{"id":13455,"date":"2019-04-02T04:16:24","date_gmt":"2019-04-02T04:16:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/?p=13455"},"modified":"2019-04-02T04:16:24","modified_gmt":"2019-04-02T04:16:24","slug":"60-commands-of-linux-a-guide-from-newbies-to-system-administrator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/2019\/04\/02\/60-commands-of-linux-a-guide-from-newbies-to-system-administrator\/","title":{"rendered":"60 Commands of Linux : A Guide from Newbies to System Administrator"},"content":{"rendered":"

For a person new to\u00a0Linux<\/strong>, finding\u00a0Linux<\/strong>\u00a0functional is still not very easy even after the emergence of user friendly\u00a0Linux<\/strong>\u00a0distribution like\u00a0Ubuntu<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Mint<\/strong>. The thing remains that there will always be some configuration on user\u2019s part to be done manually.<\/p>\n

\n

\"Linux<\/a><\/p>\n

60 Linux Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Just to start with, the first thing a user should know is the\u00a0basic commands<\/strong>\u00a0in terminal.\u00a0Linux GUI<\/strong>\u00a0runs on\u00a0Shell<\/strong>. When\u00a0GUI<\/strong>\u00a0is not running but\u00a0Shell<\/strong>\u00a0is running,\u00a0Linux<\/strong>\u00a0is running. If\u00a0Shell<\/strong>\u00a0is not running, nothing is running.\u00a0Commands<\/strong>\u00a0in\u00a0Linux<\/strong>\u00a0is a means of interaction with\u00a0Shell<\/strong>. For a beginners some of the basic computational task is to:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. View the contents of a directory : A directory may contains visible and invisible files with different file permissions.<\/li>\n
  2. Viewing blocks, HDD partition, External HDD<\/li>\n
  3. Checking the integrity of Downloaded\/Transferred Packages<\/li>\n
  4. Converting and copying a file<\/li>\n
  5. Know your machine name, OS and Kernel<\/li>\n
  6. Viewing history<\/li>\n
  7. Being root<\/li>\n
  8. Make Directory<\/li>\n
  9. Make Files<\/li>\n
  10. Changing the file permission<\/li>\n
  11. Own a file<\/li>\n
  12. Install, Update and maintain Packages<\/li>\n
  13. Uncompressing a file<\/li>\n
  14. See current date, time and calendar<\/li>\n
  15. Print contents of a file<\/li>\n
  16. Copy and Move<\/li>\n
  17. See the working directory for easy navigation<\/li>\n
  18. Change the working directory, etc\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    And we have described all of the above basic computational task in our\u00a0First Article<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Part I \u2013\u00a0Switching From Windows to Nix or a Newbie to Linux \u2013 20 Useful Commands for Linux Newbies<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n

    This was the first article of this series. We tried to provide you with detailed description of these commands with explicit examples which was highly appreciated by our reader in terms of\u00a0likes<\/strong>,\u00a0comments<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0traffic<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    What after these initial commands? Obviously we moved to the next part of this article where we provided commands for computational tasks like:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Finding a file in a given directory<\/li>\n
    2. Searching a file with the given keywords<\/li>\n
    3. Finding online documentation<\/li>\n
    4. See the current running processes<\/li>\n
    5. Kill a running process<\/li>\n
    6. See the location of installed Binaries<\/li>\n
    7. Starting, Ending, Restarting a service<\/li>\n
    8. Making and removing of aliases<\/li>\n
    9. View the disk and space usages<\/li>\n
    10. Removing a file and\/or directory<\/li>\n
    11. Print\/echo a custom output on standard output<\/li>\n
    12. Changing password of on-self and other\u2019s, if you are root.<\/li>\n
    13. View Printing queue<\/li>\n
    14. Compare two files<\/li>\n
    15. Download a file, the Linux way (wget)<\/li>\n
    16. Mount a block \/ partition \/ external HDD<\/li>\n
    17. Compile and Run a code written in \u2018C\u2019, \u2018C++\u2019 and \u2018Java\u2019 Programming Language<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      This\u00a0Second Article<\/strong>\u00a0was again highly appreciated by the readers of\u00a0Tecmint.com<\/strong>. The article was nicely elaborated with suitable examples and output.<\/p>\n

      Part II \u2013\u00a020 Advanced Commands for Middle Level Linux Users<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n

      After providing the users with the glimpse of Commands used by a\u00a0Middle Level User<\/strong>\u00a0we thought to give our effort in a nice write-up for a list of command used by an user of\u00a0System Administrator Level<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      In our\u00a0Third<\/strong>\u00a0and last article of this series, we tried to cover the commands that would be required for the computational task like:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Configuring Network Interface<\/li>\n
      2. Viewing custom Network Related information<\/li>\n
      3. Getting information about Internet Server with customisable switches and Results<\/li>\n
      4. Digging DNS<\/li>\n
      5. Knowing Your System uptime<\/li>\n
      6. Sending an occasional Information to all other logged-in users<\/li>\n
      7. Send text messages directly to a user<\/li>\n
      8. Combination of commands<\/li>\n
      9. Renaming a file<\/li>\n
      10. Seeing the processes of a CPU<\/li>\n
      11. Creating newly formatted ext4 partition<\/li>\n
      12. Text File editors like vi, emacs and nano<\/li>\n
      13. Copying a large file\/folder with progress bar<\/li>\n
      14. Keeping track of free and available memory<\/li>\n
      15. Backup a mysql database<\/li>\n
      16. Make difficult to guess \u2013 random password<\/li>\n
      17. Merge two text files<\/li>\n
      18. List of all the opened files<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        Part III \u2013\u00a020 Advanced Commands for Linux Experts<\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n

        Writing this article and the list of command that needs to go with the article was a little cumbersome. We chose\u00a020 commands<\/strong>\u00a0with each article and hence gave a lot of thought for which command should be included and which should be excluded from the particular post. I personally selected the commands on the basis of their usability (as I use and get used to) from an user point of view and an Administrator point of view.<\/p>\n

        This Articles aims to concatenate all the articles of its series and provide you with all the functionality in commands you can perform in our this very series of articles.<\/p>\n

        There are too long lists of commands available in\u00a0Linux<\/strong>. But we provided the\u00a0list of 60 commands<\/strong>\u00a0which is generally and most commonly used and a user having knowledge of these\u00a060 commands<\/strong>\u00a0as a whole can work in terminal very much smoothly.<\/p>\n

        That\u2019s all for now from me. I will soon be coming up with another tutorial, you people will love to go through. Till then\u00a0Stay Tuned<\/strong>!<\/p>\n

        Switching From Windows to Nix or a Newbie to Linux \u2013 20 Useful Commands for Linux Newbies<\/h1>\n

        So you are planning to switch from\u00a0Windows<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0Linux<\/strong>, or have just switched to\u00a0Linux<\/strong>? Oops!!! what I am asking! For what else reason would you have been here. From my past experience when I was new to\u00a0Nux<\/strong>, commands and terminal really scared me, I was worried about the commands, as to what extent I have to remember and memorise them to get myself fully functional with\u00a0Linux<\/strong>. No doubt online documentation, books, man pages and user community helped me a lot but I strongly believed that there should be an article with details of commands in easy to learn and understand language.These Motivated me to\u00a0Master Linux<\/strong>\u00a0and to make it easy-to-use. My this article is a step towards it.<\/p>\n

        \n

        \"Newbies<\/a><\/p>\n

        20 Linux Commands for Newbies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

        1. Command: ls<\/h3>\n

        The command \u201cls<\/strong>\u201d stands for (List Directory Contents<\/strong>), List the contents of the folder, be it file or folder, from which it runs.<\/p>\n

