{"id":12147,"date":"2019-03-22T12:23:49","date_gmt":"2019-03-22T12:23:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/?p=12147"},"modified":"2019-03-22T12:23:49","modified_gmt":"2019-03-22T12:23:49","slug":"11-lesser-known-useful-linux-commands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/2019\/03\/22\/11-lesser-known-useful-linux-commands\/","title":{"rendered":"11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands"},"content":{"rendered":"

Linux<\/strong>\u00a0command line attracts most of the\u00a0Linux Enthusiastic<\/strong>. A normal\u00a0Linux<\/strong>\u00a0user generally posses a vocabulary of roughly\u00a050-60 commands<\/a>\u00a0to carry out their\u00a0day-to-day<\/strong>\u00a0task. Linux commands and their switches remains the most valuable treasure for a\u00a0Linux-user<\/strong>,\u00a0Shell-script programmer<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Administrator<\/strong>. There are some\u00a0Linux Commands<\/strong>\u00a0which are lesser Known, yet very useful and handy irrespective of the fact whether you are a Novice or an Advanced User.<\/p>\n

\n

\"Lesser<\/a><\/p>\n

Lesser Known Linux Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

This very article aims at throwing light on some of the lesser known Linux commands which surely will help you to handle your Desktop\/Server more efficiently.<\/p>\n

1. sudo !! command<\/h3>\n

Running the command without specifying\u00a0sudo command<\/strong>\u00a0will give you permission denied error. So, you don\u2019t need to rewrite the whole command again just put \u2018!!<\/strong>\u2018 will grab the last command.<\/p>\n

$ apt-get update\r\n\r\nE: Could not open lock file \/var\/lib\/apt\/lists\/lock - open (13: Permission denied) \r\nE: Unable to lock directory \/var\/lib\/apt\/lists\/ \r\nE: Could not open lock file \/var\/lib\/dpkg\/lock - open (13: Permission denied) \r\nE: Unable to lock the administration directory (\/var\/lib\/dpkg\/), are you root?<\/pre>\n
$ sudo !!\r\n\r\nsudo apt-get update \r\n[sudo] password for server: \r\n\u2026\r\n..\r\nFetched 474 kB in 16s (28.0 kB\/s) \r\nReading package lists... Done \r\nserver@localhost:~$<\/pre>\n
2. python command<\/h3>\n
The below command generates a simple web page over HTTP for the directory structure tree and can be accessed at port\u00a08000<\/strong>\u00a0in browser till interrupt signal is sent.<\/p>\n
# python -m SimpleHTTPServer<\/pre>\n
\n
\"python<\/a><\/p>\n
Directory Structure Tree<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
3. mtr Command<\/h3>\n
Most of us are familiar with\u00a0ping<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0traceroute<\/strong>. How about combining the functionality of both the command into one with\u00a0mtr command.<\/strong>\u00a0In case\u00a0mtr<\/strong>\u00a0is not installed into your machine,\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0the required package.<\/p>\n
$ sudo apt-get install mtr (On Debian<\/strong> based Systems)<\/pre>\n
# yum install mtr (On Red Hat<\/strong> based Systems)<\/pre>\n
Now run\u00a0mtr command<\/strong>\u00a0to start investigating the network connection between the host\u00a0mtr runs<\/strong>\u00a0on and\u00a0google.com<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
# mtr google.com<\/pre>\n
\n
\"mtr<\/a><\/p>\n
mtr command<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
4. Ctrl+x+e Command<\/h3>\n
This command is very much useful for administrator and developers. To Automate day-to-day task an administrator needs to open editor by typing\u00a0vi<\/strong>,\u00a0vim<\/strong>,\u00a0nano<\/strong>, etc. How about firing instant editor (from terminal).<\/p>\n
Just Press \u201cCtrl-x-e\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0from the terminal prompt and start working in editor.<\/p>\n
Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet<\/a><\/p>\n
\"Download<\/a><\/center><\/p>\n
5. nl Command<\/h3>\n
The \u201cnl command<\/strong>\u201d number the lines of a file. Number the lines of a file say \u2018one.txt<\/strong>\u2018 with lines say (Fedora<\/strong>,\u00a0Debian<\/strong>,\u00a0Arch<\/strong>,\u00a0Slack<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Suse<\/strong>). First list the content of a file \u201cone.txt<\/strong>\u201d using\u00a0cat command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
# cat one.txt \r\n\r\nfedora \r\ndebian \r\narch \r\nslack \r\nsuse<\/pre>\n
Now run \u201cnl command<\/strong>\u201d to list them in a numbered fashion.<\/p>\n
# nl one.txt \r\n\r\n1 fedora \r\n2 debian \r\n3 arch \r\n4 slack \r\n5 suse<\/pre>\n
6. shuf Command<\/h3>\n
The \u201cshuf<\/strong>\u201d command randomly select\u00a0lines<\/strong>\/files<\/strong>\/folder<\/strong>\u00a0from a\u00a0file<\/strong>\/folder<\/strong>. First list the contents of a folder using\u00a0ls command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
# ls \r\n\r\nDesktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos<\/pre>\n
#  ls | shuf (shuffle Input)\r\n\r\nMusic \r\nDocuments \r\nTemplates \r\nPictures \r\nPublic \r\nDesktop \r\nDownloads \r\nVideos<\/pre>\n
#  ls | shuf -n1 (pick on random selection)\r\n\r\nPublic<\/pre>\n
# ls | shuf -n1 \r\n\r\nVideos<\/pre>\n
# ls | shuf -n1 \r\n\r\nTemplates<\/pre>\n
# ls | shuf -n1 \r\n\r\nDownloads<\/pre>\n
Note<\/strong>: You can always replace \u2018n1<\/strong>\u2018 with \u2018n2<\/strong>\u2018 to pick two random selection or any other number of random selection using\u00a0n3<\/strong>,\u00a0n4.<\/strong>\u2026<\/p>\n
7. ss Command<\/h3>\n
The \u201css<\/strong>\u201d stands for socket statistics. The command investigates the socket and shows information similar to\u00a0netstat command<\/a>. It can display more\u00a0TCP<\/strong>\u00a0and state informations than other tools.<\/p>\n
# ss \r\n\r\nState      Recv-Q Send-Q      Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port   \r\nESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:41250        *.*.*.*:http    \r\nCLOSE-WAIT 1      0               127.0.0.1:8000             127.0.0.1:41393   \r\nESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:36239        *.*.*.*:http    \r\nESTAB      310    0               127.0.0.1:8000             127.0.0.1:41384   \r\nESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:41002       *.*.*.*:http    \r\nESTAB      0      0               127.0.0.1:41384            127.0.0.1:8000<\/pre>\n
8. last Command<\/h3>\n
The \u201clast<\/strong>\u201d command show the history of last logged in users. This command searches through the file \u201c\/var\/log\/wtmp<\/strong>\u201d and shows a list of\u00a0logged-in<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0logged-out<\/strong>\u00a0users along with\u00a0tty\u2019s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
