{"id":11326,"date":"2019-03-13T01:26:33","date_gmt":"2019-03-13T01:26:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/?p=11326"},"modified":"2019-03-13T03:22:43","modified_gmt":"2019-03-13T03:22:43","slug":"a-z-linux-commands-overview-with-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/2019\/03\/13\/a-z-linux-commands-overview-with-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"A \u2013 Z LINUX COMMANDS (136) \u2013 OVERVIEW WITH EXAMPLES"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Linux<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
adduser\/addgroup<\/a><\/td>\nagetty<\/a><\/td>\nalias<\/a><\/td>\nanacron<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
apropos<\/a><\/td>\napt<\/a><\/td>\napt-get<\/a><\/td>\naptitude<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
arch<\/a><\/td>\narp<\/a><\/td>\nat<\/a><\/td>\natq<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
atrm<\/a><\/td>\nawk<\/a><\/td>\nbatch<\/a><\/td>\nbasename<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bc<\/a><\/td>\nbg<\/a><\/td>\nbzip<\/a><\/td>\ncal<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cat<\/a><\/td>\nchgrp<\/a><\/td>\nchmod<\/a><\/td>\nchown<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cksum<\/a><\/td>\nclear<\/a><\/td>\ncmp<\/a><\/td>\ncomm<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
cp<\/a><\/td>\ndate<\/a><\/td>\ndd<\/a><\/td>\ndf<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
diff<\/a><\/td>\ndir<\/a><\/td>\ndmidecode<\/a><\/td>\ndu<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
echo<\/a><\/td>\neject<\/a><\/td>\nenv<\/a><\/td>\nexit<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
expr<\/a><\/td>\nfactor<\/a><\/td>\nfind<\/a><\/td>\nfree<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
grep<\/a><\/td>\ngroups<\/a><\/td>\ngzip<\/a><\/td>\ngunzip<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
head<\/a><\/td>\nhistory<\/a><\/td>\nhostname<\/a><\/td>\nhostnamectl<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hwclock<\/a><\/td>\nhwinfo<\/a><\/td>\nid<\/a><\/td>\nifconfig<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ionice<\/a><\/td>\niostat<\/a><\/td>\nip<\/a><\/td>\niptables<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
iw<\/a><\/td>\niwlist<\/a><\/td>\nkill<\/a><\/td>\nkillall<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kmod<\/a><\/td>\nlast<\/a><\/td>\nln<\/a><\/td>\nlocate<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
login<\/a><\/td>\nls<\/a><\/td>\nlshw<\/a><\/td>\nlscpu<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
lsof<\/a><\/td>\nlsusb<\/a><\/td>\nman<\/a><\/td>\nmdsum<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mkdir<\/a><\/td>\nmore<\/a><\/td>\nmv<\/a><\/td>\nnano<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nc\/netcat<\/a><\/td>\nnetstat<\/a><\/td>\nnice<\/a><\/td>\nnmap<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nproc<\/a><\/td>\nopenssl<\/a><\/td>\npasswd<\/a><\/td>\npidof<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ping<\/a><\/td>\nps<\/a><\/td>\npstree<\/a><\/td>\npwd<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rdiff-backup<\/a><\/td>\nreboot<\/a><\/td>\nrename<\/a><\/td>\nrm<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rmdir<\/a><\/td>\nscp<\/a><\/td>\nshutdown<\/a><\/td>\nsleep<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
sort<\/a><\/td>\nsplit<\/a><\/td>\nssh<\/a><\/td>\nstat<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
su<\/a><\/td>\nsudo<\/a><\/td>\nsum<\/a><\/td>\ntac<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tail<\/a><\/td>\ntalk<\/a><\/td>\ntar<\/a><\/td>\ntee<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
time<\/a><\/td>\ntop<\/a><\/td>\ntouch<\/a><\/td>\ntr<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
uname<\/a><\/td>\nuniq<\/a><\/td>\nuptime<\/a><\/td>\nusers<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vim\/vi<\/a><\/td>\nw<\/a><\/td>\nwall<\/a><\/td>\nwatch<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wc<\/a><\/td>\nwget<\/a><\/td>\nwhatis<\/a><\/td>\nwhich<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
who<\/a><\/td>\nwhereis<\/a><\/td>\nxargs<\/a><\/td>\nyes<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
youtube-dl<\/a><\/td>\nzcmp\/zdiff<\/a><\/td>\nzip<\/a><\/td>\nzz<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

There are a countless number of commands in Linux. We are bound to use a number of them on a daily routine or numerous times to perform common tasks than others. It is important to note that certain commands are \u201cdistro-based\u201d \u2013 they can only be found in specific distros. While others are generic Unix\/Linux commands that you\u2019ll find in all if not most mainstream distros.<\/p>\n

In this article, we will introduce you a list of most frequently used Linux commands with their examples for easy learning. You can find the actual description of each Linux command in their manual page which you can access like this:<\/p>\n

$ man command-name\r\n<\/pre>\n
adduser\/addgroup Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
The\u00a0adduser<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0addgroup<\/strong>\u00a0commands are used to add a user and group to the system respectively according to the default configuration specified in\u00a0\/etc\/adduser.conf<\/strong>\u00a0file.<\/p>\n
$ sudo adduser tecmint\r\n<\/pre>\n
For more\u00a0adduser<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0addgroup<\/strong>\u00a0commands:\u00a015 Practical Examples on adduser Command in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
agetty Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
agetty<\/strong>\u00a0is a program which manages physical or virtual terminals and is invoked by\u00a0init<\/strong>. Once it detects a connection, it opens a tty port, asks for a user\u2019s login name and calls up the\u00a0\/bin\/login<\/strong>\u00a0command.\u00a0Agetty<\/strong>\u00a0is a substitute of Linux\u00a0getty<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
$ agetty -L 9600 ttyS1 vt100\r\n<\/pre>\n
alias Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
alias<\/strong>\u00a0is a useful shell built-in command for creating aliases (shortcut) to a Linux command on a system. It is helpful for creating new\/custom commands from existing Shell\/Linux commands (including options):<\/p>\n
$ alias home='cd \/home\/tecmint\/public_html'\r\n<\/pre>\n
The above command will create an alias called\u00a0home<\/strong>\u00a0for\u00a0\/home\/tecmint\/public_html<\/strong>\u00a0directory, so whenever you type\u00a0home<\/strong>\u00a0in the terminal prompt, it will put you in the\u00a0\/home\/tecmint\/public_html<\/strong>\u00a0directory.<\/p>\n
anacron Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
anacron<\/a>\u00a0is a Linux facility used to run commands periodically with a frequency defined in days, weeks and months.<\/p>\n
Unlike its sister\u00a0cron<\/a>; it assumes that a system will not run continuously, therefore if a scheduled job is due when the system is off, it\u2019s run once the machine is powered on.<\/p>\n
\n
For more information about\u00a0anacron<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0cron<\/strong>\u00a0read:\u00a0Cron Vs Anacron: How to Schedule Jobs Using Anacron on Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
apropos Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
apropos<\/strong>\u00a0command is used to\u00a0search and display a short man page description<\/a>\u00a0of a command\/program as follows.<\/p>\n