        root@tecmint:~# ls\r\n\r\nAndroid-Games                     Music\r\nPictures                          Public\r\nDesktop                           Tecmint.com\r\nDocuments                         TecMint-Sync\r\nDownloads                         Templates<\/pre>\n
        The command \u201cls -l<\/strong>\u201d list the content of folder, in\u00a0long listing<\/strong>\u00a0fashion.<\/p>\n
        root@tecmint:~# ls -l\r\n\r\ntotal 40588\r\ndrwxrwxr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 May  8 01:06 Android Games\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 May 15 10:50 Desktop\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 May 16 16:45 Documents\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 6 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 May 16 14:34 Downloads\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 Apr 30 20:50 Music\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 May  9 17:54 Pictures\r\ndrwxrwxr-x 5 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 May  3 18:44 Tecmint.com\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 ravisaive ravisaive     4096 Apr 30 20:50 Templates<\/pre>\n
        Command \u201cls -a<\/strong>\u201c, list the content of folder, including\u00a0hidden<\/strong>\u00a0files starting with \u2018.\u2019.<\/p>\n
        root@tecmint:~# ls -a\r\n\r\n.\t\t\t.gnupg\t\t\t.dbus\t\t\t.goutputstream-PI5VVW\t\t.mission-control\r\n.adobe                  deja-dup                .grsync                 .mozilla                 \t.themes\r\n.gstreamer-0.10         .mtpaint                .thumbnails             .gtk-bookmarks          \t.thunderbird\r\n.HotShots               .mysql_history          .htaccess\t\t.apport-ignore.xml      \t.ICEauthority           \r\n.profile                .bash_history           .icons                  .bash_logout                    .fbmessenger\r\n.jedit                  .pulse                  .bashrc                 .liferea_1.8             \t.pulse-cookie            \r\n.Xauthority\t\t.gconf                  .local                  .Xauthority.HGHVWW\t\t.cache\r\n.gftp                   .macromedia             .remmina                .cinnamon                       .gimp-2.8\r\n.ssh                    .xsession-errors \t.compiz                 .gnome                          teamviewer_linux.deb          \r\n.xsession-errors.old\t.config                 .gnome2                 .zoncolor<\/pre>\n
        Note: In\u00a0Linux<\/strong>\u00a0file name starting with \u2018.<\/strong>\u2018 is hidden. In Linux every file\/folder\/device\/command is a file. The output of\u00a0ls -l<\/strong>\u00a0is:<\/p>\n
          \n
        1. d<\/strong>\u00a0(stands for directory).<\/li>\n
        2. rwxr-xr-x<\/strong>\u00a0is the file permission of the file\/folder for owner, group and world.<\/li>\n
        3. The 1st\u00a0ravisaive<\/strong>\u00a0in the above example means that file is owned by user ravisaive.<\/li>\n
        4. The 2nd\u00a0ravisaive<\/strong>\u00a0in the above example means file belongs to user group ravisaive.<\/li>\n
        5. 4096<\/strong>\u00a0means file size is 4096 Bytes.<\/li>\n
        6. May 8 01:06<\/strong>\u00a0is the date and time of last modification.<\/li>\n
        7. And at the end is the name of the\u00a0File\/Folder<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          For more \u201cls<\/strong>\u201d command examples read\u00a015 \u2018ls\u2019 Command Examples in Linux<\/a>.<\/p>\n
          2. Command: lsblk<\/h3>\n
          The \u201clsblk<\/strong>\u201d stands for (List Block Devices<\/strong>), print block devices by their assigned name (but not\u00a0RAM<\/strong>) on the standard output in a tree-like fashion.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint:~# lsblk\r\n\r\nNAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT\r\nsda      8:0    0 232.9G  0 disk \r\n\u251c\u2500sda1   8:1    0  46.6G  0 part \/\r\n\u251c\u2500sda2   8:2    0     1K  0 part \r\n\u251c\u2500sda5   8:5    0   190M  0 part \/boot\r\n\u251c\u2500sda6   8:6    0   3.7G  0 part [SWAP]\r\n\u251c\u2500sda7   8:7    0  93.1G  0 part \/data\r\n\u2514\u2500sda8   8:8    0  89.2G  0 part \/personal\r\nsr0     11:0    1  1024M  0 rom<\/pre>\n
          The \u201clsblk -l<\/strong>\u201d command list block devices in \u2018list<\/strong>\u2018 structure (not tree like fashion).<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint:~# lsblk -l\r\n\r\nNAME MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT\r\nsda    8:0    0 232.9G  0 disk \r\nsda1   8:1    0  46.6G  0 part \/\r\nsda2   8:2    0     1K  0 part \r\nsda5   8:5    0   190M  0 part \/boot\r\nsda6   8:6    0   3.7G  0 part [SWAP]\r\nsda7   8:7    0  93.1G  0 part \/data\r\nsda8   8:8    0  89.2G  0 part \/personal\r\nsr0   11:0    1  1024M  0 rom<\/pre>\n
          Note:\u00a0lsblk<\/strong>\u00a0is very useful and easiest way to know the name of\u00a0New Usb Device<\/strong>\u00a0you just plugged in, especially when you have to deal with disk\/blocks in terminal.<\/p>\n
          3. Command: md5sum<\/h3>\n
          The \u201cmd5sum<\/strong>\u201d stands for (Compute<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Check MD5 Message Digest<\/strong>), md5 checksum (commonly called\u00a0hash<\/strong>) is used to match or verify integrity of files that may have changed as a result of a faulty file transfer, a disk error or non-malicious interference.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint:~# md5sum teamviewer_linux.deb \r\n\r\n47790ed345a7b7970fc1f2ac50c97002  teamviewer_linux.deb<\/pre>\n
          Note: The user can match the generated md5sum with the one provided officially. Md5sum is considered less secure than sha1sum, which we will discuss later.<\/p>\n
          4. Command: dd<\/h3>\n
          Command \u201cdd<\/strong>\u201d stands for (Convert<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Copy a file<\/strong>), Can be used to convert and copy a file and most of the times is used to copy a iso file (or any other file) to a usb device (or any other location), thus can be used to make a \u2018Bootlable<\/strong>\u2018 Usb Stick.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint:~# dd if=\/home\/user\/Downloads\/debian.iso of=\/dev\/sdb1 bs=512M; sync<\/pre>\n
          Note: In the above example the usb device is supposed to be sdb1 (You should Verify it using command\u00a0lsblk<\/strong>, otherwise you will overwrite your disk and OS), use name of disk very Cautiously!!!.<\/p>\n
          dd<\/strong>\u00a0command takes some time ranging from a few seconds to several minutes in execution, depending on the size and type of file and read and write speed of Usb stick.<\/p>\n
          5. Command: uname<\/h3>\n
          The \u201cuname<\/strong>\u201d command stands for (Unix Name<\/strong>), print detailed information about the machine name, Operating System and Kernel.<\/p>\n
          root@tecmint:~# uname -a\r\n\r\nLinux tecmint 3.8.0-19-generic #30-Ubuntu SMP Wed May 1 16:36:13 UTC 2013 i686 i686 i686 GNU\/Linux<\/pre>\n
          Note: uname shows type of kernel.\u00a0uname -a<\/strong>\u00a0output detailed information. Elaborating the above output of\u00a0uname -a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
            \n
          1. \u201cLinux<\/strong>\u201c: The machine\u2019s kernel name.<\/li>\n
          2. \u201ctecmint<\/strong>\u201c: The machine\u2019s node name.<\/li>\n
          3. \u201c3.8.0-19-generic<\/strong>\u201c: The kernel release.<\/li>\n
          4. \u201c#30-Ubuntu SMP<\/strong>\u201c: The kernel version.<\/li>\n
          5. \u201ci686<\/strong>\u201c: The architecture of the processor.<\/li>\n
          6. \u201cGNU\/Linux<\/strong>\u201c: The operating system name.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            6. Command: history<\/h3>\n
            The \u201chistory<\/strong>\u201d command stands for\u00a0History (Event) Record<\/strong>, it prints the history of long list of executed commands in terminal.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# history\r\n\r\n 1  sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix\/ppa\r\n 2  sudo apt-get update\r\n 3  sudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak\r\n 4  sudo add-apt-repository ppa:diesch\/testing\r\n 5  sudo apt-get update\r\n 6  sudo apt-get install indicator-privacy\r\n 7  sudo add-apt-repository ppa:atareao\/atareao\r\n 8  sudo apt-get update\r\n 9  sudo apt-get install my-weather-indicator\r\n 10 pwd\r\n 11 cd && sudo cp -r unity\/6 \/usr\/share\/unity\/\r\n 12 cd \/usr\/share\/unity\/icons\/\r\n 13 cd \/usr\/share\/unity<\/pre>\n
            Note: Pressing \u201cCtrl + R<\/strong>\u201d and then search for already executed commands which lets your command to be completed with auto completion feature.<\/p>\n
            (reverse-i-search)`if': ifconfig<\/pre>\n
            7. Command: sudo<\/h3>\n
            The \u201csudo<\/strong>\u201d (super user do<\/strong>) command allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy in the sudoers list.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix\/ppa<\/pre>\n
            Note:\u00a0sudo<\/strong>\u00a0allows user to borrow superuser privileged, while a similar command \u2018su<\/strong>\u2018 allows user to actually log in as superuser.\u00a0Sudo<\/strong>\u00a0is safer than\u00a0su<\/strong>.
            \nIt is not advised to use\u00a0sudo<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0su<\/strong>\u00a0for day-to-day normal use, as it can result in serious error if accidentally you did something wrong, that\u2019s why a very popular saying in Linux community is:<\/p>\n
            \u201cTo err is human, but to really foul up everything, you need root password.\u201d<\/pre>\n
            8. Command: mkdir<\/h3>\n
            The \u201cmkdir<\/strong>\u201d (Make directory<\/strong>) command create a new directory with name path. However is the directory already exists, it will return an error message \u201ccannot create folder, folder already exists\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# mkdir tecmint<\/pre>\n
            Note: Directory can only be created inside the folder, in which the user has write permission.\u00a0mkdir<\/strong>: cannot create directory `tecmint<\/strong>\u2018: File exists
            \n(Don\u2019t confuse with file in the above output, you might remember what i said at the beginning \u2013 In Linux every file, folder, drive, command, scripts are treated as file).<\/p>\n
            9. Command: touch<\/h3>\n
            The \u201ctouch<\/strong>\u201d command stands for (Update the access and modification times of each\u00a0FILE<\/strong>\u00a0to the current time).\u00a0touch<\/strong>\u00a0command creates the file, only if it doesn\u2019t exist. If the file already exists it will update the timestamp and not the contents of the file.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# touch tecmintfile<\/pre>\n
            Note:\u00a0touch<\/strong>\u00a0can be used to create file under directory, on which the user has write permission, only if the file don\u2019t exist there.<\/p>\n
            10. Command: chmod<\/h3>\n
            The Linux \u201cchmod<\/strong>\u201d command stands for (change file mode bits<\/strong>). chmod changes the file mode (permission<\/strong>) of each given file, folder, script, etc.. according to mode asked for.<\/p>\n
            There exist\u00a03<\/strong>\u00a0types of permission on a file (folder or anything but to keep things simple we will be using file).<\/p>\n
            Read (r)=4\r\nWrite(w)=2\r\nExecute(x)=1<\/pre>\n
            So if you want to give only read permission on a file it will be assigned a value of \u20184<\/strong>\u2018, for write permission only, a value of \u20182<\/strong>\u2018 and for execute permission only, a value of \u20181<\/strong>\u2018 is to be given. For read and write permission\u00a04+2<\/strong>\u00a0= \u20186<\/strong>\u2018 is to be given, ans so on.<\/p>\n
            Now permission need to be set for\u00a03<\/strong>\u00a0kinds of user and usergroup. The first is owner, then usergroup and finally world.<\/p>\n
            rwxr-x--x   abc.sh<\/pre>\n
            Here the root\u2019s permission is\u00a0rwx<\/strong>\u00a0(read<\/strong>,\u00a0write<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0execute<\/strong>).
            \nusergroup to which it belongs, is\u00a0r-x<\/strong>\u00a0(read<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0execute<\/strong>\u00a0only, no write permission) and
            \nfor world is\u00a0\u2013x\u00a0<\/strong>(only\u00a0execute<\/strong>).<\/p>\n
            To change its permission and provide\u00a0read<\/strong>,\u00a0write<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0execute<\/strong>\u00a0permission to owner, group and world.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# chmod 777 abc.sh<\/pre>\n
            only\u00a0read<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0write<\/strong>\u00a0permission to all three.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# chmod 666 abc.sh<\/pre>\n
            read<\/strong>,\u00a0write<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0execute<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0owner<\/strong>\u00a0and only execute to\u00a0group<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0world.<\/strong><\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# chmod 711 abc.sh<\/pre>\n
            Note: one of the most important command useful for sysadmin and user both. On a multi-user environment or on a server, this command comes to rescue, setting wrong permission will either makes a file inaccessible or provide unauthorized access to someone.<\/p>\n
            11. Command: chown<\/h3>\n