#  last \r\nserver   pts\/0        :0               Tue Oct 22 12:03   still logged in   \r\nserver   tty8         :0               Tue Oct 22 12:02   still logged in   \r\n\u2026\r\n...\r\n(unknown tty8         :0               Tue Oct 22 12:02 - 12:02  (00:00)    \r\nserver   pts\/0        :0               Tue Oct 22 10:33 - 12:02  (01:29)    \r\nserver   tty7         :0               Tue Oct 22 10:05 - 12:02  (01:56)    \r\n(unknown tty7         :0               Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 10:05  (00:00)    \r\nreboot   system boot  3.2.0-4-686-pae  Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 12:44  (02:39)    \r\n\r\nwtmp begins Fri Oct  4 14:43:17 2007<\/pre>\n
9. curl ifconfig.me<\/h3>\n
So how do you obtain your\u00a0External IP address<\/strong>? Using google?. Well the command output your external IP address right into your terminal.<\/p>\n
# curl ifconfig.me<\/pre>\n
Note:<\/strong>\u00a0You might don\u2019t have curl package installed, you have to\u00a0apt<\/strong>\/yum<\/strong>\u00a0to install package.<\/p>\n
10. tree command<\/h3>\n
Get the current directory structure in tree like format.<\/p>\n
# tree<\/pre>\n
. \r\n|-- Desktop \r\n|-- Documents \r\n|   `-- 37.odt \r\n|-- Downloads \r\n|   |-- attachments.zip \r\n\r\n|   |-- ttf-indic-fonts_0.5.11_all.deb \r\n|   |-- ttf-indic-fonts_1.1_all.deb \r\n|   `-- wheezy-nv-install.sh \r\n|-- Music \r\n|-- Pictures \r\n|   |-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:03:49.png \r\n|   `-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:12:38.png \r\n|-- Public \r\n|-- Templates \r\n`-- Videos \r\n\r\n10 directories, 23 files<\/pre>\n
11. pstree<\/h3>\n
This commands shows all the processes running currently along with associated child process, in a tree like format similar to \u2018tree<\/strong>\u2018 command output.<\/p>\n
# pstree \r\ninit\u2500\u252c\u2500NetworkManager\u2500\u2500\u2500{NetworkManager} \r\n     \u251c\u2500accounts-daemon\u2500\u2500\u2500{accounts-daemon} \r\n     \u251c\u2500acpi_fakekeyd \r\n     \u251c\u2500acpid \r\n     \u251c\u2500apache2\u2500\u2500\u250010*[apache2] \r\n     \u251c\u2500at-spi-bus-laun\u2500\u2500\u25002*[{at-spi-bus-laun}] \r\n     \u251c\u2500atd \r\n     \u251c\u2500avahi-daemon\u2500\u2500\u2500avahi-daemon \r\n     \u251c\u2500bluetoothd \r\n     \u251c\u2500colord\u2500\u2500\u2500{colord} \r\n     \u251c\u2500colord-sane\u2500\u2500\u25002*[{colord-sane}] \r\n     \u251c\u2500console-kit-dae\u2500\u2500\u250064*[{console-kit-dae}] \r\n     \u251c\u2500cron \r\n     \u251c\u2500cupsd \r\n     \u251c\u25002*[dbus-daemon] \r\n     \u251c\u2500dbus-launch \r\n     \u251c\u2500dconf-service\u2500\u2500\u25002*[{dconf-service}] \r\n     \u251c\u2500dovecot\u2500\u252c\u2500anvil \r\n     \u2502         \u251c\u2500config \r\n     \u2502         \u2514\u2500log \r\n     \u251c\u2500exim4 \r\n     \u251c\u2500gconfd-2 \r\n     \u251c\u2500gdm3\u2500\u252c\u2500gdm-simple-slav\u2500\u252c\u2500Xorg \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u251c\u2500gdm-session-wor\u2500\u252c\u2500x-session-manag\u2500\u252c\u2500evolution-a+ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500gdu-notific+ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500gnome-scree+ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500gnome-setti+ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500gnome-shell+++ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500nm-applet\u2500\u2500+++ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500ssh-agent \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500tracker-min+ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u251c\u2500tracker-sto+ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2514\u25003*[{x-sessi+ \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2502                 \u2514\u25002*[{gdm-session-wor}] \r\n     \u2502      \u2502                 \u2514\u2500{gdm-simple-slav} \r\n     \u2502      \u2514\u2500{gdm3} \r\n     \u251c\u25006*[getty] \r\n     \u251c\u2500gnome-keyring-d\u2500\u2500\u25009*[{gnome-keyring-d}] \r\n     \u251c\u2500gnome-shell-cal\u2500\u2500\u25002*[{gnome-shell-cal}] \r\n     \u251c\u2500goa-daemon\u2500\u2500\u2500{goa-daemon} \r\n     \u251c\u2500gsd-printer\u2500\u2500\u2500{gsd-printer} \r\n     \u251c\u2500gvfs-afc-volume\u2500\u2500\u2500{gvfs-afc-volume}<\/pre>\n
That\u2019s all for now. In the next article of mine I would cover certain other lesser known Linux commands which would be fun. Till then stay tuned and connected to\u00a0Tecmint<\/strong>. Like and share us and help us get spread.<\/p>\n
Read Also:<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
  1. 10 Lesser Known Linux Commands \u2013 Part 2<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. 10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux \u2013 Part 3<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. 10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands \u2013 Part IV<\/a><\/li>\n
  4. 10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    10 Lesser Known Linux Commands \u2013 Part 2<\/h1>\n
    Continuing the last conversation from\u00a011 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands \u2013 Part I<\/a>\u00a0here in this article we will be focusing on other lesser known Linux commands, that will prove to be very much useful in managing\u00a0Desktop<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Server<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    \n
    \"Lesser<\/a><\/p>\n
    10 Lesser Known Linux Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
    12. <space> Command<\/h3>\n
    Every piece of command you type in terminal gets recorded in the\u00a0history<\/strong>\u00a0and can be retried using\u00a0history<\/strong>command.<\/p>\n
    How about cheating\u00a0history command<\/a>? Yeah you can do it and its very easy. Just put one or more white space before typing a command in terminal and your command wont be recorded.<\/p>\n
    Lets give it a try, we will try five common Linux commands (say\u00a0ls<\/strong>,\u00a0pwd<\/strong>,\u00a0uname<\/strong>,\u00a0echo \u201chi\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0who<\/strong>) in terminal after one white space and check if these commands are docked in history or not.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$  ls\r\navi@localhost:~$  pwd\r\navi@localhost:~$  uname\r\navi@localhost:~$  echo \u201chi\u201d\r\navi@localhost:~$  who<\/pre>\n