$ apropos adduser\r\n<\/pre>\n
apt Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
apt<\/a>\u00a0tool is a relatively new higher-level package manager for Debian\/Ubuntu systems:<\/p>\n
$ sudo apt update\r\n<\/pre>\n
For more apt usage read:\u00a015 Useful Examples on APT Command<\/a><\/p>\n
apt-get Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
apt-get<\/a>\u00a0is a powerful and free front-end package manager for Debian\/Ubuntu systems. It is used to install new software packages, remove available software packages, upgrade existing software packages as well as upgrade entire operating system.<\/p>\n
$ sudo apt-get update\r\n<\/pre>\n
For more apt-get usage, read:\u00a025 Useful Commands of APT-GET for Package Management<\/a><\/p>\n
aptitude Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
aptitude<\/strong>\u00a0is a powerful text-based interface to the Debian GNU\/Linux package management system. Like\u00a0apt-get<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0apt<\/strong>; it can be used to install, remove or upgrade software packages on a system.<\/p>\n
$ sudo aptitude update\r\n<\/pre>\n
For more usage on aptitude, read:\u00a0Learn Debian Package Management with Aptitude Command<\/a><\/p>\n
arch Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
arch<\/strong>\u00a0is a simple command for displaying machine architecture or hardware name (similar to\u00a0uname -m<\/strong>):<\/p>\n
$ arch \r\n<\/pre>\n
arp Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
ARP<\/strong>\u00a0(Address Resolution Protocol<\/strong>) is a protocol that maps IP network addresses of a network neighbor with the hardware (MAC) addresses in an IPv4 network.<\/p>\n
You can use it as below to find all alive hosts on a network:<\/p>\n
$ sudo arp-scan --interface=enp2s0 --localnet  \r\n<\/pre>\n
at Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
at command<\/a>\u00a0is used to schedule tasks to run in a future time. It\u2019s an alternative to\u00a0cron<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0anacron<\/strong>, however, it runs a task once at a given future time without editing any config files:<\/p>\n
For example, to shutdown the system at 23:55 today, run:<\/p>\n
$ sudo echo \"shutdown -h now\" | at -m 23:55\r\n<\/pre>\n
atq Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
atq<\/strong>\u00a0command is used to view jobs in\u00a0at command<\/strong>\u00a0queue:<\/p>\n
$ atq\r\n<\/pre>\n
atrm Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
atrm<\/strong>\u00a0command is used to remove\/deletes jobs (identified by their job number) from at command queue:<\/p>\n
$ atrm 2\r\n<\/pre>\n
For more usage about\u00a0at<\/strong>\u00a0command, read:\u00a0How to Use \u2018at\u2019 Command to Schedule a Task in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
awk Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
Awk<\/a>\u00a0is a powerful programming language created for text processing and generally used as a data extraction and reporting tool.<\/p>\n
$ awk '\/\/{print}'\/etc\/hosts\r\n<\/pre>\n
For more Awk concepts (basic and advance) with simple and easy-to-understand, we\u2019ve created a book that contains 13 chapters with a total of 41 pages, which covers all Awk basic and advance usage with practical examples:\u00a0Awk Getting Started Guide for Beginners<\/a><\/p>\n
batch Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
batch<\/strong>\u00a0is also used to schedule tasks to run a future time, similar to the\u00a0at command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
basename Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
basename<\/strong>\u00a0command helps to print the name of a file stripping of directories in the absolute path:<\/p>\n
$ basename bin\/findhosts.sh\r\n<\/pre>\n
bc Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
bc<\/strong>\u00a0is a simple yet powerful and arbitrary precision CLI calculator language which can be used like this:<\/p>\n
$ echo 20.05 + 15.00 | bc\r\n<\/pre>\n
bg Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
bg<\/strong>\u00a0is a command used to send a process to the background.<\/p>\n
$ tar -czf home.tar.gz .\r\n$ bg \r\n$ jobs\r\n<\/pre>\n
To learn more about bg command, read:\u00a0Start Linux Command in Background and Detach Process in Terminal<\/a><\/p>\n
bzip2 Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
bzip2<\/a>\u00a0command is used to compress or decompress file(s).<\/p>\n
$ bzip2 -z filename      #Compress\r\n$ bzip2 -d filename.bz2  #Decompress\r\n<\/pre>\n
To learn more examples on bzip2, read:\u00a0How to Compress and Decompress a .bz2 File in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
cal Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
The\u00a0cal<\/strong>\u00a0command print a calendar on the standard output.<\/p>\n
$ cal\r\n<\/pre>\n
cat Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
cat command<\/a>\u00a0is used to view contents of a file or concatenate files, or data provided on standard input, and display it on the standard output.<\/p>\n
$ cat file.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
To learn more about cat command, read:\u00a013 Useful Cat Command Examples on Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
chgrp Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
chgrp<\/strong>\u00a0command is used to change the group ownership of a file. Provide the new group name as its first argument and the name of file as the second argument like this:<\/p>\n
$ chgrp tecmint users.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
chmod Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
chmod<\/strong>\u00a0command is used to change\/update file access permissions like this.<\/p>\n
$ chmod +x sysinfo.sh\r\n<\/pre>\n
chown Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
chown<\/strong>\u00a0command changes\/updates the user and group ownership of a file\/directory like this.<\/p>\n
$ chmod -R www-data:www-data \/var\/www\/html\r\n<\/pre>\n
To learn more about chgrp, chmod and chwon commands, read:\u00a0Managing Users & Groups, File Permissions & Attributes in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
cksum Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
cksum<\/strong>\u00a0command is used to display the CRC checksum and byte count of an input file.<\/p>\n
$ cksum README.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
clear Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
clear<\/strong>\u00a0command lets you clear the terminal screen, simply type.<\/p>\n
$ clear\r\n<\/pre>\n
cmp Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
cmp<\/strong>\u00a0performs a byte-by-byte comparison of two files like this.<\/p>\n
$ cmp file1 file2\r\n<\/pre>\n
comm Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
comm<\/strong>\u00a0command is used to compare two sorted files line-by-line as shown below.<\/p>\n
$ comm file1 file2\r\n<\/pre>\n
cp Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
cp<\/strong>\u00a0command is used for copying files and directories from one location to another.<\/p>\n
$ cp \/home\/tecmint\/file1 \/home\/tecmint\/Personal\/\r\n<\/pre>\n
For more information on how to copy files in Linux, read:<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. How to Copy a File to Multiple Directories in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Advanced Copy Command \u2013 Shows Progress Bar While Copying Large Files\/Folders in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. Progress \u2013 A Tiny Tool to Monitor Progress for (cp, mv, dd, tar, etc.) Commands in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    date Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    date<\/strong>\u00a0command displays\/sets the system date and time like this.<\/p>\n