            The Linux \u201cchown<\/strong>\u201d command stands for (change file owner and group<\/strong>). Every file belongs to a group of user and a owner. It is used Do \u2018ls -l<\/strong>\u2018 into your directory and you will see something like this.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# ls -l \r\n\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 server root 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 server server 4096 May 13 09:42 Desktop<\/pre>\n
            Here the directory\u00a0Binary<\/strong>\u00a0is owned by user \u201cserver<\/strong>\u201d and it belongs to usergroup \u201croot<\/strong>\u201d where as directory \u201cDesktop<\/strong>\u201d is owned by user \u201cserver<\/strong>\u201d and belongs to user group \u201cserver<\/strong>\u201c.<\/p>\n
            This \u201cchown<\/strong>\u201d command is used to change the file ownership and thus is useful in managing and providing file to authorised user and usergroup only.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# chown server:server Binary\r\n\r\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 server server 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 server server 4096 May 13 09:42 Desktop<\/pre>\n
            Note: \u201cchown<\/strong>\u201d changes the user and group ownership of each given\u00a0FILE<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0NEW-OWNER<\/strong>\u00a0or to the user and group of an existing reference file.<\/p>\n
            12. Command: apt<\/h3>\n
            The Debian based \u201capt<\/strong>\u201d command stands for (Advanced Package Tool<\/strong>).\u00a0Apt<\/strong>\u00a0is an advanced package manager for\u00a0Debian<\/strong>\u00a0based system (Ubuntu<\/strong>,\u00a0Kubuntu<\/strong>, etc.), that automatically and intelligently\u00a0search<\/strong>,\u00a0install<\/strong>,\u00a0update<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0resolves dependency<\/strong>\u00a0of packages on\u00a0Gnu\/Linux<\/strong>\u00a0system from command line.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# apt-get install mplayer\r\n\r\nReading package lists... Done\r\nBuilding dependency tree       \r\nReading state information... Done\r\nThe following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:\r\n  java-wrappers\r\nUse 'apt-get autoremove' to remove it.\r\nThe following extra packages will be installed:\r\n  esound-common libaudiofile1 libesd0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libsvga1 libvdpau1 libxvidcore4\r\nSuggested packages:\r\n  pulseaudio-esound-compat libroar-compat2 nvidia-vdpau-driver vdpau-driver mplayer-doc netselect fping\r\nThe following NEW packages will be installed:\r\n  esound-common libaudiofile1 libesd0 libopenal-data libopenal1 libsvga1 libvdpau1 libxvidcore4 mplayer\r\n0 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 8 not upgraded.\r\nNeed to get 3,567 kB of archives.\r\nAfter this operation, 7,772 kB of additional disk space will be used.\r\nDo you want to continue [Y\/n]? y<\/pre>\n
            root@tecmint:~# apt-get update\r\n\r\nHit http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg                                           \r\nHit http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg                                           \r\nHit http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg                      \r\nHit http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg                      \r\nGet:1 http:\/\/security.ubuntu.com raring-security Release.gpg [933 B] \r\nHit http:\/\/in.archive.ubuntu.com raring Release.gpg                                                   \r\nHit http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg                      \r\nGet:2 http:\/\/security.ubuntu.com raring-security Release [40.8 kB]   \r\nIgn http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg                                                  \r\nGet:3 http:\/\/in.archive.ubuntu.com raring-updates Release.gpg [933 B]                            \r\nHit http:\/\/ppa.launchpad.net raring Release.gpg                                                                \r\nHit http:\/\/in.archive.ubuntu.com raring-backports Release.gpg<\/pre>\n
            Note: The above commands results into system-wide changes and hence requires root password (Check \u2018#<\/strong>\u2018 and not \u2018$\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0as prompt).\u00a0Apt<\/strong>\u00a0is considered more advanced and intelligent as compared to\u00a0yum command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
            As the name suggest,\u00a0apt-cache<\/strong>\u00a0search for package containing sub package\u00a0mpalyer<\/strong>.\u00a0apt-get<\/strong>\u00a0install, update all the packages, that are already installed, to the newest one.<\/p>\n
            Read more about apt-get and apt-cache commands at\u00a025 APT-GET and APT-CACHE Commands<\/a><\/p>\n
            13. Command: tar<\/h3>\n
            The \u201ctar<\/strong>\u201d command is a\u00a0Tape Archive<\/strong>\u00a0is useful in creation of archive, in a number of file format and their extraction.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# tar -zxvf abc.tar.gz (Remember 'z<\/strong>' for .tar.gz<\/strong>)<\/pre>\n
            root@tecmint:~# tar -jxvf abc.tar.bz2 (Remember 'j<\/strong>' for .tar.bz2<\/strong>)<\/pre>\n
            root@tecmint:~# tar -cvf archieve.tar.gz(.bz2<\/strong>) \/path\/to\/folder\/abc<\/pre>\n
            Note: A \u2018tar.gz<\/strong>\u2018 means gzipped. \u2018tar.bz2<\/strong>\u2018 is compressed with bzip which uses a better but slower compression method.<\/p>\n
            Read more about \u201ctar command\u201d examples at\u00a018 Tar Command Examples<\/a><\/p>\n
            14. Command: cal<\/h3>\n
            The \u201ccal<\/strong>\u201d (Calendar<\/strong>), it is used to displays calendar of the present month or any other month of any year that is advancing or passed.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# cal \r\n\r\nMay 2013        \r\nSu Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  \r\n          1  2  3  4  \r\n 5  6  7  8  9 10 11  \r\n12 13 14 15 16 17 18  \r\n19 20 21 22 23 24 25  \r\n26 27 28 29 30 31<\/pre>\n
            Show calendar of year\u00a01835<\/strong>\u00a0for month\u00a0February<\/strong>, that already has passed.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# cal 02 1835\r\n\r\n   February 1835      \r\nSu Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  \r\n 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  \r\n 8  9 10 11 12 13 14  \r\n15 16 17 18 19 20 21  \r\n22 23 24 25 26 27 28<\/pre>\n
            Shows calendar of year\u00a02145<\/strong>\u00a0for the month of\u00a0July<\/strong>, that will advancing<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# cal 07 2145\r\n\r\n     July 2145        \r\nSu Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa  \r\n             1  2  3  \r\n 4  5  6  7  8  9 10  \r\n11 12 13 14 15 16 17  \r\n18 19 20 21 22 23 24  \r\n25 26 27 28 29 30 31<\/pre>\n
            Note: You need not to turn the calendar of\u00a050<\/strong>\u00a0years back, neither you need to make complex mathematical calculation to know what day you were worn or your coming birthday will fall on which day.<\/p>\n
            15. Command: date<\/h3>\n
            The \u201cdate<\/strong>\u201d (Date<\/strong>) command print the current date and time on the standard output, and can further be set.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# date\r\n\r\nFri May 17 14:13:29 IST 2013<\/pre>\n
            root@tecmint:~# date --set='14 may 2013 13:57' \r\n\r\nMon May 13 13:57:00 IST 2013<\/pre>\n
            Note: This Command will be very use-full in scripting, time and date based scripting, to be more perfect. Moreover changing date and time using terminal will make you feel\u00a0GEEK<\/strong>!!!. (Obviously you need to be\u00a0root<\/strong>\u00a0to perform this operation, as it is a system wide change).<\/p>\n
            16. Command: cat<\/h3>\n
            The \u201ccat<\/strong>\u201d stands for (Concatenation<\/strong>). Concatenate (join) two or more plain file and\/or print contents of a file on standard output.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# cat a.txt b.txt c.txt d.txt >> abcd.txt<\/pre>\n
            root@tecmint:~# cat abcd.txt\r\n....\r\ncontents of file abcd \r\n...<\/pre>\n
            Note: \u201c>><\/strong>\u201d and \u201c><\/strong>\u201d are called append symbol. They are used to append the output to a file and not on standard output. \u201c><\/strong>\u201d symbol will delete a file already existed and create a new file hence for security reason it is advised to use \u201c>><\/strong>\u201d that will write the output without overwriting or deleting the file.<\/p>\n
            Before Proceeding further, I must let you know about wildcards (you would be aware of wildcard entry, in most of the Television shows) Wildcards are a shell feature that makes the command line much more powerful than any\u00a0GUI<\/strong>\u00a0file managers. You see, if you want to select a big group of files in a graphical file manager, you usually have to select them with your mouse. This may seem simple, but in some cases it can be very frustrating.<\/p>\n
            For example, suppose you have a directory with a huge amount of all kinds of files and subdirectories, and you decide to move all the HTML files, that have the word \u201cLinux\u201d somewhere in the middle of their names, from that big directory into another directory. What\u2019s a simple way to do this? If the directory contains a huge amount of differently named HTML files, your task is everything but simple!<\/p>\n
            In the Linux CLI that task is just as simple to perform as moving only one HTML file, and it\u2019s so easy because of the shell wildcards. These are special characters that allow you to select file names that match certain patterns of characters. This helps you to select even a big group of files with typing just a few characters, and in most cases it\u2019s easier than selecting the files with a mouse.<\/p>\n
            Here\u2019s a list of the most commonly used wildcards :<\/p>\n
            Wildcard<\/strong>\t\t\tMatches<\/strong>\r\n   *\t\t\tzero or more characters\r\n   ?\t\t\texactly one character\r\n[abcde]\t\t\texactly one character listed\r\n [a-e]\t\t\texactly one character in the given range\r\n[!abcde]\t\tany character that is not listed\r\n [!a-e]\t\t\tany character that is not in the given range\r\n{debian,linux}\t\texactly one entire word in the options given<\/pre>\n
            !<\/strong>\u00a0is called not symbol, and the reverse of string attached with \u2018!\u2019 is true.<\/p>\n
            Read more examples of Linux \u201ccat command\u201d at\u00a013 Cat Command Examples in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
            17. Command: cp<\/h3>\n
            The \u201ccopy<\/strong>\u201d stands for (Copy<\/strong>), it copies a file from one location to another location.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# cp \/home\/user\/Downloads abc.tar.gz \/home\/user\/Desktop (Return 0 when sucess)<\/pre>\n
            Note:\u00a0cp<\/strong>\u00a0is one of the most commonly used command in shell scripting and it can be used with wildcard characters (Describe in the above block), for customised and desired file copying.<\/p>\n
            18. Command: mv<\/h3>\n
            The \u201cmv<\/strong>\u201d command moves a file from one location to another location.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# mv \/home\/user\/Downloads abc.tar.gz \/home\/user\/Desktop (Return 0 when sucess)<\/pre>\n
            Note:\u00a0mv<\/strong>\u00a0command can be used with wildcard characters.\u00a0mv<\/strong>\u00a0should be used with caution, as moving of system\/unauthorised file may lead to security as well as breakdown of system.<\/p>\n
            19. Command: pwd<\/h3>\n
            The command \u201cpwd<\/strong>\u201d (print working directory<\/strong>), prints the current working directory with full path name from terminal.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# pwd \r\n\r\n\/home\/user\/Desktop<\/pre>\n
            Note: This command won\u2019t be much frequently used in scripting but it is an absolute life saver for newbie who gets lost in terminal in their early connection with nux. (Linux<\/strong>\u00a0is most commonly referred as\u00a0nux<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0nix<\/strong>).<\/p>\n
            20. Command: cd<\/h3>\n
            Finally, the frequently used \u201ccd<\/strong>\u201d command stands for (change directory<\/strong>), it change the working directory to execute, copy, move write, read, etc. from terminal itself.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# cd \/home\/user\/Desktop<\/pre>\n
            server@localhost:~$ pwd\r\n\r\n\/home\/user\/Desktop<\/pre>\n
            Note:\u00a0cd<\/strong>\u00a0comes to rescue when switching between directories from terminal. \u201cCd ~<\/strong>\u201d will change the working directory to user\u2019s home directory, and is very useful if a user finds himself lost in terminal. \u201cCd ..<\/strong>\u201d will change the working directory to parent directory (of current working directory).<\/p>\n
            These commands will surely make you comfortable with\u00a0Linux<\/strong>. But it\u2019s not the end. Very soon I will be coming with other commands which will be useful for \u2018Middle Level User<\/strong><\/a>\u2018 i.e., You! No don\u2019t exclaim, if you get used-to these commands, You will notice promotion in\u00a0user-level<\/strong>\u00a0from\u00a0newbie<\/strong>\u00a0to\u00a0Middle-level-user<\/strong>. In the next article, I will be coming up with commands like \u2018Kill<\/strong>\u2018, \u2018Ps<\/strong>\u2018, \u2018grep<\/strong>\u2018,\u2026.Wait for the article and I don\u2019t want to spoil your interest.<\/p>\n