    Now run \u2018history<\/strong>\u2018 command to see whether these above executed commands are recorded or not.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ history\r\n\r\n   40  cd \/dev\/ \r\n   41  ls \r\n   42  dd if=\/dev\/cdrom1 of=\/home\/avi\/Desktop\/squeeze.iso \r\n   43  ping www.google.com \r\n   44  su<\/pre>\n
    You see our last executed commands are not logged. we can also cheat history by using an alternate command \u2018cat | bash<\/strong>\u2018 of-course without quotes, in the same way as above.<\/p>\n
    13. stat Command<\/h3>\n
    The\u00a0stat<\/strong>\u00a0command in Linux displays the status information of a file or filesystem. The\u00a0stat<\/strong>\u00a0shows a whole lot of information about the file which name is passed as argument. Status Information includes file\u00a0Size<\/strong>,\u00a0Blocks<\/strong>,\u00a0Access Permission<\/strong>,\u00a0Date-time<\/strong>\u00a0of file last access,\u00a0Modify<\/strong>,\u00a0change<\/strong>, etc.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ stat 34.odt \r\n\r\n  File: `34.odt' \r\n  Size: 28822     \tBlocks: 64         IO Block: 4096   regular file \r\nDevice: 801h\/2049d\tInode: 5030293     Links: 1 \r\nAccess: (0644\/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: ( 1000\/     avi)   Gid: ( 1000\/     avi) \r\nAccess: 2013-10-14 00:17:40.000000000 +0530 \r\nModify: 2013-10-01 15:20:17.000000000 +0530 \r\nChange: 2013-10-01 15:20:17.000000000 +0530<\/pre>\n
    14. <alt>. and <esc>.<\/h3>\n
    The above key combination is not actually a command but a tweak which put the last command argument at prompt, in the order of last entered command to previous entered command. Just press and hold \u2018Alt<\/strong>\u2018 or \u2018Esc<\/strong>\u2018 and continue pressing \u2018.<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
    Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet<\/a><\/p>\n
    \"Download<\/a><\/center><\/p>\n
    15. pv command<\/h3>\n
    You might have seen simulating text in\u00a0Movies<\/strong>\u00a0specially\u00a0Hollywood Movies<\/strong>, where the text appears as if it is being typed in the Real time. You can echo any kind of text and output in simulating fashion using \u2018pv<\/strong>\u2018 command, as pipelined above. The\u00a0pv<\/strong>\u00a0command might not be installed in your system, and you have to\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0the required packages to install \u2018pv<\/strong>\u2018 into your box.<\/p>\n
    root@localhost:# echo \"Tecmint [dot] com is the world's best website for qualitative Linux article\" | pv -qL 20<\/pre>\n
    Sample Outpit<\/h5>\n
    Tecmint [dot] com is the world's best website for qualitative Linux article<\/pre>\n
    16. mount | column -t<\/h3>\n
    The above command shows the list of all the mounted filesystem in a nice formatting with specification.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ mount | column -t<\/pre>\n
    Sample Outpit<\/h5>\n
    \/dev\/sda1    on  \/                         type  ext3         (rw,errors=remount-ro) \r\ntmpfs        on  \/lib\/init\/rw              type  tmpfs        (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) \r\nproc         on  \/proc                     type  proc         (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) \r\nsysfs        on  \/sys                      type  sysfs        (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) \r\nudev         on  \/dev                      type  tmpfs        (rw,mode=0755) \r\ntmpfs        on  \/dev\/shm                  type  tmpfs        (rw,nosuid,nodev) \r\ndevpts       on  \/dev\/pts                  type  devpts       (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620) \r\nfusectl      on  \/sys\/fs\/fuse\/connections  type  fusectl      (rw) \r\nbinfmt_misc  on  \/proc\/sys\/fs\/binfmt_misc  type  binfmt_misc  (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) \r\nnfsd         on  \/proc\/fs\/nfsd             type  nfsd         (rw)<\/pre>\n
    17. Ctr+l command<\/h3>\n
    Before going further, let me ask you how you clear your terminal. Hmmm! You type \u201cclear<\/strong>\u201d at prompt. Well the above command perform the action of cleaning your terminal all at a once. Just press \u201cCtr+l<\/strong>\u201d and see how it clears your terminal all at once.<\/p>\n
    18. curl command<\/h3>\n
    How about checking your\u00a0unread mail<\/strong>\u00a0from the\u00a0command line<\/strong>. This command is very useful for those who work on headless server. Again it asks for password at run time and you need not hard code your password in the above line, which is otherwise a security risk.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ curl -u avishek1210@gmail.com --silent \"https:\/\/mail.google.com\/mail\/feed\/atom\" | perl -ne 'print \"\\t\" if \/\/; print \"$2\\n\" if \/<(title|name)>(.*)<\\\/>\/;'<\/pre>\n
    Sample Outpit<\/h5>\n
    Enter host password for user 'avishek1210@gmail.com': \r\nGmail - Inbox for avishek1210@gmail.com \r\nPeople offering cars in Delhi - Oct 26 \r\n\tQuikr Alerts \r\nanother dependency question \r\n\tChris Bannister \r\n\tRalf Mardorf \r\n\tReco \r\n\tBrian \r\n\tFran\u00e7ois Patte \r\n\tCurt \r\n\tSiard \r\n\tberenger.morel \r\nHi Avishek - Download your Free MBA Brochure Now... \r\n\tDiya \r\n\u2605Top Best Sellers Of The Week, Take Your Pick\u2605 \r\n\tTimesdeal \r\naptitude misconfigure? \r\n\tGlenn English \r\nChoosing Debian version or derivative to run Wine when resource poor \r\n\tChris Bannister \r\n\tZenaan Harkness \r\n\tCurt \r\n\tTom H \r\n\tRichard Owlett \r\n\tRalf Mardorf \r\n\tRob Owens<\/pre>\n
    19. screen Command<\/h3>\n
    The\u00a0screen<\/strong>\u00a0command makes it possible to detach a long running process from a session that can again be reattached, as and when required which provides flexibility in command execution.<\/p>\n
    To run a process (long) we generally execute as<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ .\/long-unix-script.sh<\/pre>\n
    Which lacks flexibility and needs the user to continue with the current session, however if we execute the above command as.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ screen .\/long-unix-script.sh<\/pre>\n
    It can be\u00a0de-attached<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0re-attached<\/strong>\u00a0in different sessions. When a command is executing press \u201cCtrl + A<\/strong>\u201d and then \u201cd<\/strong>\u201d to\u00a0de-attach<\/strong>. To attach run.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ screen -r 4980.pts-0.localhost<\/pre>\n