    $ date\r\n$ date --set=\"8 JUN 2017 13:00:00\"\r\n<\/pre>\n
    To learn more about how to set date in Linux, read:\u00a0How to Set System Date in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
    dd Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    dd<\/strong>\u00a0command is used for copying files, converting and formatting according to flags provided on the command line. It can strip headers, extracting parts of binary files and so on.<\/p>\n
    The example below shows creating a boot-able USB device:<\/p>\n
    $ dd if=\/home\/tecmint\/kali-linux-1.0.4-i386.iso of=\/dev\/sdc1 bs=512M; sync\r\n<\/pre>\n
    df Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    df command<\/a>\u00a0is used to show file system disk space usage as follows.<\/p>\n
    $ df -h\r\n<\/pre>\n
    For more usage on df command, read:\u00a012 Useful \u2018df\u2019 Command Examples to Check Disk Space<\/a><\/p>\n
    diff Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    diff command<\/a>\u00a0is used to compare two files line by line. It can also be used to\u00a0find the difference between two directories<\/a>\u00a0in Linux like this:<\/p>\n
    $ diff file1 file2\r\n<\/pre>\n
    Some useful diff tools for Linux:\u00a08 Best File Comparison and Difference (Diff) Tools for Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
    dir Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    dir command<\/a>\u00a0works like Linux\u00a0ls command<\/a>, it lists the contents of a directory.<\/p>\n
    $ dir\r\n<\/pre>\n
    dmidecode Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    dmidecode command<\/a>\u00a0is a tool for retrieving hardware information of any Linux system. It dumps a computer\u2019s DMI (a.k.a SMBIOS) table contents in a human-readable format for easy retrieval.<\/p>\n
    To view your system hardware info, you can type:<\/p>\n
    $ sudo dmidecode --type system\r\n<\/pre>\n
    Some useful tools to find out Linux system hardware info:\u00a010 Useful Commands to Get Linux Hardware Information<\/a><\/p>\n
    du Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    du command<\/a>\u00a0is used to show disk space usage of files present in a directory as well as its sub-directories as follows.<\/p>\n
    $ du \/home\/aaronkilik\r\n<\/pre>\n
    echo Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    echo command<\/a>\u00a0prints a text of line provided to it.<\/p>\n
    $ echo \u201cThis is TecMint - Linux How Tos\u201d\r\n<\/pre>\n
    eject Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    eject command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to eject removable media such as DVD\/CD ROM or floppy disk from the system.<\/p>\n
    $ eject \/dev\/cdrom\r\n$ eject \/mnt\/cdrom\/\r\n$ eject \/dev\/sda\r\n<\/pre>\n
    env Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    env command<\/strong>\u00a0lists all the current environment variables and used to set them as well.<\/p>\n
    $ env\r\n<\/pre>\n
    Learn more on\u00a0How to Set and Unset Environment Variables in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
    exit Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    exit command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to exit a shell like so.<\/p>\n
    $ exit\r\n<\/pre>\n
    expr Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    expr command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to calculate an expression as shown below.<\/p>\n
    $ expr 20 + 30\r\n<\/pre>\n
    factor Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    factor command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to show the prime factors of a number.<\/p>\n
    $ factor 10\r\n<\/pre>\n
    find Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
    find command<\/a>\u00a0lets you search for files in a directory as well as its sub-directories. It searches for files by attributes such as permissions, users, groups, file type, date, size and other possible criteria.<\/p>\n
    $ find \/home\/tecmint\/ -name tecmint.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
    Learn more on how to find files in Linux:<\/p>\n
      \n
    1. How to Use \u2018find\u2019 Command to Search for Multiple Filenames (Extensions)<\/a><\/li>\n
    2. How to Find Number of Files in a Directory and Subdirectories<\/a><\/li>\n
    3. How to Find Today\u2019s Modified Files in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
    4. How to Find and Sort Files Based on Modified Date and Time<\/a><\/li>\n
    5. How to Find Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      free Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
      free command<\/a>\u00a0shows the system memory usage (free, used, swapped, cached, etc.) in the system including swap space. Use the -h<\/code>\u00a0option to display output in human friendly format.<\/p>\n
      $ free -h \r\n<\/pre>\n
      Learn more on how to find memory usage in Linux.<\/p>\n
        \n
      1. Find Top Running Processes by Highest Memory and CPU Usage in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
      2. Smem \u2013 Reports Memory Consumption Per-Process and Per-User Basis in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
      3. How to Clear RAM Memory Cache, Buffer and Swap Space on Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        grep Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
        grep command<\/a>\u00a0searches for a specified pattern in a file (or files) and displays in output lines containing that pattern as follows.<\/p>\n
        $ grep \u2018tecmint\u2019 domain-list.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
        Learn more about grep command usage in Linux.<\/p>\n
          \n
        1. What\u2019s Difference Between Grep, Egrep and Fgrep in Linux?<\/a><\/li>\n
        2. 12 Basic Linux \u2018Grep\u2019 Command Examples in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
        3. 11 Advanced Linux \u2018Grep\u2019 Commands in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          groups Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
          groups command<\/strong>\u00a0displays all the names of groups a user is a part of like this.<\/p>\n
          $ groups\r\n$ groups tecmint\r\n<\/pre>\n
          gzip Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
          Gzip<\/a>\u00a0helps to compress a file, replaces it with one having a\u00a0.gz<\/code>\u00a0extension as shown below:<\/p>\n
          $ gzip passwds.txt\r\n$ cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz\r\n<\/pre>\n
          gunzip Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
          gunzip<\/strong>\u00a0expands or restores files compressed with\u00a0gzip<\/strong>\u00a0command like this.<\/p>\n
          $ gunzip foo.gz\r\n<\/pre>\n
          head Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
          head command<\/a>\u00a0is used to show first lines (10 lines by default) of the specified file or stdin to the screen:<\/p>\n
          # ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%mem,%cpu --sort=-%mem | head \r\n<\/pre>\n
          history Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
          history command<\/a>\u00a0is used to show previously used commands or to get info about command executed by a user.<\/p>\n
          $ history\r\n<\/pre>\n