            20 Advanced Commands for Middle Level Linux Users<\/h1>\n
            You might have found the first article very much useful, this article is an extension of the\u00a020 Useful Commands for Linux Newbies<\/a>. The first article was intended for newbies and this article is for\u00a0Middle-Level-User<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Advanced Users<\/strong>. Here you will find how to customise search, know the processes running guide to kill them, how to make your\u00a0Linux<\/strong>\u00a0terminal productive is an important aspect and how to compile\u00a0c<\/strong>,\u00a0c++<\/strong>,\u00a0java<\/strong>\u00a0programs in nix.<\/p>\n
            \n
            \"Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
            20 Linux Advanced & Expert Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
            21. Command: Find<\/h3>\n
            Search for files in the given directory, hierarchically starting at the parent directory and moving to sub-directories.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# find -name *.sh \r\n\r\n.\/Desktop\/load.sh \r\n.\/Desktop\/test.sh \r\n.\/Desktop\/shutdown.sh \r\n.\/Binary\/firefox\/run-mozilla.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/quanta\/scripts\/externalpreview.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/admin\/doxygen.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/admin\/cvs.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/admin\/ltmain.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/wheezy-nv-install.sh<\/pre>\n
            Note:<\/strong>\u00a0The `-name<\/strong>\u2018 option makes the search case sensitive. You can use the `-iname<\/strong>\u2018 option to find something regardless of case. (*<\/strong>\u00a0is a wildcard and searches all the file having extension \u2018.sh<\/strong>\u2018 you can use filename or a part of file name to customise the output).<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# find -iname *.SH ( find -iname *.Sh \/  find -iname *.sH)\r\n\r\n.\/Desktop\/load.sh \r\n.\/Desktop\/test.sh \r\n.\/Desktop\/shutdown.sh \r\n.\/Binary\/firefox\/run-mozilla.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/quanta\/scripts\/externalpreview.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/admin\/doxygen.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/admin\/cvs.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/kdewebdev-3.5.8\/admin\/ltmain.sh \r\n.\/Downloads\/wheezy-nv-install.sh<\/pre>\n
            root@tecmint:~# find -name *.tar.gz \r\n\r\n\/var\/www\/modules\/update\/tests\/aaa_update_test.tar.gz \r\n.\/var\/cache\/flashplugin-nonfree\/install_flash_player_11_linux.i386.tar.gz \r\n.\/home\/server\/Downloads\/drupal-7.22.tar.gz \r\n.\/home\/server\/Downloads\/smtp-7.x-1.0.tar.gz \r\n.\/home\/server\/Downloads\/noreqnewpass-7.x-1.2.tar.gz \r\n.\/usr\/share\/gettext\/archive.git.tar.gz \r\n.\/usr\/share\/doc\/apg\/php.tar.gz \r\n.\/usr\/share\/doc\/festival\/examples\/speech_pm_1.0.tar.gz \r\n.\/usr\/share\/doc\/argyll\/examples\/spyder2.tar.gz \r\n.\/usr\/share\/usb_modeswitch\/configPack.tar.gz<\/pre>\n
            Note<\/strong>: The above command searches for all the file having extension \u2018tar.gz<\/strong>\u2018 in root directory and all the sub-directories including mounted devices.<\/p>\n
            Read more examples of Linux \u2018find<\/strong>\u2018 command at\u00a035 Find Command Examples in Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
            22. Command: grep<\/h3>\n
            The \u2018grep<\/strong>\u2018 command searches the given file for lines containing a match to the given strings or words. Search \u2018\/etc\/passwd<\/strong>\u2018 for \u2018tecmint<\/strong>\u2018 user.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# grep tecmint \/etc\/passwd \r\n\r\ntecmint:x:1000:1000:Tecmint,,,:\/home\/tecmint:\/bin\/bash<\/pre>\n
            Ignore word case and all other combination with \u2018-i<\/strong>\u2018 option.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# grep -i TECMINT \/etc\/passwd \r\n\r\ntecmint:x:1000:1000:Tecmint,,,:\/home\/tecmint:\/bin\/bash<\/pre>\n
            Search recursively (-r<\/strong>)\u00a0i.e.<\/strong>\u00a0read all files under each directory for a string \u201c127.0.0.1<\/strong>\u201c.<\/p>\n
            root@tecmint:~# grep -r \"127.0.0.1\" \/etc\/ \r\n\r\n\/etc\/vlc\/lua\/http\/.hosts:127.0.0.1\r\n\/etc\/speech-dispatcher\/modules\/ivona.conf:#IvonaServerHost \"127.0.0.1\"\r\n\/etc\/mysql\/my.cnf:bind-address\t\t= 127.0.0.1\r\n\/etc\/apache2\/mods-available\/status.conf:    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1\r\n\/etc\/apache2\/mods-available\/ldap.conf:    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1\r\n\/etc\/apache2\/mods-available\/info.conf:    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1\r\n\/etc\/apache2\/mods-available\/proxy_balancer.conf:#    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1\r\n\/etc\/security\/access.conf:#+ : root : 127.0.0.1\r\n\/etc\/dhcp\/dhclient.conf:#prepend domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1;\r\n\/etc\/dhcp\/dhclient.conf:#  option domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1;\r\n\/etc\/init\/network-interface.conf:\tifconfig lo 127.0.0.1 up || true\r\n\/etc\/java-6-openjdk\/net.properties:# localhost & 127.0.0.1).\r\n\/etc\/java-6-openjdk\/net.properties:# http.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.0.0.1\r\n\/etc\/java-6-openjdk\/net.properties:# localhost & 127.0.0.1).\r\n\/etc\/java-6-openjdk\/net.properties:# ftp.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.0.0.1\r\n\/etc\/hosts:127.0.0.1\tlocalhost<\/pre>\n
            Note<\/strong>: You can use these following options along with\u00a0grep<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
              \n
            1. -w<\/strong>\u00a0for word (egrep -w \u2018word1<\/strong>|word2<\/strong>\u2018 \/path\/to\/file).<\/li>\n
            2. -c<\/strong>\u00a0for count (i.e., total number of times the pattern matched) (grep -c \u2018word<\/strong>\u2018 \/path\/to\/file).<\/li>\n
            3. \u2013color<\/strong>\u00a0for coloured output (grep\u00a0\u2013color<\/strong>\u00a0server \/etc\/passwd).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
              23. Command: man<\/h3>\n
              The \u2018man<\/strong>\u2018 is the system\u2019s manual pager. Man provides online documentation for all the possible options with a command and its usages. Almost all the command comes with their corresponding manual pages. For example,<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# man man\r\n\r\nMAN(1)                                                               Manual pager utils                                                              MAN(1)\r\n\r\nNAME\r\n       man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals\r\n\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\n       man  [-C  file]  [-d]  [-D]  [--warnings[=warnings]]  [-R  encoding]  [-L  locale]  [-m  system[,...]]  [-M  path]  [-S list] [-e extension] [-i|-I]\r\n       [--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justification]  [-p\r\n       string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page ...] ...\r\n       man -k [apropos options] regexp ...\r\n       man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...\r\n       man -f [whatis options] page ...\r\n       man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]]\r\n       [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...\r\n       man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...\r\n       man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...\r\n       man [-hV]<\/pre>\n
              Manual page for man page itself, similarly \u2018man cat<\/strong>\u2018 (Manual page for\u00a0cat command<\/a>) and \u2018man ls<\/strong>\u2018 (Manual page for\u00a0command ls<\/a>).<\/p>\n
              Note<\/strong>: man page is intended for command reference and learning.<\/p>\n
              24. Command: ps<\/h3>\n
              ps<\/strong>\u00a0(Process<\/strong>) gives the status of running processes with a unique\u00a0Id<\/strong>\u00a0called\u00a0PID<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# ps\r\n\r\n PID TTY          TIME CMD\r\n 4170 pts\/1    00:00:00 bash\r\n 9628 pts\/1    00:00:00 ps<\/pre>\n
              To list status of all the processes along with process\u00a0id<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0PID<\/strong>, use option \u2018-A<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# ps -A\r\n\r\n PID TTY          TIME CMD\r\n    1 ?        00:00:01 init\r\n    2 ?        00:00:00 kthreadd\r\n    3 ?        00:00:01 ksoftirqd\/0\r\n    5 ?        00:00:00 kworker\/0:0H\r\n    7 ?        00:00:00 kworker\/u:0H\r\n    8 ?        00:00:00 migration\/0\r\n    9 ?        00:00:00 rcu_bh\r\n....<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: This command is very useful when you want to know which processes are running or may need\u00a0PID<\/strong>sometimes, for process to be killed. You can use it with \u2018grep<\/strong>\u2018 command to find customised output. For example,<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# ps -A | grep -i ssh\r\n\r\n 1500 ?        00:09:58 sshd\r\n 4317 ?        00:00:00 sshd<\/pre>\n
              Here \u2018ps<\/strong>\u2018 is pipelined with \u2018grep<\/strong>\u2018 command to find customised and relevant output of our need.<\/p>\n
              25. Command: kill<\/h3>\n
              OK, you might have understood what this command is for, from the name of the command. This command is used to kill process which is not relevant now or is not responding. It is very useful command, rather a very very useful command. You might be familiar with frequent windows restarting because of the fact that most of the time a running process can\u2019t be killed, and if killed it needs windows to get restart so that changes could be taken into effect but in the world of Linux, there is no such things. Here you can kill a process and start it without restarting the whole system.<\/p>\n
              You need a process\u2019s pid (ps) to kill it.<\/p>\n
              Let suppose you want to kill program \u2018apache2<\/strong>\u2018 that might not be responding. Run \u2018ps -A<\/strong>\u2018 along with\u00a0grep<\/strong>command.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# ps -A | grep -i apache2\r\n\r\n1285 ?        00:00:00 apache2<\/pre>\n
              Find process \u2018apache2<\/strong>\u2018, note its\u00a0pid<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0kill<\/strong>\u00a0it. For example, in my case \u2018apache2<\/strong>\u2018 pid is \u20181285<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# kill 1285 (to kill the process apache2)<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: Every time you re-run a process or start a system, a new\u00a0pid<\/strong>\u00a0is generated for each process and you can know about the current running processes and its\u00a0pid<\/strong>\u00a0using command \u2018ps<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
              Another way to kill the same process is.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# pkill apache2<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: Kill requires\u00a0job id<\/strong>\u00a0\/\u00a0process id<\/strong>\u00a0for sending signals, where as in\u00a0pkill,\u00a0<\/strong>you have an option of using pattern, specifying process owner, etc.<\/p>\n
              26. Command: whereis<\/h3>\n
              The \u2018whereis<\/strong>\u2018 command is used to locate the\u00a0Binary<\/strong>,\u00a0Sources<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Manual Pages<\/strong>\u00a0of the command. For example, to locate the\u00a0Binary<\/strong>,\u00a0Sources<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Manual Pages<\/strong>\u00a0of the command \u2018ls<\/strong>\u2018 and \u2018kill<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# whereis ls \r\n\r\nls: \/bin\/ls \/usr\/share\/man\/man1\/ls.1.gz<\/pre>\n
              root@tecmint:~# whereis kill\r\n\r\nkill: \/bin\/kill \/usr\/share\/man\/man2\/kill.2.gz \/usr\/share\/man\/man1\/kill.1.gz<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: This is useful to know where the binaries are installed for manual editing sometimes.<\/p>\n
              27. Command: service<\/h3>\n
              The \u2018service<\/strong>\u2018 command controls the\u00a0Starting<\/strong>,\u00a0Stopping<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0Restarting<\/strong>\u00a0of a \u2018service<\/strong>\u2018. This command make it possible to\u00a0start<\/strong>,\u00a0restart<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0stop<\/strong>\u00a0a service without restarting the system, for the changes to be taken into effect.<\/p>\n
              Startting an apache2 server on Ubuntu<\/h4>\n
              root@tecmint:~# service apache2 start\r\n\r\n * Starting web server apache2                                                                                                                                 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName\r\nhttpd (pid 1285) already running\t\t\t\t\t\t[ OK ]<\/pre>\n
              Restarting a apache2 server on Ubuntu<\/h4>\n
              root@tecmint:~# service apache2 restart\r\n\r\n* Restarting web server apache2                                                                                                                               apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName\r\n ... waiting .apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName  [ OK ]<\/pre>\n
              Stopping a apache2 server on Ubuntu<\/h4>\n