    Note<\/strong>: Here, the later part of this command is\u00a0screen id<\/strong>, which you can get using \u2018screen -ls<\/strong>\u2018 command. To know more about \u2018screen command<\/strong>\u2018 and their usage, please read our article that shows some useful\u00a010 screen commands with examples<\/a>.<\/p>\n
    20. file<\/h3>\n
    No! the above command is not a typo. \u2018file<\/strong>\u2018 is a command which gives you information about the type of file.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ file 34.odt \r\n\r\n34.odt: OpenDocument Text<\/pre>\n
    21. id<\/h3>\n
    The above command print real and effective\u00a0user<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0group<\/strong>\u00a0ids.<\/p>\n
    avi@localhost:~$ id<\/pre>\n
    Sample Output<\/h5>\n
    uid=1000(avi) gid=1000(avi) \r\ngroups=1000(avi),24(cdrom),25(floppy),29(audio),30(dip),44(video),46(plugdev),109(netdev),111(bluetooth),117(scanner)<\/pre>\n
    That\u2019s all for now. Seeing the success of last article of this series and this very article, I\u2019ll be coming with another part of this article containing several other\u00a0Lesser Known Linux<\/strong>\u00a0commands very soon. Till then\u00a0Stay Tuned<\/strong>\u00a0and connected to\u00a0Tecmint<\/strong>. Don\u2019t Forget to provide us with your\u00a0value-able Feedback<\/strong>\u00a0in\u00a0Comments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
    Read Also<\/strong><\/p>\n
      \n
    1. 10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux \u2013 Part 3<\/a><\/li>\n
    2. 10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands \u2013 Part IV<\/a><\/li>\n
    3. 10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux \u2013 Part 3<\/h1>\n
      Overwhelmed with the response of last two articles of \u201cLesser Known Linux Article<\/strong>\u201d series namely.<\/p>\n
        \n
      1. 11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands \u2013 Part I<\/a><\/li>\n
      2. 10 Lesser Known Linux Commands \u2013 Part 2<\/a><\/li>\n
      3. 10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands \u2013 Part IV<\/a><\/li>\n
      4. 10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        \n
        \"Lesser<\/a><\/p>\n
        10 Lesser Known Linux Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
        We have come up with the third article of this series which includes few other lesser known Linux commands, worth knowing. May be you are already aware of these commands, no doubt you are an experienced Linux user and loves exploration.<\/p>\n
        22. ^foo^bar Command<\/h3>\n
        Run the last command with modification, in a single instance. Suppose I need to run a command \u2018ls -l<\/strong>\u2018 to long list the content of a directory say \u2018Desktop\u2019<\/strong>. Accidentally, you type \u2018lls -l<\/strong>\u2018. So now you will have to retype the whole command or edit the previous command using navigation key. That is painful when the command is long.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ lls -l \r\n\r\nbash: lls: command not found<\/pre>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ ^lls^ls \r\n\r\nls -l \r\ntotal 7489440 \r\n\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 avi  avi       36864 Nov 13  2012 101MSDCF \r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi      206833 Nov  5 15:27 1.jpg \r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi      158951 Nov  5 15:27 2.jpg \r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi       90624 Nov  5 12:59 Untitled 1.doc<\/pre>\n
        Note<\/strong>: In the above replacement we used \u201c^typo(to be replaced)^original_command<\/strong>\u201d. This command may be very dangerous if you knowingly or unknowingly replaced the typo with system command or anything risky say\u00a0rm -rf<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        23. > file.txt Command<\/h3>\n
        This command flush the contents of a file without the need of removing and creating the same file again. This command is very useful in scripting language when we need an output or log on the same file again and again.<\/p>\n
        I have a file say \u2018test.txt\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0on my \u2018Desktop<\/strong>\u2018 with a lot of text.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ cat test.txt \r\n\r\nLinux \r\nGNU \r\nDebian \r\nFedora \r\nkali \r\nubuntu \r\ngit \r\nLinus \r\nTorvalds<\/pre>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ > test.txt \r\navi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ cat test.txt<\/pre>\n
        Note<\/strong>: Again, this command can be dangerous, don\u2019t ever try to flush the contents of a system file or configuration file. If you do so, you will be in serious trouble.<\/p>\n
        24. at Command<\/h3>\n
        The \u2018at<\/strong>\u2018 command is similar to\u00a0cron command<\/a>\u00a0and can be used for scheduling a task or command to run at specified time.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ echo \"ls -l > \/dev\/pts\/0\" | at 14:012\r\n\r\nOR\r\n\r\navi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ echo \"ls -l > \/dev\/pts\/0\" | at 2:12 PM<\/pre>\n
        Sample Output<\/h5>\n
        -rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi      220492 Nov  1 13:49 Screenshot-1.png \r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 root root        358 Oct 17 10:11 sources.list \r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi  4695982080 Oct 10 20:29 squeeze.iso \r\n..\r\n..\r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi       90624 Nov  5 12:59 Untitled 1.doc \r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi       96206 Nov  5 12:56 Untitled 1.odt \r\n-rw-r--r-- 1 avi  avi        9405 Nov 12 23:22 Untitled.png<\/pre>\n
        Note<\/strong>: echo \u201cls -l<\/strong>\u201d : This string echo\u2019s the command (here\u00a0ls -l<\/strong>) on standard terminal. You can replace \u2018ls -l<\/strong>\u2018 with any command of your need and choice.<\/p>\n
        > : redirects the output<\/pre>\n
        The\u00a0\/dev\/pts\/0<\/strong>\u00a0: This is the output device and\/or file, where output is sought, here the output is at terminal.<\/p>\n
        In my case, my\u00a0tty<\/strong>\u00a0is at\u00a0\/dev\/pts\/0<\/strong>, at that time. You can check your\u00a0tty<\/strong>\u00a0by running command\u00a0tty<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ tty \r\n\r\n\/dev\/pts\/0<\/pre>\n
        Note<\/strong>: The \u2018at<\/strong>\u2018 command execute the task as soon as the system clock matches the specified time.<\/p>\n
        25. du -h \u2013max-depth=1 Command<\/h3>\n