          Learn more about Linux history command.<\/p>\n
            \n
          1. The Power of Linux \u201cHistory Command\u201d in Bash Shell<\/a><\/li>\n
          2. Set Date and Time for Each Command You Execute in Bash History<\/a><\/li>\n
          3. How to Use \u2018Yum History\u2019 to Find Out Installed\/Removed Packages Info<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            hostname Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
            hostname command<\/a>\u00a0is used to print or set system hostname in Linux.<\/p>\n
            $ hostname\r\n$ hostname NEW_HOSTNAME\r\n<\/pre>\n
            hostnamectl Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
            hostnamectl command<\/a>\u00a0controls the system hostname under systemd. It is used to print or modify the system hostname and any related settings:<\/p>\n
            $ hostnamectl\r\n$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname NEW_HOSTNAME\r\n<\/pre>\n
            hwclock<\/strong><\/h1>\n
            hwclock<\/strong>\u00a0is a tool for managing the system hardware clock; read or set the hardware clock (RTC).<\/p>\n
            $ sudo hwclock\r\n$ sudo hwclock --set --date 8\/06\/2017\r\n<\/pre>\n
            hwinfo Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
            hwinfo<\/a>\u00a0is used to probe for the hardware present in a Linux system like this.<\/p>\n
            $ hwinfo\r\n<\/pre>\n
            Learn more about how to get Linux hardware info.<\/p>\n
              \n
            1. I-Nex \u2013 An Advanced Tool to Collect System\/Hardware Information in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
            2. 9 Useful Tools to Get System Information in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              id Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
              id command<\/strong>\u00a0shows user and group information for the current user or specified username as shown below.<\/p>\n
              $ id tecmint\r\n<\/pre>\n
              ifconfig Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
              ifconfig command<\/a>\u00a0is used to configure a Linux systems network interfaces. It is used to configure, view and control network interfaces.<\/p>\n
              $ ifconfig\r\n$ sudo ifconfig eth0 up\r\n$ sudo ifconfig eth0 down\r\n$ sudo ifconfig eth0 172.16.25.125\r\n<\/pre>\n
              ionice Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
              ionice command<\/a>\u00a0is used to set or view process I\/O scheduling class and priority of the specified process.<\/p>\n
              If invoked without any options, it will query the current I\/O scheduling class and priority for that process:<\/p>\n
              $ ionice -c 3 rm \/var\/logs\/syslog\r\n<\/pre>\n
              To understand how it works, read this article:\u00a0How to Delete HUGE (100-200GB) Files in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
              iostat Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
              iostat<\/a>\u00a0is used to show CPU and input\/output statistics for devices and partitions. It produces useful reports for updating system configurations to help balance the input\/output load between physical disks.<\/p>\n
              $ iostat \r\n<\/pre>\n
              ip Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
              ip command<\/a>\u00a0is used to display or manage routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels. It also works as a replacement for well known\u00a0ifconfig command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
              This command will assign an IP address to a specific interface (eth1 in this case).<\/p>\n
              $ sudo ip addr add 192.168.56.10 dev eth1\r\n<\/pre>\n
              iptables Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
              iptables is a terminal based firewall<\/a>\u00a0for managing incoming and outgoing traffic via a set of configurable table rules.<\/p>\n
              The command below is used to check existing rules on a system (using it may require root privileges).<\/p>\n
              $ sudo iptables -L -n -v\r\n<\/pre>\n
              Learn more about iptables firewall in Linux.<\/p>\n
                \n
              1. How to Start\/Stop and Enable\/Disable FirewallD and Iptables in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
              2. Basic Guide on IPTables (Linux Firewall) Tips \/ Commands<\/a><\/li>\n
              3. Nishita Agarwal Shares Her Interview Experience on Linux \u2018iptables\u2019 Firewall<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                iw Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                iw command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to manage wireless devices and their configuration.<\/p>\n
                $ iw list \r\n<\/pre>\n
                iwlist Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                iwlist command<\/strong>\u00a0displays detailed wireless information from a wireless interface. The command below enables you to get detailed information about the\u00a0wlp1s0<\/strong>interface.<\/p>\n
                $ iwlist wlp1s0 scanning\r\n<\/pre>\n
                kill Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                kill command<\/a>\u00a0is used to kill a process using its PID by sending a signal to it (default signal for kill is TERM).<\/p>\n
                $ kill -p 2300\r\n$ kill -SIGTERM -p 2300\r\n<\/pre>\n
                killall Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                killall command<\/a>\u00a0is used to kill a process by its name.<\/p>\n
                $ killall firefox\r\n<\/pre>\n
                Learn more about kill and killall command in Linux.<\/p>\n
                  \n
                1. How to Find and Kill Running Processes in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                2. A Guide to Kill, Pkill and Killall Commands to Terminate a Process<\/a><\/li>\n
                3. How to Kill Processes\/Unresponsive Applications Using \u2018xkill\u2019 Command<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  kmod Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                  kmod command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to manage Linux kernel modules. To list all currently loaded modules, type.<\/p>\n
                  $ kmod list\r\n<\/pre>\n
                  last Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                  last command<\/strong>\u00a0display a listing of last logged in users.<\/p>\n
                  $ last \r\n<\/pre>\n
                  ln Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                  ln command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to create a soft link between files using the\u00a0-s<\/code>\u00a0flag like this.<\/p>\n
                  $ ln -s \/usr\/bin\/lscpu cpuinfo\r\n<\/pre>\n
                  locate Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                  locate command<\/a>\u00a0is used to find a file by name. The locate utility works better and faster than it\u2019s\u00a0find<\/strong>\u00a0counterpart.<\/p>\n
                  The command below will search for a file by its exact name (not *name*):<\/p>\n
                  $ locate -b '\\domain-list.txt'\r\n<\/pre>\n
                  login Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                  login command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to create a new session with the system. You\u2019ll be asked to provide a username and a password to login as below.<\/p>\n