              root@tecmint:~# service apache2 stop\r\n\r\n * Stopping web server apache2                                                                                                                                 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName\r\n ... waiting                                                           \t\t[ OK ]<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: All the process script lies in \u2018\/etc\/init.d<\/strong>\u2018, and the path might needs to be included on certain system, i.e., in spite of running \u201cservice apache2 start<\/strong>\u201d you would be asked to run \u201c\/etc\/init.d\/apache2 start<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n
              28. Command: alias<\/h3>\n
              alias<\/strong>\u00a0is a built in shell command that lets you assign name for a long command or frequently used command.<\/p>\n
              I uses \u2018ls -l<\/strong>\u2018 command frequently, which includes\u00a05<\/strong>\u00a0characters including space. Hence I created an alias for this to \u2018l<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# alias l='ls -l'<\/pre>\n
              check if it works or not.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# l\r\n\r\ntotal 36 \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 21 11:21 Desktop \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 21 15:23 Documents \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 8 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 20 14:56 Downloads \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Music \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 20 16:17 Pictures \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Public \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Templates \r\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Videos<\/pre>\n
              To remove alias \u2018l<\/strong>\u2018, use the following \u2018unalias<\/strong>\u2018 command.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# unalias l<\/pre>\n
              check, if \u2018l<\/strong>\u2018 still is alias or not.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# l\r\n\r\nbash: l: command not found<\/pre>\n
              Making a little fun out of this command. Make alias of certain important command to some other important command.<\/p>\n
              alias cd='ls -l' (set alias of ls -l to cd)\r\nalias su='pwd' (set alias of pwd to su)\r\n....\r\n(You can create your own)\r\n....<\/pre>\n
              Now when your friend types \u2018cd<\/strong>\u2018, just think how funny it would be when he gets directory listing and not directory changing. And when he tries to be \u2018su<\/strong>\u2018 the all he gets is the location of working directory. You can remove the alias later using command \u2018unalias<\/strong>\u2018 as explained above.<\/p>\n
              29. Command: df<\/h3>\n
              Report disk usages of file system. Useful for user as well as System Administrator to keep track of their disk usages. \u2018df<\/strong>\u2018 works by examining directory entries, which generally are updated only when a file is closed.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# df\r\n\r\nFilesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on\r\n\/dev\/sda1       47929224 7811908  37675948  18% \/\r\nnone                   4       0         4   0% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\r\nudev             1005916       4   1005912   1% \/dev\r\ntmpfs             202824     816    202008   1% \/run\r\nnone                5120       0      5120   0% \/run\/lock\r\nnone             1014120     628   1013492   1% \/run\/shm\r\nnone              102400      44    102356   1% \/run\/user\r\n\/dev\/sda5         184307   79852     94727  46% \/boot\r\n\/dev\/sda7       95989516   61104  91045676   1% \/data\r\n\/dev\/sda8       91953192   57032  87218528   1% \/personal<\/pre>\n
              For more examples of \u2018df<\/strong>\u2018 command, read the article\u00a012 df Command Examples in Linux<\/a>.<\/p>\n
              30. Command: du<\/h3>\n
              Estimate file space usage. Output the summary of disk usages by ever file hierarchically, i.e., in recursive manner.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# du\r\n\r\n8       .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/images\/default_gradient\r\n8       .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/images\/default\r\n32      .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/images\r\n8       .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/tinymce\/plugins\/polls\/langs\r\n8       .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/tinymce\/plugins\/polls\/img\r\n28      .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/tinymce\/plugins\/polls\r\n32      .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/tinymce\/plugins\r\n36      .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\/tinymce\r\n580     .\/Daily Pics\/wp-polls\r\n1456    .\/Daily Pics\r\n36      .\/Plugins\/wordpress-author-box\r\n16180   .\/Plugins\r\n12      .\/May Articles 2013\/Xtreme Download Manager\r\n4632    .\/May Articles 2013\/XCache<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: \u2018df<\/strong>\u2018 only reports usage statistics on file systems, while \u2018du<\/strong>\u2018, on the other hand, measures directory contents. For more \u2018du<\/strong>\u2018 command examples and usage, read\u00a010 du (Disk Usage) Commands<\/a>.<\/p>\n
              31. Command: rm<\/h3>\n
              The command \u2018rm<\/strong>\u2018 stands for remove.\u00a0rm<\/strong>\u00a0is used to remove files (s) and directories.<\/p>\n
              Removing a directory<\/h4>\n
              root@tecmint:~# rm PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0\r\n\r\nrm: cannot remove `PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0': Is a directory<\/pre>\n
              The directory can\u2019t be removed simply by \u2018rm<\/strong>\u2018 command, you have to use \u2018-rf<\/strong>\u2018 switch along with \u2018rm<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# rm -rf PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0<\/pre>\n
              Warning<\/strong>: \u201crm -rf<\/strong>\u201d command is a destructive command if accidently you make it to the wrong directory. Once you \u2018rm -rf<\/strong>\u2018 a directory all the files and the directory itself is lost forever, all of a sudden. Use it with caution.<\/p>\n
              32. Command: echo<\/h3>\n
              echo<\/strong>\u00a0as the name suggest echoes a text on the standard output. It has nothing to do with shell, nor does shell reads the output of echo command. However in an interactive script, echo passes the message to the user through terminal. It is one of the command that is commonly used in scripting, interactive scripting.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# echo \"Tecmint.com is a very good website\" \r\n\r\nTecmint.com is a very good website<\/pre>\n
              creating a small interactive script<\/h5>\n
              1. create a file, named \u2018interactive_shell.sh<\/strong>\u2018 on desktop. (Remember \u2018.sh<\/strong>\u2018 extension is must).
              \n2. copy and paste the below script, exactly same, as below.<\/p>\n
              #!\/bin\/bash \r\necho \"Please enter your name:\" \r\n   read name \r\n   echo \"Welcome to Linux $name\"<\/pre>\n
              Next, set execute permission and run the script.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# chmod 777 interactive_shell.sh<\/pre>\n
              root@tecmint:~# .\/interactive_shell.sh\r\n\r\nPlease enter your name:\r\nRavi Saive\r\nWelcome to Linux Ravi Saive<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: \u2018#!\/bin\/bash<\/strong>\u2018 tells the shell that it is an script an it is always a good idea to include it at the top of script. \u2018read<\/strong>\u2018 reads the given input.<\/p>\n
              33. Command: passwd<\/h3>\n
              This is an important command that is useful for changing own password in terminal. Obviously you need to know your current passowrd for Security reason.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# passwd \r\n\r\nChanging password for tecmint. \r\n(current) UNIX password: ******** \r\nEnter new UNIX password: ********\r\nRetype new UNIX password: ********\r\nPassword unchanged   [Here was passowrd remians unchanged, i.e., new password=old password]\r\nEnter new UNIX password: #####\r\nRetype new UNIX password:#####<\/pre>\n
              34. Command: lpr<\/h3>\n
              This command print files named on command line, to named printer.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# lpr -P deskjet-4620-series 1-final.pdf<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: The \u2018lpq<\/strong>\u2018 command lets you view the status of a printer (whether it\u2019s up or not), and the jobs (files) waiting to be printed.<\/p>\n
              35. Command: cmp<\/h3>\n
              compare two files of any type and writes the results to the standard output. By default, \u2018cmp<\/strong>\u2018 Returns 0 if the files are the same; if they differ, the byte and line number at which the first difference occurred is reported.<\/p>\n
              To provide examples for this command, lets consider two files:<\/p>\n
              file1.txt<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# cat file1.txt\r\n\r\nHi My name is Tecmint<\/pre>\n
              file2.txt<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# cat file2.txt\r\n\r\nHi My name is tecmint [dot] com<\/pre>\n
              Now, let\u2019s compare two files and see output of the command.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# cmp file1.txt file2.txt \r\n\r\nfile1.txt file2.txt differ: byte 15, line 1<\/pre>\n
              36. Command: wget<\/h3>\n
              Wget<\/strong>\u00a0is a free utility for non-interactive (i.e., can work in background) download of files from the Web. It supports\u00a0HTTP<\/strong>,\u00a0HTTPS<\/strong>,\u00a0FTP<\/strong>\u00a0protocols and\u00a0HTTP<\/strong>\u00a0proxies.<\/p>\n
              Download ffmpeg using wget<\/h4>\n
              root@tecmint:~# wget http:\/\/downloads.sourceforge.net\/project\/ffmpeg-php\/ffmpeg-php\/0.6.0\/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2\r\n\r\n--2013-05-22 18:54:52--  http:\/\/downloads.sourceforge.net\/project\/ffmpeg-php\/ffmpeg-php\/0.6.0\/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2\r\nResolving downloads.sourceforge.net (downloads.sourceforge.net)... 216.34.181.59\r\nConnecting to downloads.sourceforge.net (downloads.sourceforge.net)|216.34.181.59|:80... connected.\r\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found\r\nLocation: http:\/\/kaz.dl.sourceforge.net\/project\/ffmpeg-php\/ffmpeg-php\/0.6.0\/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2 [following]\r\n--2013-05-22 18:54:54--  http:\/\/kaz.dl.sourceforge.net\/project\/ffmpeg-php\/ffmpeg-php\/0.6.0\/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2\r\nResolving kaz.dl.sourceforge.net (kaz.dl.sourceforge.net)... 92.46.53.163\r\nConnecting to kaz.dl.sourceforge.net (kaz.dl.sourceforge.net)|92.46.53.163|:80... connected.\r\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\r\nLength: 275557 (269K) [application\/octet-stream]\r\nSaving to: \u2018ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2\u2019\r\n\r\n100%[===========================================================================>] 2,75,557    67.8KB\/s   in 4.0s   \r\n\r\n2013-05-22 18:55:00 (67.8 KB\/s) - \u2018ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2\u2019 saved [275557\/275557]<\/pre>\n
              37. Command: mount<\/h3>\n
              Mount<\/strong>\u00a0is an important command which is used to mount a filesystem that don\u2019t mount itself. You need root permission to mount a device.<\/p>\n
              First run \u2018lsblk<\/strong>\u2018 after plugging-in your filesystem and identify your device and note down you device assigned name.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# lsblk \r\n\r\nNAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT \r\nsda      8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk \r\n\u251c\u2500sda1   8:1    0 923.6G  0 part \/ \r\n\u251c\u2500sda2   8:2    0     1K  0 part \r\n\u2514\u2500sda5   8:5    0   7.9G  0 part [SWAP] \r\nsr0     11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  \r\nsdb      8:16   1   3.7G  0 disk \r\n\u2514\u2500sdb1   8:17   1   3.7G  0 part<\/pre>\n
              From this screen it was clear that I plugged in a\u00a04 GB<\/strong>\u00a0pendrive thus \u2018sdb1<\/strong>\u2018 is my filesystem to be mounted. Become a\u00a0root<\/strong>\u00a0to perform this operation and change to\u00a0\/dev<\/strong>\u00a0directory where all the file system is mounted.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# su\r\nPassword:<\/pre>\n
              root@tecmint:~# cd \/dev<\/pre>\n
              Create a directory named anything but should be relevent for reference.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# mkdir usb<\/pre>\n
              Now mount filesystem \u2018sdb1<\/strong>\u2018 to directory \u2018usb<\/strong>\u2018.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# mount \/dev\/sdb1 \/dev\/usb<\/pre>\n
              Now you can navigate to\u00a0\/dev\/usb<\/strong>\u00a0from terminal or\u00a0X-windows<\/strong>\u00a0system and acess file from the mounted directory.<\/p>\n
              Time for\u00a0Code Developer\u00a0to know how rich Linux environment is<\/strong><\/div>\n
              38. Command: gcc<\/h3>\n
              gcc<\/strong>\u00a0is the in-built compiler for \u2018c<\/strong>\u2018 language in Linux Environment. A simple\u00a0c<\/strong>\u00a0program, save it on ur desktop as\u00a0Hello.c<\/strong>\u00a0(remember \u2018.c<\/strong>\u2018 extension is must).<\/p>\n