        The below command outputs the size of sub-folders within the current directory, in human readable format.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:\/home\/avi\/Desktop# du -h --max-depth=1 \r\n\r\n38M\t.\/test \r\n1.1G\t.\/shivji \r\n42M\t.\/drupal \r\n6.9G\t.\/101MSDCF \r\n16G\t.<\/pre>\n
        Note<\/strong>: The above command can be very much useful in\u00a0checking system disk usage<\/a>.<\/p>\n
        Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet<\/a><\/p>\n
        \"Download<\/a><\/center><\/p>\n
        26. expr Command<\/h3>\n
        The \u2018expr<\/strong>\u2018 command is not that much lesser known command. This command is very much useful in carrying out simple mathematical calculation in terminal.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:\/home\/avi\/Desktop# expr 2 + 3 \r\n5<\/pre>\n
        avi@localhost:\/home\/avi\/Desktop# expr 6 \u2013 3 \r\n3<\/pre>\n
        avi@localhost:\/home\/avi\/Desktop# expr 12 \/ 3 \r\n4<\/pre>\n
        avi@localhost:\/home\/avi\/Desktop# expr 2 \\* 9 \r\n18<\/pre>\n
        27. look Command<\/h3>\n
        Check for words from English dictionary in case of confusion, from the terminal itself. Viz., I am a bit confused if the spelling is carrier or carieer.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:\/home\/avi\/Documents# look car \r\n\r\nCara \r\nCara's \r\n\u2026\r\n... \r\ncarps \r\ncarpus \r\ncarpus's \r\ncarrel \r\ncarrel's \r\ncarrels \r\ncarriage \r\ncarriage's \r\ncarriages \r\ncarriageway \r\ncarriageway's \r\ncarried \r\ncarrier<\/strong> \r\ncarrier's \r\ncarriers \r\ncarries \r\n\u2026\r\n... \r\ncaryatids<\/pre>\n
        The above command showed all the words from dictionary starting with string \u2018car\u2019. I got what I was searching for.<\/p>\n
        28. yes Command<\/h3>\n
        Another command which is not used frequently on regular basis, normally but is very useful in scripting language and for system Administrators.<\/p>\n
        This command continues to print a given string, till interrupt instruction is given by you.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ yes \"Tecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to\" \r\n\r\nTecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to \r\nTecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to \r\nTecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to \r\nTecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to \r\n\u2026\r\n\u2026\r\n...\r\nTecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to \r\nTecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to \r\nTecmint is one of the best site dedicated to Linux, how to<\/pre>\n
        29. factor Command<\/h3>\n
        The factor command is actually a command of mathematical origin. This command outputs all the factors of a given number.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ factor 22 \r\n22: 2 11<\/pre>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ factor 21 \r\n21: 3 7<\/pre>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ factor 11 \r\n11: 11<\/pre>\n
        30. ping -i 60 -a IP_address<\/h3>\n
        All of us use ping command to check is server is live or not. And I usually ping google, to check if I am connected to internet or not.<\/p>\n
        It is sometimes irritating, when you wait and keep watching your terminal to get reply of ping command or say, wait for server to get connected.<\/p>\n
        How about an audible sound as soon as the server comes live.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Desktop$ ping -i 60 -a www.google.com \r\n\r\nPING www.google.com (74.125.200.103) 56(84) bytes of data. \r\n64 bytes from www.google.com (74.125.200.103): icmp_req=1 ttl=44 time=105 ms \r\n64 bytes from 74.125.200.103: icmp_req=2 ttl=44 time=281 ms<\/pre>\n
        Let me tell you one thing, before you report that the command didn\u2019t return any audible sound. Make sure your system audio is not mute, sound theme must be enabled in \u2018sound preferences<\/strong>\u2018 and make sure \u2018Enable window and window sound<\/strong>\u2018 is checked.<\/p>\n
        31. tac Command<\/h3>\n
        This command is very interesting which prints the content of a text file in\u00a0reverse order,<\/strong>\u00a0i.e., from last line to first line.<\/p>\n
        I have a text file 35.txt in my Documents directory, under home folder. Checking it\u2019s content using\u00a0cat command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Documents$ cat 35.txt<\/pre>\n
        Sample Output<\/h5>\n
        1. Linux is built with certain powerful tools, which are unavailable in windows. \r\n\r\n2. One of such important tool is Shell Scripting. Windows however comes with such a tool but as usual it is much weak as compared to it's Linux Counterpart. \r\n\r\n3.Shell scripting\/programming makes it possible to execute command(s), piped to get desired output in order to automate day-to-day usages.<\/pre>\n
        Now reverse the content of file using tac command.<\/p>\n
        avi@localhost:~\/Documents$ tac 35.txt<\/pre>\n
        Sample Output<\/h5>\n
        3.Shell scripting\/programming makes it possible to execute command(s), piped to get desired output in order to automate day-to-day usages. \r\n\r\n2. One of such important tool is Shell Scripting. Windows however comes with such a tool but as usual it is much weak as compared to it's Linux Counterpart. \r\n\r\n1. Linux is built with certain powerful tools, which are unavailable in windows.<\/pre>\n
        That\u2019s all for now. If you are aware of other lesser known Linux commands, you can put a comment, so that we can include those in our future articles.<\/p>\n
        10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands \u2013 Part IV<\/h1>\n
        Continuing the\u00a0Lesser Known<\/strong>\u00a0series, this fourth article of the series will let you know some useful\u00a0funny<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0animated<\/strong>\u00a0commands. Here we go into the practical session, without much theory.<\/p>\n
        \n
        \"10<\/a><\/p>\n
        10 Lesser Known Effective Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
          \n
        1. 11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands \u2013 Part I<\/a><\/li>\n
        2. 10 Lesser Known Linux Commands \u2013 Part 2<\/a><\/li>\n
        3. 10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux \u2013 Part 3<\/a><\/li>\n
        4. 10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          In the fourth article of this series which includes few other lesser known Linux commands, worth knowing. Might be you\u2019re already aware of these commands, no doubt you\u2019re an experienced Linux user and loves exploration.<\/p>\n