                  $ sudo login\r\n<\/pre>\n
                  ls Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                  ls command<\/a>\u00a0is used to list contents of a directory. It works more or less like\u00a0dir command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
                  The\u00a0-l<\/code>\u00a0option enables long listing format like this.<\/p>\n
                  $ ls -l file1\r\n<\/pre>\n
                  To know more about ls command, read our guides.<\/p>\n
                    \n
                  1. 15 Basic \u2018ls\u2019 Command Examples in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                  2. 7 Quirky \u2018ls\u2019 Command Tricks Every Linux User Should Know<\/a><\/li>\n
                  3. How to Sort Output of \u2018ls\u2019 Command By Last Modified Date and Time<\/a><\/li>\n
                  4. 15 Interview Questions on Linux \u201cls\u201d Command \u2013 Part 1<\/a><\/li>\n
                  5. 10 Useful \u2018ls\u2019 Command Interview Questions \u2013 Part 2<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    lshw Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    lshw command<\/a>\u00a0is a minimal tool to get detailed information on the hardware configuration of the machine, invoke it with superuser privileges to get a comprehensive information.<\/p>\n
                    $ sudo lshw  \r\n<\/pre>\n
                    lscpu Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    lscpu command<\/a>\u00a0displays system\u2019s CPU architecture information (such as number of CPUs, threads, cores, sockets, and more).<\/p>\n
                    $ lscpu\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    lsof Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    lsof command<\/a>\u00a0displays information related to files opened by processes. Files can be of any type, including regular files, directories, block special files, character special files, executing text reference, libraries, and stream\/network files.<\/p>\n
                    To view files opened by a specific user\u2019s processes, type the command below.<\/p>\n
                    $ lsof -u tecmint\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    lsusb Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    lsusb command<\/a>\u00a0shows information about USB buses in the system and the devices connected to them like this.<\/p>\n
                    $ lsusb \r\n<\/pre>\n
                    man Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    man command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to view the on-line reference manual pages for commands\/programs like so.<\/p>\n
                    $ man du\r\n$ man df\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    md5sum Command<\/h1>\n
                    md5sum command<\/a>\u00a0is used to\u00a0compute and print the MD5 message digest of a file<\/a>. If run without arguments, debsums checks every file on your system against the stock md5sum files:<\/p>\n
                    $ sudo debsums\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    mkdir Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    mkdir command<\/a>\u00a0is used to create single or more directories, if they do not already exist (this can be overridden with the\u00a0-p<\/code>\u00a0option).<\/p>\n
                    $ mkdir tecmint-files\r\nOR \r\n$ mkdir -p tecmint-files\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    more Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    more command<\/a>\u00a0enables you to view through relatively lengthy text files one screenful at a time.<\/p>\n
                    $ more file.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    Check difference between\u00a0more<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0less<\/strong>\u00a0command and\u00a0Learn Why \u2018less\u2019 is Faster Than \u2018more\u2019 Command<\/a><\/p>\n
                    mv Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    mv command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to\u00a0rename files or directories<\/a>. It also moves a file or directory to another location in the directory structure.<\/p>\n
                    $ mv test.sh sysinfo.sh \r\n<\/pre>\n
                    nano Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    nano<\/strong>\u00a0is a popular small, free and friendly\u00a0text editor for Linux<\/a>; a clone of\u00a0Pico<\/strong>, the default editor included in the non-free Pine package.<\/p>\n
                    To open a file using nano, type:<\/p>\n
                    $ nano file.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    nc\/netcat Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                    nc (or netcat)<\/strong>\u00a0is used for performing any operation relating to TCP, UDP, or UNIX-domain sockets. It can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 for opening TCP connections, sending UDP packets, listening on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports,\u00a0performing port scanning<\/a>.<\/p>\n
                    The command below will help us see if the port 22 is open on the host 192.168.56.5.<\/p>\n
                    $ nc -zv 192.168.1.5 22\r\n<\/pre>\n
                    Learn more examples and usage on\u00a0nc command<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
                      \n
                    1. How to Check Remote Ports are Reachable Using \u2018nc\u2019 Command<\/a><\/li>\n
                    2. How to Transfer Files Between Computers Using \u2018nc\u2019 Command<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      netstat Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      netstat command<\/a>\u00a0displays useful information concerning the Linux networking subsystem (network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships).<\/p>\n
                      This command will display all open ports on the local system:<\/p>\n
                      $ netstat -a | more\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      nice Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      nice command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to show or change the nice value of a running program. It runs specified command with an adjusted niceness. When run without any command specified, it prints the current niceness.<\/p>\n
                      The following command starts the process \u201ctar command<\/a>\u201d setting the \u201cnice\u201d value to 12.<\/p>\n
                      $ nice -12 tar -czf backup.tar.bz2 \/home\/*\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      nmap Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      nmap<\/a>\u00a0is a popular and powerful open source tool for network scanning and security auditing. It was intended to quickly scan large networks, but it also works fine against single hosts.<\/p>\n
                      The command below will probe open ports on all live hosts on the specified network.<\/p>\n
                      $ nmap -sV 192.168.56.0\/24\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      nproc Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      nproc command<\/strong>\u00a0shows the number of processing units present to the current process. It\u2019s output may be less than the number of online processors on a system.<\/p>\n
                      $ nproc  \r\n<\/pre>\n