              #include <stdio.h>\r\nint main()\r\n{\r\n  printf(\"Hello world\\n\");\r\n  return 0;\r\n}<\/pre>\n
              Compile it<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# gcc Hello.c<\/pre>\n
              Run it<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# .\/a.out \r\n\r\nHello world<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: On compiling a\u00a0c<\/strong>\u00a0program the output is automatically generated to a new file \u201ca.out<\/strong>\u201d and everytime you compile a\u00a0c<\/strong>\u00a0program same file \u201ca.out<\/strong>\u201d gets modified. Hence it is a good advice to define a output file during compile and thus there is no risk of overwrite to output file.<\/p>\n
              Compile it this way<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# gcc -o Hello Hello.c<\/pre>\n
              Here \u2018-o<\/strong>\u2018 sends the output to \u2018Hello<\/strong>\u2018 file and not \u2018a.out<\/strong>\u2018. Run it again.<\/p>\n
              root@tecmint:~# .\/Hello \r\n\r\nHello world<\/pre>\n
              39. Command: g++<\/h3>\n
              g++<\/strong>\u00a0is the in-built compiler for \u2018C++<\/strong>\u2018 , the first object oriented programming language. A simple\u00a0c++<\/strong>\u00a0program, save it on ur desktop as\u00a0Add.cpp<\/strong>\u00a0(remember \u2018.cpp<\/strong>\u2018 extension is must).<\/p>\n
              #include <iostream>\r\n\r\nusing namespace std;\r\n\r\nint main() \r\n    {\r\n          int a;\r\n          int b;\r\n          cout<<\"Enter first number:\\n\";\r\n          cin >> a;\r\n          cout <<\"Enter the second number:\\n\";\r\n          cin>> b;\r\n          cin.ignore();\r\n          int result = a + b;\r\n          cout<<\"Result is\"<<\"  \"<<result<<endl;\r\n          cin.get();\r\n          return 0;\r\n     }<\/pre>\n
              Compile it<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# g++ Add.cpp<\/pre>\n
              Run it<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# .\/a.out\r\n\r\nEnter first number: \r\n...\r\n...<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: On compiling a\u00a0c++<\/strong>\u00a0program the output is automatically generated to a new file \u201ca.out<\/strong>\u201d and everytime you compile a\u00a0c++<\/strong>\u00a0program same file \u201ca.out<\/strong>\u201d gets modified. Hence it is a good advice to define a output file during compile and thus there is no risk of overwrite to output file.<\/p>\n
              Compile it this way<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# g++ -o Add Add.cpp<\/pre>\n
              Run it<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# .\/Add \r\n\r\nEnter first number: \r\n...\r\n...<\/pre>\n
              40. Command: java<\/h3>\n
              Java<\/strong>\u00a0is one of the world\u2019s highly used programming language and is considered fast, secure, and reliable. Most of the the web based service of today runs on java.<\/p>\n
              Create a simple java program by pasting the below test to a file, named\u00a0tecmint.java<\/strong>\u00a0(remember \u2018.java<\/strong>\u2018 extension is must).<\/p>\n
              class tecmint {\r\n  public static void main(String[] arguments) {\r\n    System.out.println(\"Tecmint \");\r\n  }\r\n}<\/pre>\n
              compile it using javac<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# javac tecmint.java<\/pre>\n
              Run it<\/h5>\n
              root@tecmint:~# java tecmint<\/pre>\n
              Note<\/strong>: Almost every distribution comes packed with\u00a0gcc compiler<\/strong>, major number of distros have inbuilt\u00a0g++<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0java compiler<\/strong>, while some may not have. You can\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0the required package.<\/p>\n
              Don\u2019t forget to mention your valueable comment and the type of article you want to see here. I will soon be back with an interesting topic about the lesser known facts about\u00a0Linux<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
              20 Advanced Commands for Linux Experts<\/h1>\n
              Thanks for all the likes, good words and support you gave us in the first two part of this article. In the first article we discussed commands for those users who have just\u00a0switched to Linux<\/strong>\u00a0and needed the necessary knowledge to start with.<\/p>\n
                \n
              1. 20 Useful Commands for Linux Newbies<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                In the second article we discussed the commands which a\u00a0middle level<\/strong>\u00a0user requires to manage his own system.<\/p>\n
                  \n
                1. 20 Advanced Commands for Middle Level Linux Users<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  What Next<\/strong>? In this article I will be explaining those commands required for administrating the\u00a0Linux Server<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
                  \n
                  \"Linux<\/a><\/p>\n
                  Linux Expert Commands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
                  41. Command: ifconfig<\/h3>\n
                  ifconfig<\/strong>\u00a0is used to configure the kernel-resident network interfaces. It is used at boot time to set up interfaces as necessary. After that, it is usually only needed when debugging or when system tuning is needed.<\/p>\n
                  Check Active Network Interfaces<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig \r\n\r\neth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  \r\n          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 \r\n          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e\/64 Scope:Link \r\n          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 \r\n          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 \r\n          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 \r\n          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 \r\n          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) \r\n          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 \r\n\r\nlo        Link encap:Local Loopback  \r\n          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 \r\n          inet6 addr: ::1\/128 Scope:Host \r\n          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 \r\n          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 \r\n          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 \r\n          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 \r\n          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)<\/pre>\n
                  Check All Network Interfaces<\/h5>\n
                  Display details of All interfaces including disabled interfaces using \u201c-a<\/strong>\u201d argument.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig -a\r\n\r\neth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  \r\n          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 \r\n          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e\/64 Scope:Link \r\n          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 \r\n          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 \r\n          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 \r\n          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 \r\n          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) \r\n          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 \r\n\r\nlo        Link encap:Local Loopback  \r\n          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 \r\n          inet6 addr: ::1\/128 Scope:Host \r\n          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 \r\n          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 \r\n          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 \r\n          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 \r\n          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) \r\n\r\nvirbr0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03  \r\n          inet addr:192.168.122.1  Bcast:192.168.122.255  Mask:255.255.255.0\r\n          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1\r\n          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0\r\n          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0\r\n          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 \r\n          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)<\/pre>\n
                  Disable an Interface<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down<\/pre>\n
                  Enable an Interface<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up<\/pre>\n
                  Assign IP Address to an Interface<\/h5>\n
                  Assign \u201c192.168.1.12\u201d as the IP address for the interface eth0.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12<\/pre>\n
                  Change Subnet Mask of Interface eth0<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.<\/pre>\n
                  Change Broadcast Address of Interface eth0<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255<\/pre>\n
                  Assign IP Address, Netmask and Broadcast to Interface eth0<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255<\/pre>\n
                  Note<\/strong>: If using a wireless network you need to use command \u201ciwconfig<\/strong>\u201c. For more \u201cifconfig<\/strong>\u201d command examples and usage, read\u00a015 Useful \u201cifconfig\u201d Commands<\/a>.<\/p>\n
                  42. Command: netstat<\/h3>\n
                  netstat<\/strong>\u00a0command displays various network related information such as network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, multicast memberships etc..,<\/p>\n
                  List All Network Ports<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -a\r\n\r\nActive UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)\r\nProto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741379   \/run\/user\/user1\/keyring-I5cn1c\/gpg\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     8965     \/var\/run\/acpid.socket\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     18584    \/tmp\/.X11-unix\/X0\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741385   \/run\/user\/user1\/keyring-I5cn1c\/ssh\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741387   \/run\/user\/user1\/keyring-I5cn1c\/pkcs11\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     20242    @\/tmp\/dbus-ghtTjuPN46\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13332    \/var\/run\/samba\/winbindd_privileged\/pipe\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13331    \/tmp\/.winbindd\/pipe\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     11030    \/var\/run\/mysqld\/mysqld.sock\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19308    \/tmp\/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd\/agent.3221\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     436781   \/tmp\/HotShots\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     46110    \/run\/user\/ravisaive\/pulse\/native\r\nunix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19310    \/tmp\/gpg-zfE9YT\/S.gpg-agent\r\n....<\/pre>\n
                  List All TCP Ports<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -at\r\n\r\nActive Internet connections (servers and established)\r\nProto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      \r\ntcp        0      0 localhost:mysql         *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 *:5901                  *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 *:5902                  *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 *:x11-1                 *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 *:x11-2                 *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 *:5938                  *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 localhost:5940          *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           *:*                     LISTEN     \r\ntcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED\r\ntcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT  \r\ntcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED\r\ntcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED\r\ntcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED\r\n...<\/pre>\n
                  Show Statistics for All Ports<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -s\r\n\r\nIp:\r\n    4994239 total packets received\r\n    0 forwarded\r\n    0 incoming packets discarded\r\n    4165741 incoming packets delivered\r\n    3248924 requests sent out\r\n    8 outgoing packets dropped\r\nIcmp:\r\n    29460 ICMP messages received\r\n    566 input ICMP message failed.\r\n    ICMP input histogram:\r\n        destination unreachable: 98\r\n        redirects: 29362\r\n    2918 ICMP messages sent\r\n    0 ICMP messages failed\r\n    ICMP output histogram:\r\n        destination unreachable: 2918\r\nIcmpMsg:\r\n        InType3: 98\r\n        InType5: 29362\r\n        OutType3: 2918\r\nTcp:\r\n    94533 active connections openings\r\n    23 passive connection openings\r\n    5870 failed connection attempts\r\n    7194 connection resets received\r\n....<\/pre>\n
                  OK! For some reason if you want not to resolve host, port and user name as a output of netstat.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -an<\/pre>\n
                  Fine, you may need to get the output of netstat continuously till interrupt instruction is passed (ctrl+c<\/strong>).<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -c<\/pre>\n
                  For more \u201cnetstat<\/strong>\u201d command examples and usage, see the article\u00a020 Netstat Command Examples<\/a>.<\/p>\n