          32. strace Command<\/h3>\n
          The\u00a0strace<\/strong>\u00a0is a debugging tool which is used primarily for troubleshooting purpose in Linux. It might not be installed by default in your system and you may need to\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0the required package.<\/p>\n
          Trace a command execution using\u00a0strace<\/strong>\u00a0command:<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# strace pwd<\/pre>\n
          Sample Output<\/h5>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"7ELF<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          ><\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          05I;<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          execve(\"\/bin\/pwd\", [\"pwd\"], [\/* 29 vars *\/]) = 0\r\nbrk(0)                                  = 0x728000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0df2000\r\naccess(\"\/etc\/ld.so.preload\", R_OK)      = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)\r\nopen(\"\/etc\/ld.so.cache\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=38427, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 38427, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7f29b0de8000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nopen(\"\/lib64\/libc.so.6\", O_RDONLY)      = 3\r\nread(3, \"\\177ELF\\2\\1\\1\\3\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\3\\0>\\0\\1\\0\\0\\0\\360\\355\\1I;\\0\\0\\0\"..., 832) = 832\r\nfstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000\r\nmprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0\r\nmmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000\r\nmmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000\r\nclose(3)                                = 0\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000\r\nmmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          \"..., 832) = 832 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1922152, ...}) = 0 mmap(0x3b49000000, 3745960, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x3b49000000 mprotect(0x3b4918a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap(0x3b49389000, 20480, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x189000) = 0x3b49389000 mmap(0x3b4938e000, 18600, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x3b4938e000 close(3) = 0 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de7000 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000 ....<\/pre>\n
          The\u00a0strace<\/strong>\u00a0command accepts a lot of arguments and have many options. Refer to man page for detailed information.<\/center><\/p>\n
          33. disown -a && exit Command<\/h3>\n
          Most of the system administrators use\u00a0screen command<\/a>\u00a0to control jobs running in the terminal background. Let\u2019s say if you having a long running job and want to\u00a0detach<\/strong>\u00a0from the terminal, you use\u00a0screen<\/strong>\u00a0command to do it. But what if you don\u2019t know how to use screen, here comes disown command to rescue.<\/p>\n
          The disown command is used to run the jobs continuously in the background even after you closing the terminal session. The syntax of the disown command is:<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# Command; disown -a && exit<\/pre>\n
          To detach again the long running job in the terminal, use the\u00a0jobs<\/strong>\u00a0command to find the job number and then use disown\u00a0%n<\/strong>\u00a0where\u00a0n<\/strong>\u00a0is the job number. To verify actually the job is running use\u00a0ps<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0top command<\/a>. The\u00a0nohup<\/strong>command is an alternative to the disown command.<\/p>\n
          34. getconf LONG_BIT Command<\/h3>\n
          The above command shows your machine architecture if it is\u00a032<\/strong>\u00a0bit or\u00a064<\/strong>\u00a0bit?<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# getconf LONG_BIT\r\n\r\n32<\/pre>\n
          Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet<\/a><\/p>\n
          \"Download<\/a><\/center><\/p>\n
          35. Display Date on the Terminal<\/h3>\n
          The below command is a combination of several commands, better say it a script. For a person working at shell or terminal, without GUI seeing current system date is tedious job. You have to type \u2018date<\/strong>\u2018 command to check today\u2019s date.<\/p>\n
          Just execute the below command on you prompt and see the\u00a0date<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0time<\/strong>\u00a0on the above right corner of terminal.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# while sleep 1;do tput sc;tput cup 0 $(($(tput cols)-29));date;tput rc;done &<\/pre>\n
          \n
          \"Show<\/a><\/p>\n
          Show Date in Terminal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
          36. convert Command<\/h3>\n
          While writing tutorial, I usually need to produce output, many a times in image format. The above command combination does this for me. Say I need the output of tree command (for \/etc\/x11<\/strong>\u00a0directory) in image format. What I did at terminal was:<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint:\/etc\/X11# tree | convert label:@- \/home\/avi\/tree.png<\/pre>\n
          The output of the above command can be seen at the specified location (here, home directory of mine) with the file name specified as\u00a0tree.png<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
          37. watch -t -n1 \u201cdate +%T|figlet\u201d<\/h3>\n
          Remember our description of \u201cfiglet<\/strong>\u201d command in our earlier article \u201c20 Funny Commands of Linux<\/a>\u201d. This command was very cool, this time we will be pipelining \u2018figlet<\/strong>\u2018 to show animated digital clock in the terminal.<\/p>\n
          Just check-out yourself, remember you must have\u00a0figlet<\/strong>\u00a0installed on the system, do\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0to install the required package.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# watch -t -n1 \"date +%T|figlet\"<\/pre>\n
          Sample Output<\/h5>\n
           _  ___    ____   ___    _____ _  _                                                                                             Fri Nov 29 10:29:34 GMT \r\n\/ |\/ _ \\ _|___ \\ \/ _ \\ _|___ \/| || |\r\n| | | | (_) __) | (_) (_) |_ \\| || |_\r\n| | |_| |_ \/ __\/ \\__, |_ ___) |__   _|\r\n|_|\\___\/(_)_____|  \/_\/(_)____\/   |_|<\/pre>\n
          38. host and dig Commands<\/h3>\n
