

validating designs, 2.6.4

views, 2.5.4

DBA_HIST, 6.2.6

vmstat UNIX command, 18.4.1.1.1

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W

wait events, 5.1.3

buffer busy waits, 10.3.2

classes, 5.1.3, 10.1.3.2

comparing, 8.3.2.3

contention wait events, 10.3.11

direct path, 10.3.6

enqueue, 10.3.7

free buffer waits, 10.3.9

idle wait events, 10.3.10

latch, 10.3.11

library cache latch, 10.3.11.1

log buffer space, 10.3.15

log file parallel write, 10.3.12

log file switch, 10.3.16

log file sync, 10.3.17

network communication wait events, 10.3.19

rdbms ipc reply, 10.3.18

resource wait events, 10.3.4

Windows performance, 18.2.2

workloads, 2.6.2, 2.6.2.1, 2.6.2.2, 2.6.3, 2.6.4