                  43. Command: nslookup<\/h3>\n
                  A network utility program used to obtain information about Internet servers. As its name suggests, the utility finds name server information for domains by querying\u00a0DNS<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup tecmint.com \r\n\r\nServer:\t\t192.168.1.1 \r\nAddress:\t192.168.1.1#53 \r\n\r\nNon-authoritative answer: \r\nName:\ttecmint.com \r\nAddress: 50.16.67.239<\/pre>\n
                  Query Mail Exchanger Record<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -query=mx tecmint.com \r\n\r\nServer:\t\t192.168.1.1 \r\nAddress:\t192.168.1.1#53 \r\n\r\nNon-authoritative answer: \r\ntecmint.com\tmail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. \r\ntecmint.com\tmail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. \r\n\r\nAuthoritative answers can be found from:<\/pre>\n
                  Query Name Server<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=ns tecmint.com \r\n\r\nServer:\t\t192.168.1.1 \r\nAddress:\t192.168.1.1#53 \r\n\r\nNon-authoritative answer: \r\ntecmint.com\tnameserver = ns3404.com. \r\ntecmint.com\tnameserver = ns3403.com. \r\n\r\nAuthoritative answers can be found from:<\/pre>\n
                  Query DNS Record<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=any tecmint.com \r\n\r\nServer:\t\t192.168.1.1 \r\nAddress:\t192.168.1.1#53 \r\n\r\nNon-authoritative answer: \r\ntecmint.com\tmail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. \r\ntecmint.com\tmail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. \r\ntecmint.com\tnameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. \r\ntecmint.com\tnameserver = ns3404.com. \r\ntecmint.com\tnameserver = ns3403.com. \r\ntecmint.com\tnameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. \r\n\r\nAuthoritative answers can be found from:<\/pre>\n
                  Query Start of Authority<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=soa tecmint.com \r\n\r\nServer:\t\t192.168.1.1 \r\nAddress:\t192.168.1.1#53 \r\n\r\nNon-authoritative answer: \r\ntecmint.com \r\n\torigin = ns3403.hostgator.com \r\n\tmail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com \r\n\tserial = 2012081102 \r\n\trefresh = 86400 \r\n\tretry = 7200 \r\n\texpire = 3600000 \r\n\tminimum = 86400 \r\n\r\nAuthoritative answers can be found from:<\/pre>\n
                  Query Port Number<\/h5>\n
                  Change the port number using which you want to connect<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -port 56 tecmint.com\r\n\r\nServer:\t\ttecmint.com\r\nAddress:\t50.16.76.239#53\r\n\r\nName:\t56\r\nAddress: 14.13.253.12<\/pre>\n
                  Read Also<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a08 Nslookup Commands<\/a><\/p>\n
                  44. Command: dig<\/h3>\n
                  dig<\/strong>\u00a0is a tool for querying\u00a0DNS<\/strong>\u00a0nameservers for information about host addresses, mail exchanges, nameservers, and related information. This tool can be used from any Linux (Unix<\/strong>) or\u00a0Macintosh OS X<\/strong>\u00a0operating system. The most typical use of\u00a0dig<\/strong>\u00a0is to simply query a single host.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com\r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com \r\n;; global options: +cmd \r\n;; Got answer: \r\n;; ->>HEADER<<\/pre>\n
                  Turn Off Comment Lines<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nocomments \r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nocomments \r\n;; global options: +cmd \r\n;tecmint.com.\t\t\tIN\tA \r\ntecmint.com.\t\t14400\tIN\tA\t40.216.66.239 \r\n;; Query time: 418 msec \r\n;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) \r\n;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 \r\n;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 45<\/pre>\n
                  Turn Off Authority Section<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noauthority \r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noauthority \r\n;; global options: +cmd \r\n;; Got answer: \r\n;; ->>HEADER<<\/pre>\n
                  Turn Off Additional Section<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig  tecmint.com +noadditional \r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> tecmint.com +noadditional\r\n;; global options: +cmd\r\n;; Got answer:\r\n;; ->>HEADER<<\/pre>\n
                  Turn Off Stats Section<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nostats \r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nostats \r\n;; global options: +cmd \r\n;; Got answer: \r\n;; ->>HEADER<<\/pre>\n
                  Turn Off Answer Section<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noanswer \r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noanswer \r\n;; global options: +cmd \r\n;; Got answer: \r\n;; ->>HEADER<<\/pre>\n
                  Disable All Section at Once<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noall \r\n\r\n; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noall \r\n;; global options: +cmd<\/pre>\n
                  Read Also<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a010 Linux Dig Command Examples<\/a><\/p>\n
                  45. Command: uptime<\/h3>\n
                  You have just connected to your\u00a0Linux Server Machine<\/strong>\u00a0and founds Something unusual or malicious, what you will do? Guessing\u2026. NO, definitely not you could run\u00a0uptime<\/strong>\u00a0to verify what happened actually when the server was unattended.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ uptime\r\n\r\n14:37:10 up  4:21,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04<\/pre>\n
                  46. Command: wall<\/h3>\n
                  one of the most important command for administrator,\u00a0wall<\/strong>\u00a0sends a message to everybody logged in with their\u00a0mesg<\/strong>\u00a0permission set to \u201cyes<\/strong>\u201c. The message can be given as an argument to\u00a0wall<\/strong>, or it can be sent to wall\u2019s standard input.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ wall \"we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm\"\r\n\r\nBroadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (pts\/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): \r\n\r\nwe will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm<\/pre>\n
                  47. command: mesg<\/h3>\n
                  Lets you control if people can use the \u201cwrite<\/strong>\u201d command, to send text to you over the screen.<\/p>\n
                  mesg [n<\/strong>|y<\/strong>]\r\nn<\/strong> - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen.\r\ny<\/strong> \u2013 Allows messages to appear on your screen.<\/pre>\n
                  48. Command: write<\/h3>\n
                  Let you send text directly to the screen of another Linux machine if \u2018mesg<\/strong>\u2019 is \u2018y<\/strong>\u2019.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ write ravisaive<\/pre>\n
                  49. Command: talk<\/h3>\n
                  An enhancement to\u00a0write<\/strong>\u00a0command,\u00a0talk<\/strong>\u00a0command lets you talk to the logged in users.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ talk ravisaive<\/pre>\n
                  Note<\/strong>: If\u00a0talk<\/strong>\u00a0command is not installed, you can always\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0the required packages.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum install talk\r\nOR\r\n[avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get install talk<\/pre>\n
                  50. Command: w<\/h3>\n
                  what command \u2018w<\/strong>\u2019 seems you funny? But actually it is not. t\u2019s a command, even if it\u2019s just one letter long! The command \u201cw<\/strong>\u201d is a combination of\u00a0uptime<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0who<\/strong>\u00a0commands given one immediately after the other, in that order.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ w\r\n\r\n15:05:42 up  4:49,  3 users,  load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 \r\nUSER     TTY      FROM              LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT \r\nserver   tty7     :0               14:06    4:43m  1:42   0.08s pam: gdm-passwo \r\nserver   pts\/0    :0.0             14:18    0.00s  0.23s  1.65s gnome-terminal \r\nserver   pts\/1    :0.0             14:47    4:43   0.01s  0.01s bash<\/pre>\n
                  51. Command: rename<\/h3>\n
                  As the name suggests, this command rename files. rename will rename the specified files by replacing the first occurrence from the file name.<\/p>\n
                  Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213<\/pre>\n
                  Just type the command.<\/p>\n
                   rename a1 a0 a?\r\n rename a1 a0 a??<\/pre>\n
                  52. Command: top<\/h3>\n
                  Displays the processes of\u00a0CPU<\/strong>. This command refresh automatically, by default and continues to show\u00a0CPU<\/strong>processes unless interrupt-instruction is given.<\/p>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ top\r\n\r\ntop - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57,  2 users,  load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21\r\nTasks: 240 total,   1 running, 235 sleeping,   0 stopped,   4 zombie\r\n%Cpu(s):  2.0 us,  0.5 sy,  0.0 ni, 97.5 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st\r\nKiB Mem:   2028240 total,  1777848 used,   250392 free,    81804 buffers\r\nKiB Swap:  3905532 total,   156748 used,  3748784 free,   381456 cached\r\n\r\n  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S  %CPU %MEM    TIME+ COMMAND                                                                                                            \r\n23768 ravisaiv  20   0 1428m 571m  41m S   2.3 28.9  14:27.52 firefox                                                                                                            \r\n24182 ravisaiv  20   0  511m 132m  25m S   1.7  6.7   2:45.94 plugin-containe                                                                                                    \r\n26929 ravisaiv  20   0  5344 1432  972 R   0.7  0.1   0:00.07 top                                                                                                                \r\n24875 ravisaiv  20   0  263m  14m  10m S   0.3  0.7   0:02.76 lxterminal                                                                                                         \r\n    1 root      20   0  3896 1928 1228 S   0.0  0.1   0:01.62 init                                                                                                               \r\n    2 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.06 kthreadd                                                                                                           \r\n    3 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.28 ksoftirqd\/0                                                                                                        \r\n    5 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker\/0:0H                                                                                                       \r\n    7 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker\/u:0H                                                                                                       \r\n    8 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration\/0                                                                                                        \r\n    9 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh                                                                                                             \r\n   10 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:26.94 rcu_sched                                                                                                          \r\n   11 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:01.95 watchdog\/0                                                                                                         \r\n   12 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:02.00 watchdog\/1                                                                                                         \r\n   13 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.80 ksoftirqd\/1                                                                                                        \r\n   14 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration\/1                                                                                                        \r\n   16 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker\/1:0H                                                                                                       \r\n   17 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 cpuset                                                                                                             \r\n   18 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khelper                                                                                                            \r\n   19 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kdevtmpfs                                                                                                          \r\n   20 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 netns                                                                                                              \r\n   21 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.04 bdi-default                                                                                                        \r\n   22 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kintegrityd                                                                                                        \r\n   23 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kblockd                                                                                                            \r\n   24 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ata_sff<\/pre>\n