                      openssl Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      The\u00a0openssl<\/strong>\u00a0is a command line tool for using the different cryptography operations of OpenSSL\u2019s crypto library from the shell. The command below will create an archive of all files in the current directory and\u00a0encrypt the contents of the archive<\/a>\u00a0file:<\/p>\n
                      $ tar -czf - * | openssl enc -e -aes256 -out backup.tar.gz\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      passwd Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      passwd command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to create\/update passwords for user accounts, it can also change the account or associated password validity period. Note that normal system users may only change the password of their own account, while root may modify the password for any account.<\/p>\n
                      $ passwd tecmint\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      pidof Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      pidof<\/strong>\u00a0displays the\u00a0process ID of a running program<\/a>\/command.<\/p>\n
                      $ pidof init\r\n$ pidof cinnamon\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      ping Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      ping command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to determine connectivity between hosts on a network (or the Internet):<\/p>\n
                      $ ping google.com\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      ps Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      ps shows useful information about\u00a0active processes running on a system<\/a>. The example below shows the\u00a0top running processes by highest memory and CPU usage<\/a>.<\/p>\n
                      # ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%mem,%cpu --sort=-%mem | head\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      pstree Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      pstree<\/strong>\u00a0displays running processes as a tree which is rooted at either PID or init if PID is omitted.<\/p>\n
                      $ pstree\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      pwd Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      pwd command<\/a>\u00a0displays the name of current\/working directory as below.<\/p>\n
                      $ pwd\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      rdiff-backup Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      rdiff-backup<\/a>\u00a0is a powerful local\/remote incremental backup script written in Python. It works on any POSIX operating system such as Linux, Mac OS X.<\/p>\n
                      Note that for remote backups, you must install the same version of rdiff-backup on both the local and remote machines. Below is an example of a local backup command:<\/p>\n
                      $ sudo rdiff-backup \/etc \/media\/tecmint\/Backup\/server_etc.backup\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      reboot Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      reboot command<\/strong>\u00a0may be used to\u00a0halt, power-off or reboot a system<\/a>\u00a0as follows.<\/p>\n
                      $ reboot\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      rename Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      rename command<\/a>\u00a0is used to rename many files at once. If you\u2019ve a collection of files with \u201c.html<\/strong>\u201d extension and you want to rename all of them with \u201c.php<\/strong>\u201d extension, you can type the command below.<\/p>\n
                      $ rename 's\/\\.html$\/\\.php\/' *.html\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      rm command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      rm command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to remove files or directories as shown below.<\/p>\n
                      $ rm file1\r\n$ rm -rf my-files\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      rmdir Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      rmdir command<\/strong>\u00a0helps to delete\/remove empty directories as follows.<\/p>\n
                      $ rmdir \/backup\/all\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      scp Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      scp command<\/a>\u00a0enables you to securely copy files between hosts on a network, for example.<\/p>\n
                      $ scp ~\/names.txt root@192.168.56.10:\/root\/names.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      shutdown Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      shutdown command<\/a>\u00a0schedules a time for the system to be powered down. It may be used to halt, power-off or reboot the machine like this.<\/p>\n
                      $ shutdown --poweroff\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      Learn how to show a\u00a0Custom Message to Users Before Linux Server Shutdown<\/a>.<\/p>\n
                      sleep Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      sleep command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to delay or pause (specifically execution of a command) for a specified amount of time.<\/p>\n
                      $ check.sh; sleep 5; sudo apt update\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      sort Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                      sort command<\/a>\u00a0is used to sort lines of text in the specified file(s) or from stdin as shown below<\/p>\n
                      $ cat words.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
                      Learn more examples of sort command in Linux.<\/p>\n
                        \n
                      1. 7 Interesting Linux \u2018sort\u2019 Command Examples<\/a><\/li>\n
                      2. How to Sort Output of \u2018ls\u2019 Command By Last Modified Date and Time<\/a><\/li>\n
                      3. How to Find and Sort Files Based on Modification Date and Time<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                        split Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                        split<\/a>\u00a0as the name suggests, is used to split a large file into small parts.<\/p>\n
                        $ tar -cvjf backup.tar.bz2 \/home\/tecmint\/Documents\/* \r\n<\/pre>\n
                        ssh Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                        ssh (SSH client)<\/a>\u00a0is an application for remotely accessing and running commands on a remote machine. It is designed to offer a secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network such as the Internet.<\/p>\n
                        $ ssh tecmint@192.168.56.10\r\n<\/pre>\n
                        Learn more about ssh command and how to use it on Linux.<\/p>\n
                          \n
                        1. 5 Best Practices to Secure and Protect SSH Server<\/a><\/li>\n
                        2. Configure \u201cNo Password SSH Keys Authentication\u201d with PuTTY on Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                        3. SSH Passwordless Login Using SSH Keygen in 5 Easy Steps<\/a><\/li>\n
                        4. Restrict SSH User Access to Certain Directory Using Chrooted Jail<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          stat Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                          stat is used to show a file or file system status like this (-f<\/code>\u00a0is used to specify a filesystem).<\/p>\n