          Although \u201chost<\/strong>\u201d and \u201cdig<\/strong>\u201d command is not that much lesser known, still not very frequently used. The host command is\u00a0DNS<\/strong>\u00a0lookup utility.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# host www.google.com\r\n\r\nwww.google.com has address 173.194.66.147\r\nwww.google.com has address 173.194.66.105\r\nwww.google.com has address 173.194.66.99\r\nwww.google.com has address 173.194.66.104\r\nwww.google.com has address 173.194.66.106\r\nwww.google.com has address 173.194.66.103\r\nwww.google.com has IPv6 address 2a00:1450:400c:c03::68<\/pre>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# dig www.google.com\r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 <<>> www.google.com\r\n;; global options: +cmd\r\n;; Got answer:\r\n;; ->>HEADER<<\/pre>\n
          39. dstat Command<\/h3>\n
          The\u00a0dstat<\/strong>\u00a0is a versatile tool, that generates statistics relating to system resource. By default your system might not have \u2018dstat<\/strong>\u2018 installed. Do a\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0to install \u2018dstat<\/strong>\u2018 before using this very colorful and description system resource generator.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# dstat<\/pre>\n
          \n
          \"dstat<\/a><\/p>\n
          dstat command<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
          40. bind -p Command<\/h3>\n
          The \u2018bind -p<\/strong>\u2018 command will show all the shortcuts available for\u00a0BASH<\/strong>\u00a0shell.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# bind -p<\/pre>\n
          Sample Output<\/h5>\n
          \"\\C-g\": abort \r\n\"\\C-x\\C-g\": abort \r\n\"\\e\\C-g\": abort \r\n\"\\C-j\": accept-line\r\n\"\\C-m\": accept-line \r\n# alias-expand-line (not bound) \r\n# arrow-key-prefix (not bound) \r\n# backward-byte (not bound) \r\n\"\\C-b\": backward-char \r\n\"\\eOD\": backward-char \r\n\"\\e[D\": backward-char \r\n\"\\e!\": complete-command \r\n\"\\e\/\": complete-filename \r\n\"\\e@\": complete-hostname \r\n\"\\e{\": complete-into-braces \r\n\"\\e~\": complete-username \r\n\"\\e$\": complete-variable \r\n# copy-backward-word (not bound)\r\n# copy-forward-word (not bound) \r\n# copy-region-as-kill (not bound)\r\n....\r\n....<\/pre>\n
          41. touch \/forcefsck<\/h3>\n
          The above command will create an empty folder \u2018forcefsck<\/strong>\u2018, under root directory. This will force Linux System to check the file system on the very next boot.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint [~]# touch \/forcefsck<\/pre>\n
          That\u2019s all for Now. You People are loving these \u2018Lesser Known Commands<\/strong>\u2018 and hence we are continuing the series, the next article of this series will be available very soon.<\/p>\n
          Till then stay tuned and connected to\u00a0Tecmint<\/strong>. Don\u2019t forget to give your valuable feedback in our comment section. Do a favor to us, Like and share us and help us spread.<\/p>\n
          10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V<\/h1>\n
          After four highly appreciated and such a successful series of Articles on \u201cLesser Known Linux Commands<\/strong>\u201d we are here presenting you the last article on this series, obviously not the least. The previous articles are:<\/p>\n
          \n
          \"Lesser<\/a><\/p>\n
          Lesser Known Linux Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
            \n
          1. 11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands \u2013 Part I<\/a><\/li>\n
          2. 10 Lesser Known Linux Commands \u2013 Part II<\/a><\/li>\n
          3. 10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux \u2013 Part III<\/a><\/li>\n
          4. 10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands \u2013 Part IV<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            42. lsb_release<\/h3>\n
            The command \u2018lsb_release<\/strong>\u2018 print distribution-specific information. If\u00a0lsb_release<\/strong>\u00a0is not installed, you can apt \u2018lsb-core<\/strong>\u2018 on\u00a0Debian<\/strong>\u00a0or yum \u2018redhat-lsb<\/strong>\u2018 on\u00a0Red Hat<\/strong>\u00a0the package.<\/p>\n
            # lsb_release -a\r\n\r\nLSB Version:    :base-4.0-ia32:base-4.0-noarch:core-4.0-ia32:core-4.0-noarch:graphics-4.0-ia32:\r\nDistributor ID: CentOS\r\nDescription:    CentOS release 6.3 (Final)\r\nRelease:        6.3\r\nCodename:       Final<\/pre>\n
            Note<\/strong>: Option \u2018-a<\/strong>\u2018, shows all the available information in respect of\u00a0version<\/strong>,\u00a0id<\/strong>,\u00a0description<\/strong>,\u00a0release<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0codename<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
            43. nc -zv localhost 80<\/h3>\n
            Check if port\u00a080<\/strong>\u00a0is open or not. We can replace \u201880<\/strong>\u2018 with any other port number to check if it is opened or closed.<\/p>\n
            $ nc -zv localhost 80\r\n\r\nConnection to localhost 80 port [tcp\/http] succeeded!<\/pre>\n
            Check if port\u00a08080<\/strong>\u00a0is open or not.<\/p>\n
            $ nc -zv localhost 8080\r\n\r\nnc: connect to localhost port 8080 (tcp) failed: Connection refused<\/pre>\n
            44. curl ipinfo.io<\/h3>\n
            The below command will output the \u2018Geographical Location<\/strong>\u2018 of the\u00a0IP address<\/strong>, provided.<\/p>\n
            $ curl ipinfo.io \r\n\r\n\"ip\": \"xx.xx.xx.xx\",\r\n\"hostname\": \"triband-del-aa.bbb.cc.ddd.bol.net.in\",\r\n\"city\": null,\r\n\"region\": null,\r\n\"country\": \"IN\",\r\n\"loc\": \"20,77\",\r\n\"org\": \"AS17813 Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.\"<\/pre>\n
            45. find . -user root<\/h3>\n
            The below command output the files with respect of the user (root<\/strong>) owned files. All the files owned by user \u2018root\u2019 in the current directory.<\/p>\n
            # find . -user root\r\n\r\n.\/.recently-used.xbel\r\n.\/.mysql_history\r\n.\/.aptitude\r\n.\/.aptitude\/config\r\n.\/.aptitude\/cache\r\n.\/.bluefish\r\n.\/.bluefish\/session-2.0\r\n.\/.bluefish\/autosave\r\n.\/.bash_history<\/pre>\n
            All the files owned by user \u2018avi<\/strong>\u2018 in the current directory.<\/p>\n
            # find . -user avi\r\n\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_002b66\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_001719\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_001262\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_000544\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_002e40\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_00119a\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_0014fc\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_001b52\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_00198d\r\n.\/.cache\/chromium\/Cache\/f_003680<\/pre>\n