                  Read Also :\u00a012 TOP Command Examples<\/a><\/p>\n
                  53. Command: mkfs.ext4<\/h3>\n
                  This command create a new\u00a0ext4<\/strong>\u00a0file system on the specified device, if wrong device is followed after this command, the whole block will be wiped and formatted, hence it is suggested not to run this command unless and until you understand what you are doing.<\/p>\n
                  Mkfs.ext4 \/dev\/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted)\r\nmkfs.ext4 \/dev\/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)<\/pre>\n
                  Read More<\/strong>:\u00a0What is Ext4 and How to Create and Convert<\/a><\/p>\n
                  54. Command: vi\/emacs\/nano<\/h3>\n
                  vi<\/strong>\u00a0(visual),\u00a0emacs<\/strong>,\u00a0nano<\/strong>\u00a0are some of the most commonly used editors in Linux. They are used oftenly to edit text, configuration,\u2026 files. A quick guide to work around vi and nano is, emacs is a.<\/p>\n
                  vi-editor<\/h5>\n
                  [avishek@tecmint ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) \r\n[avishek@tecmint ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)<\/pre>\n
                  [press \u2018i<\/strong>\u2019 to enter insert mode, or you won\u2019t be able to type-in anything]<\/p>\n
                  echo \"Hello\"  (your text here for the file)<\/pre>\n
                    \n
                  1. alt+x<\/strong>\u00a0(exit insert mode, remember to keep some space between the last letter.<\/li>\n
                  2. ctrl+x<\/strong>\u00a0command or your last word will be deleted).<\/li>\n
                  3. :wq!<\/strong>\u00a0(saves the file, with the current text, remember \u2018!\u2019 is to override).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    nano editor<\/h5>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)<\/pre>\n
                    edit, with the content, required<\/pre>\n
                    ctrl +x (to close the editor). It will show output as:<\/p>\n
                    Save modified buffer (ANSWERING \"No\" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ?                    \r\n Y Yes \r\n N No           ^C Cancel<\/pre>\n
                    Click \u2018y<\/strong>\u2019 to yes and enter file name, and you are done.<\/p>\n
                    55. Command: rsync<\/h3>\n
                    Rsync<\/strong>\u00a0copies files and has a\u00a0-P<\/strong>\u00a0switch for a progress bar. So if you have rsync installed, you could use a simple alias.<\/p>\n
                    alias cp='rsync -aP'<\/pre>\n
                    Now try to copy a large file in terminal and see the output with remaining items, similar to a progress bar.<\/p>\n
                    Moreover, Keeping and Maintaining backup is one of the most important and boring work a system administrator, needs to perform. Rsync is a very nice tool (there exists, several other) to create and maintain backup, in terminal.<\/p>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\\ copy\\=33\\ copy\\=ok.jpg ~\/Desktop\/ \r\n\r\nsending incremental file list \r\nIMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg \r\n\r\nsent 2883830 bytes  received 31 bytes  5767722.00 bytes\/sec \r\ntotal size is 2882771  speedup is 1.00<\/pre>\n
                    Note<\/strong>:\u00a0-z<\/strong>\u00a0for compression, -v for verbose and -r for recursive.<\/p>\n
                    56. Command: free<\/h3>\n
                    Keeping track of memory and resources is as much important, as any other task performed by an administrator, and \u2018free<\/strong>\u2018 command comes to rescue here.<\/p>\n
                    Current Usage Status of Memory<\/h5>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:       2028240    1788272     239968          0      69468     363716\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache:    1355088     673152\r\nSwap:      3905532     157076    3748456<\/pre>\n
                    Tuned Output in KB, or MB, or GB<\/h5>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -b\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:    2076917760 1838272512  238645248          0   71348224  372670464\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache: 1394253824  682663936\r\nSwap:   3999264768  160845824 3838418944<\/pre>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -k\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:       2028240    1801484     226756          0      69948     363704\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache:    1367832     660408\r\nSwap:      3905532     157076    3748456<\/pre>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -m\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:          1980       1762        218          0         68        355\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache:       1338        641\r\nSwap:         3813        153       3660<\/pre>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -g\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:             1          1          0          0          0          0\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache:          1          0\r\nSwap:            3          0          3<\/pre>\n
                    Check Current Usage in Human Readable Format<\/h5>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -h\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:          1.9G       1.7G       208M         0B        68M       355M\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache:       1.3G       632M\r\nSwap:         3.7G       153M       3.6G<\/pre>\n
                    Check Status Contineously After Regular Interval<\/h5>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ free -s 3\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:       2028240    1824096     204144          0      70708     364180\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache:    1389208     639032\r\nSwap:      3905532     157076    3748456\r\n\r\n             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached\r\nMem:       2028240    1824192     204048          0      70716     364212\r\n-\/+ buffers\/cache:    1389264     638976\r\nSwap:      3905532     157076    3748456<\/pre>\n
                    Read Also<\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a010 Examples of Free Command<\/a><\/p>\n
                    57. Command: mysqldump<\/h3>\n
                    Ok till now you would have understood what this command actually stands for, from the name of this command.mysqldump<\/strong>\u00a0commands dumps (backups) all or a particular database data into a given a file.For example,<\/p>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > \/home\/server\/Desktop\/backupfile.sql<\/pre>\n
                    Note<\/strong>:\u00a0mysqldump<\/strong>\u00a0requires mysql to be running and correct password for authorisation. We have covered some useful \u201cmysqldump<\/strong>\u201d commands at\u00a0Database Backup with mysqldump Command<\/a><\/p>\n
                    58. Command: mkpasswd<\/h3>\n
                    Make a hard-to-guess, random password of the length as specified.<\/p>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10\r\n\r\nzI4+Ybqfx9<\/pre>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 \r\n\r\nw0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk<\/pre>\n
                    Note<\/strong>:\u00a0-l 10<\/strong>\u00a0generates a random password of\u00a010<\/strong>\u00a0characters while\u00a0-l 20<\/strong>\u00a0generates a password of character\u00a020<\/strong>, it could be set to anything to get desired result. This command is very useful and implemented in scripting language oftenly to generate random passwords. You might need to\u00a0yum<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0apt<\/strong>\u00a0the \u2018expect\u2019 package to use this command.<\/p>\n
                    [root@tecmint ~]# yum install expect \r\nOR\r\n[root@tecmint ~]# apt-get install expect<\/pre>\n
                    59. Command: paste<\/h3>\n
                    Merge two or more text files on lines using. Example. If the content of file1 was:<\/p>\n
                    1 \r\n2 \r\n3 \r\n\r\nand file2 was: \r\n\r\na \r\nb \r\nc \r\nd \r\nthe resulting file3 would be: \r\n\r\n1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a \r\n2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b \r\n3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c \r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d<\/pre>\n
                    60.Command: lsof<\/h3>\n
                    lsof<\/strong>\u00a0stands for \u201clist open files<\/strong>\u201d and displays all the files that your system has currently opened. It\u2019s very useful to figure out which processes uses a certain file, or to display all the files for a single process. Some useful\u00a010 lsof Command<\/a>\u00a0examples, you might be interested in reading.<\/p>\n
                    [avishek@tecmint ~]$ lsof \r\n\r\nCOMMAND     PID   TID            USER   FD      TYPE     DEVICE SIZE\/OFF       NODE NAME\r\ninit          1                  root  cwd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 \/\r\ninit          1                  root  rtd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 \/\r\ninit          1                  root  txt       REG        8,1   227432     395571 \/sbin\/init\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    47080     263023 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libnss_files-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    42672     270178 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libnss_nis-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    87940     270187 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libnsl-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30560     263021 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libnss_compat-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   124637     270176 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libpthread-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1  1770984     266166 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libc-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30696     262824 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/librt-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34392     262867 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libjson.so.0.1.0\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   296792     262889 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34168     262840 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    95616     262848 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/libnih.so.1.0.0\r\ninit          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   134376     270186 \/lib\/i386-linux-gnu\/ld-2.17.so\r\ninit          1                  root    0u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 \/dev\/null\r\ninit          1                  root    1u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 \/dev\/null\r\ninit          1                  root    2u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 \/dev\/null\r\ninit          1                  root    3r     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe\r\ninit          1                  root    4w     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe\r\ninit          1                  root    5r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode\r\ninit          1                  root    6r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode\r\ninit          1                  root    7u     unix 0xf5e91f80      0t0       8192 @\/com\/ubuntu\/upstart\r\ninit          1                  root    8w      REG        8,1     3916        394 \/var\/log\/upstart\/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)<\/pre>\n
                    This is not the end, a\u00a0System Administrator<\/strong>\u00a0does a lot of stuff, to provide you such a nice interface, upon which you work. System Administration is actually an art of learning and implementing in a very much perfect way. We will try to get you with all other necessary stuff which a linux professional must learn, linux in its basic actually itself, is a process of learning and learning. Your good words are always sought, which encourages us to put in more effort to give you a knowledgeable article. \u201cLike and share Us, to help Us Spread<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n
                    Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                    For a person new to\u00a0Linux, finding\u00a0Linux\u00a0functional is still not very easy even after the emergence of user friendly\u00a0Linux\u00a0distribution like\u00a0Ubuntu\u00a0and\u00a0Mint. The thing remains that there will always be some configuration on user\u2019s part to be done manually. 60 Linux Commands Just to start with, the first thing a user should know is the\u00a0basic commands\u00a0in terminal.\u00a0Linux GUI\u00a0runs … <\/p>\n
                    Continue reading “60 Commands of Linux : A Guide from Newbies to System Administrator”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13455"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13456,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13455\/revisions\/13456"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.appservgrid.com\/paw92\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}