                          $ stat file1\r\n<\/pre>\n
                          su Command<\/h1>\n
                          su command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to switch to another user ID or become root during a login session. Note that when\u00a0su<\/strong>\u00a0is invoked without a username, it defaults to becoming root.<\/p>\n
                          $ su \r\n$ su tecmint\r\n<\/pre>\n
                          sudo Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                          sudo command<\/a>\u00a0allows a permitted system user to run a command as root or another user, as defined by the security policy such as sudoers.<\/p>\n
                          In this case, the real (not effective) user ID of the user running\u00a0sudo<\/strong>\u00a0is used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy.<\/p>\n
                          $ sudo apt update\r\n$ sudo useradd tecmint\r\n$ sudo passwd tecmint\r\n<\/pre>\n
                          Learn more about sudo command and how to use it on Linux.<\/p>\n
                            \n
                          1. 10 Useful Sudoers Configurations for Setting \u2018sudo\u2019 in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                          2. How to Run \u2018sudo\u2019 Command Without Entering a Password in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                          3. How to Keep \u2018sudo\u2019 Password Timeout Session Longer in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                            sum Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                            sum command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to show the checksum and block counts for each each specified file on the command line.<\/p>\n
                            $ sum output file.txt \r\n<\/pre>\n
                            tac Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                            tac command<\/a>\u00a0concatenates and displays files in reverse. It simply prints each file to standard output, showing last line first.<\/p>\n
                            $tac file.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
                            tail Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                            tail command<\/a>\u00a0is used to display the last lines (10 lines by default) of each file to standard output.<\/p>\n
                            If there more than one file, precede each with a header giving the file name. Use it as follow (specify more lines to display using\u00a0-n<\/code>\u00a0option).<\/p>\n
                            $ tail long-file\r\nOR\r\n$ tail -n 15 long-file\r\n<\/pre>\n
                            talk Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                            talk command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to talk to another system\/network user. To talk to a user on the same machine, use their login name, however, to talk to a user on another machine use \u2018user@host\u2019.<\/p>\n
                            $ talk person [ttyname]\r\nOR\r\n$ talk\u2018user@host\u2019 [ttyname]\r\n<\/pre>\n
                            tar Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                            tar command<\/a>\u00a0is a most powerful utility for archiving files in Linux.<\/p>\n
                            $ tar -czf home.tar.gz .\r\n<\/pre>\n
                            Learn more about tar command and its usage on Linux.<\/p>\n
                              \n
                            1. 18 Tar Command Examples in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                            2. How to Split Large \u2018tar\u2019 Archive into Multiple Files of Certain Size<\/a><\/li>\n
                            3. How to Extract Tar Files to Specific or Different Directory in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                              tee Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              tee command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to read from standard input and prints to standard output and files as shown below.<\/p>\n
                              $ echo \"Testing how tee command works\" | tee file1 \r\n<\/pre>\n
                              time Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              time command<\/strong>\u00a0runs programs and summarizes system resource usage.<\/p>\n
                              $ time wc \/etc\/hosts\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              top Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              top program<\/a>\u00a0displays all processes on a Linux system in regards to memory and CPU usage and provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system.<\/p>\n
                              $ top\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              touch Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              touch command<\/a>\u00a0changes file timestamps, it can also be used to create a file as follows.<\/p>\n
                              $ touch file.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              tr Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              tr command<\/strong>\u00a0is a useful utility used to translate (change) or delete characters from stdin, and write the result to stdout or send to a file as follows.<\/p>\n
                              $ cat domain-list.txt | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              uname Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              uname command<\/a>\u00a0displays system information such as operating system, network node hostname kernel name, version and release etc.<\/p>\n
                              Use the\u00a0-a<\/code>\u00a0option to show all the system information:<\/p>\n
                              $ uname \r\n<\/pre>\n
                              uniq Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              uniq command<\/strong>\u00a0displays or omits repeated lines from input (or standard input). To indicate the number of occurrences of a line, use the\u00a0-c<\/code>\u00a0option.<\/p>\n
                              $ cat domain-list.txt\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              uptime Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              uptime command<\/a>\u00a0shows how long the system has been running, number of logged on users and the system load averages as follows.<\/p>\n
                              $ uptime\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              users Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              users command<\/strong>\u00a0shows the user names of users currently logged in to the current host like this.<\/p>\n
                              $ users\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              vim\/vi Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                              vim (Vi Improved) popular text editor<\/a>\u00a0on Unix-like operating systems. It can be used to edit all kinds of plain text and program files.<\/p>\n
                              $ vim file\r\n<\/pre>\n
                              Learn how to use vi\/vim editor in Linux along with some tips and tricks.<\/p>\n
                                \n