            46. sudo apt-get build-dep ffmpeg<\/h3>\n
            The below command will build the dependency, automatically during the corresponding package installation. Hence the process of package installation is very much fluent and easy.<\/p>\n
            # apt-get build-dep ffmpeg\r\n\r\nlibxinerama-dev libxml-namespacesupport-perl libxml-sax-expat-perl\r\nlibxml-sax-perl libxml-simple-perl libxrandr-dev libxrender-dev\r\nx11proto-render-dev x11proto-xinerama-dev xulrunner-dev\r\nThe following packages will be upgraded:\r\nlibpixman-1-0\r\n1 upgraded, 143 newly installed, 0 to remove and 6 not upgraded.\r\nNeed to get 205 MB of archives.\r\nAfter this operation, 448 MB of additional disk space will be used.\r\nDo you want to continue [Y\/n]?<\/pre>\n
            47. lsof -iTCP:80 -sTCP:LISTEN<\/h3>\n
            The below command outputs, name of\u00a0process<\/strong>\/service<\/strong>\u00a0using a specific port\u00a080<\/strong>. To better understand run the following command on port\u00a080<\/strong>, it will list all\u00a0services<\/strong>\/processes<\/strong>\u00a0running on port.<\/p>\n
            root@localhost:\/home\/avi# lsof -iTCP:80 -sTCP:LISTEN\r\n\r\nCOMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE\/OFF NODE NAME\r\napache2 1566 root 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)\r\napache2 1664 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)\r\napache2 1665 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)\r\napache2 1666 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)\r\napache2 1667 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)\r\napache2 1668 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)<\/pre>\n
            Same way, you can also check the running services\/processes of port\u00a022<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
            root@localhost:\/home\/avi# lsof -iTCP:22 -sTCP:LISTEN\r\n\r\nCOMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE\/OFF NODE NAME\r\nsshd 2261 root 3u IPv4 8366 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)\r\nsshd 2261 root 4u IPv6 8369 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)<\/pre>\n
            48. find -size +100M<\/h3>\n
            The find command lists all the files in the current directory above the specified size (here\u00a0100 MB<\/strong>), recursively.<\/p>\n
            # find -size +100M\r\n\r\n.\/.local\/share\/Trash\/files\/linuxmint-15-cinnamon-dvd-32bit.iso\r\n.\/Downloads\/Fedora-Live-Desktop-i686-19-1.iso\r\n.\/Downloads\/Ant Videos\/shakira 2.avi\r\n.\/Downloads\/Deewar.avi\r\n.\/Desktop\/101MSDCF\/MOV02224.AVI\r\n.\/Desktop\/101MSDCF\/MOV02020.AVI\r\n.\/Desktop\/101MSDCF\/MOV00406.MP4\r\n.\/Desktop\/squeeze.iso<\/pre>\n
            \n
            Listing all the files whose size if more than\u00a01000 MB<\/strong>, within current directory, recursively.<\/p>\n
            root@localhost:\/home\/avi# find -size +1000M\r\n\r\n.\/Downloads\/The Dark Knight 2008 hindi BRRip 720p\/The Dark Knight.mkv.part\r\n.\/Downloads\/Saudagar - (1991) - DVDRiP - x264 - AAC 5.1 - Chapters - Esubs - [DDR]\/Saudagar \r\n- (1991) - DVDRiP - x264 - AAC 5.1 - Chapters - Esubs - [DDR].mkv\r\n.\/Downloads\/Deewar.avi\r\n.\/Desktop\/squeeze.iso<\/pre>\n
            49. pdftk<\/h3>\n
            The\u00a0pdftk<\/strong>\u00a0command merges several pdf files into one. You must have installed\u00a0pdftk<\/strong>\u00a0program. If not, do apt or yum to get the required package.<\/p>\n
            $ pdftk 1.pdf 2.pdf 3.pdf \u2026. 10.pdf cat output merged.pdf<\/pre>\n
            50. ps -LF -u user_name<\/h3>\n
            The below command outputs processes and threads of a user. The option \u201cL<\/strong>\u201d (list threads) and \u201c-F<\/strong>\u201d (Full Format Listing).<\/p>\n
            $ ps -LF -u avi\r\n\r\navi 21645 3717 21766 0 5 66168 117164 1 18:58 ? 00:00:00 \/usr\/\r\navi 21645 3717 21768 0 5 66168 117164 1 18:58 ? 00:00:00 \/usr\/\r\navi 22314 3717 22314 0 2 42797 50332 0 19:00 ? 00:00:40 \/usr\/\r\navi 22314 3717 22316 0 2 42797 50332 1 19:00 ? 00:00:00 \/usr\/\r\navi 22678 24621 22678 0 1 969 1060 1 21:05 pts\/1 00:00:00 ps -L\r\navi 23051 3717 23051 0 2 37583 45444 1 19:03 ? 00:00:52 \/usr\/\r\navi 23051 3717 23053 0 2 37583 45444 0 19:03 ? 00:00:03 \/usr\/\r\navi 23652 1 23652 0 2 22092 12520 0 19:06 ? 00:00:22 gnome\r\navi 23652 1 23655 0 2 22092 12520 0 19:06 ? 00:00:00 gnome<\/pre>\n
            51. Startx \u2014 :1<\/h3>\n
            Sharing\u00a0X<\/strong>\u00a0session, means frequently logging in and out, this is where the\u00a0Startx<\/strong>\u00a0command comes to rescue. The command creates a new session thus no need to login and logout frequently from a session. In order to switch between the two\u00a0X<\/strong>\u00a0session, we need to switch between \u2018ctrl+Alt+F7<\/strong>\u2018 and \u2018ctrl+Alt+F8<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
            Note<\/strong>: The keys \u201cctrl+Alt+F1<\/strong>\u201c, \u201cctrl+Alt+F6<\/strong>\u201d is for console session, and \u201cctrl+Alt+F7<\/strong>\u201c, \u201cctrl+Alt+F12<\/strong>\u201d is for X session. Hence\u00a06<\/strong>\u00a0console session and\u00a06<\/strong>\u00a0X session, without frequent logging-in and out. The above sequence works on most of the distro, however different distro may have implemented it differently. I have checked it on Debian, and it works perfectly fine.<\/p>\n
            That\u2019s all for now.<\/p>\n
            Source<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
            Linux\u00a0command line attracts most of the\u00a0Linux Enthusiastic. A normal\u00a0Linux\u00a0user generally posses a vocabulary of roughly\u00a050-60 commands\u00a0to carry out their\u00a0day-to-day\u00a0task. Linux commands and their switches remains the most valuable treasure for a\u00a0Linux-user,\u00a0Shell-script programmer\u00a0and\u00a0Administrator. There are some\u00a0Linux Commands\u00a0which are lesser Known, yet very useful and handy irrespective of the fact whether you are a Novice or an … <\/p>\n
            Continue reading “11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12147"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12147\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12148,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12147\/revisions\/12148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}