                              1. 10 Reasons Why You Should Use Vi\/Vim Editor in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                              2. How to Install and Use Vi\/Vim Editor in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                              3. How to Save a File in Vim Editor in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                              4. How to Exit a File in Vim Editor in Linux<\/a><\/li>\n
                              5. Learn Useful \u2018Vi\/Vim\u2019 Editor Tips and Tricks to Enhance Your Skills<\/a><\/li>\n
                              6. 8 Interesting \u2018Vi\/Vim\u2019 Editor Tips and Tricks for Every Linux Administrator<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                                w Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                w command<\/strong>\u00a0displays system uptime, load averages and information about the users currently on the machine, and what they are doing (their processes) like this.<\/p>\n
                                $ w\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                wall Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                wall command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to send\/display a message to all users on the system as follows.<\/p>\n
                                $ wall \u201cThis is TecMint \u2013 Linux How Tos\u201d\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                watch Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                watch command<\/a>\u00a0runs a program repeatedly while displaying its output on fullscreen. It can also be used to watch changes to a file\/directory. The example below shows how to watch the contents of a directory change.<\/p>\n
                                $ watch -d ls -l\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                wc Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                wc command<\/a>\u00a0is used to display newline, word, and byte counts for each file specified, and a total for many files.<\/p>\n
                                $ wc filename\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                wget Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                wget command<\/a>\u00a0is a simple utility used to download files from the Web in a non-interactive (can work in the background) way.<\/p>\n
                                $ wget -c http:\/\/ftp.gnu.org\/gnu\/wget\/wget-1.5.3.tar.gz\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                whatis Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                whatis command<\/a>\u00a0searches and shows a short or one-line manual page descriptions of the provided command name(s) as follows.<\/p>\n
                                $ whatis wget\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                which Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                which command<\/strong>\u00a0displays the absolute path (pathnames) of the files (or possibly links) which would be executed in the current environment.<\/p>\n
                                $ which who\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                who Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                who command<\/strong>\u00a0shows information about users who are currently logged in like this.<\/p>\n
                                $ who\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                whereis Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                whereis command<\/a>\u00a0helps us locate the binary, source and manual files for commands.<\/p>\n
                                $ whereis cat\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                xargs Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                xargs command<\/strong>\u00a0is a useful utility for reading items from the standard input, delimited by blanks (protected with double or single quotes or a backslash) or newlines, and executes the entered command.<\/p>\n
                                The example below show xargs being used to\u00a0copy a file to multiple directories in Linux<\/a>.<\/p>\n
                                $ echo \/home\/aaronkilik\/test\/ \/home\/aaronkilik\/tmp | xargs -n 1 cp -v \/home\/aaronkilik\/bin\/sys_info.sh\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                yes Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                yes command<\/strong>\u00a0is used to display a string repeatedly until when terminated or killed using [Ctrl + C<\/code>] as follows.<\/p>\n
                                $ yes \"This is TecMint - Linux HowTos\"\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                youtube-dl Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                youtube-dl<\/a>\u00a0is a lightweight command-line program to download videos and also\u00a0extract MP3 tracks from YouTube.com<\/a>\u00a0and a few more sites.<\/p>\n
                                The command below will list available formats for the video in the provided link.<\/p>\n
                                $ youtube-dl --list-formats https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iR\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                zcmp\/zdiff Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                zcmp<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0zdiff<\/strong>\u00a0minimal utilities used to compare compressed files as shown in the examples below.<\/p>\n
                                $ zcmp domain-list.txt.zip basic_passwords.txt.zip\r\n$ zdiff domain-list.txt.zip basic_passwords.txt.zip \r\n<\/pre>\n
                                zip Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                zip<\/strong>\u00a0is a simple and easy-to-use utility used to package and compress (archive) files.<\/p>\n
                                $ tar cf - . | zip | dd of=\/dev\/nrst0 obs=16k\r\n$ zip inarchive.zip foo.c bar.c --out outarchive.zip\r\n$ tar cf - .| zip backup -\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                zz Command<\/strong><\/h1>\n
                                zz command<\/strong>\u00a0is an alias of the\u00a0fasd commandline tool\u00a0<\/a>that offers quick access to files and directories in Linux. It is used to quickly and interactively\u00a0cd into a previously accessed directory<\/a>\u00a0by selecting the directory number from the first field as follows.<\/p>\n
                                $ zz\r\n<\/pre>\n
                                That\u2019s it for now! As we mentioned before, there are a countless number of commands in Linux. The list is possibly longer than we can offer.<\/p>\n
                                Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                                adduser\/addgroup agetty alias anacron apropos apt apt-get aptitude arch arp at atq atrm awk batch basename bc bg bzip cal cat chgrp chmod chown cksum clear cmp comm cp date dd df diff dir dmidecode du echo eject env exit expr factor find free grep groups gzip gunzip head history hostname hostnamectl hwclock hwinfo id … <\/p>\n
                                Continue reading “A \u2013 Z LINUX COMMANDS (136) \u2013 OVERVIEW WITH EXAMPLES”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11326"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11336,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11326\/revisions\/11336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11326"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}