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Oracle® Database Concepts
11g Release 1 (11.1)
Part Number B28318-03
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Contents
List of Examples
List of Figures
List of Tables
Title and Copyright Information
Preface
Audience
Documentation Accessibility
Related Documentation
Conventions
Part I What Is Oracle?
1
Introduction to Oracle Database
Oracle Database Architecture
Overview of Grid Architecture
Overview of Application Architecture
Client/Server Architecture
Multitier Architecture: Application Servers
Multitier Architecture: Service-Oriented Architecture
Overview of Physical Database Structures
Datafiles
Control Files
Online Redo Log Files
Archived Redo Log Files
Parameter Files
Alert and Trace Log Files
Backup Files
Overview of Logical Database Structures
Oracle Database Data Blocks
Extents
Segments
Tablespaces
Overview of Schemas and Common Schema Objects
Tables
Indexes
Views
Clusters
Synonyms
Overview of the Oracle Database Data Dictionary
Overview of the Oracle Database Instance
Oracle Database Background Processes
Instance Memory Structures
Overview of Accessing the Database
Network Connections
Starting Up the Database
How Oracle Database Works
Overview of Oracle Database Utilities
Oracle Database Features
Overview of Oracle Real Application Testing
Database Replay
SQL Performance Analyzer
Overview of Concurrency Features
Concurrency
Read Consistency
Caching Mechanisms
Locking Mechanisms
Overview of Manageability Features
Self-Managing Database
Automatic Maintenance Tasks
Oracle Enterprise Manager
SQL Developer and SQL*Plus
Automatic Memory Management
Automatic Storage Management
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor
SQL Tuning Advisor
SQL Access Advisor
Streams Tuning Advisor
The Scheduler
Database Resource Manager
Overview of Diagnosability Features
Overview of Database Backup and Recovery Features
Overview of High Availability Features
Overview of Business Intelligence Features
Data Warehousing
Materialized Views
Table Compression
Parallel Execution
Analytic SQL
OLAP Capabilities
Data Mining
Very Large Databases (VLDB)
Overview of Content Management Features
XML in Oracle Database
LOBs
SecureFiles
Oracle Text
Oracle Ultra Search
Oracle Multimedia
Oracle Spatial
Overview of Security Features
Security Mechanisms
Overview of Data Integrity and Triggers
Integrity Constraints
Triggers
Overview of Information Integration Features
Distributed SQL
Oracle Streams
Oracle Database Gateways and Generic Connectivity
Oracle Database Application Development
Overview of Oracle SQL
SQL Statements
Overview of PL/SQL
Overview of Java
Overview of Application Programming Languages (APIs)
Overview of Application Development Environments
Overview of Datatypes
Overview of Globalization
Part II Oracle Database Architecture
2
Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments
Introduction to Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments
Overview of Data Blocks
Data Block Format
Header (Common and Variable)
Table Directory
Row Directory
Overhead
Row Data
Free Space
Free Space Management
Availability and Optimization of Free Space in a Data Block
Row Chaining and Migrating
PCTFREE, PCTUSED, and Row Chaining
The PCTFREE Parameter
The PCTUSED Parameter
How PCTFREE and PCTUSED Work Together
Overview of Extents
When Extents Are Allocated
Determine the Number and Size of Extents
How Extents Are Allocated
When Extents Are Deallocated
Extents in Nonclustered Tables
Extents in Clustered Tables
Extents in Materialized Views and Their Logs
Extents in Indexes
Extents in Temporary Segments
Extents in Rollback Segments
Overview of Segments
Introduction to Data Segments
Introduction to Index Segments
Introduction to Temporary Segments
Operations that Require Temporary Segments
Segments in Temporary Tables and Their Indexes
How Temporary Segments Are Allocated
Introduction to Undo Segments and Automatic Undo Management
Manual Undo Management
Undo Quota
Automatic Undo Retention
3
Tablespaces, Datafiles, and Control Files
Introduction to Tablespaces, Datafiles, and Control Files
Oracle-Managed Files
Allocate More Space for a Database
Overview of Tablespaces
Bigfile Tablespaces
Benefits of Bigfile Tablespaces
Considerations with Bigfile Tablespaces
The SYSTEM Tablespace
The Data Dictionary
PL/SQL Program Units Description
The SYSAUX Tablespace
Undo Tablespaces
Creation of Undo Tablespaces
Default Temporary Tablespace
How to Specify a Default Temporary Tablespace
Using Multiple Tablespaces
Managing Space in Tablespaces
Locally Managed Tablespaces
Segment Space Management in Locally Managed Tablespaces
Dictionary Managed Tablespaces
Multiple Block Sizes
Online and Offline Tablespaces
Bringing Tablespaces Offline
Read-Only Tablespaces
Temporary Tablespaces
Sort Segments
Creation of Temporary Tablespaces
Transport of Tablespaces Between Databases
Tablespace Repository
How to Move or Copy a Tablespace to Another Database
Overview of Datafiles
Datafile Contents
Size of Datafiles
Offline Datafiles
Temporary Datafiles
Overview of Control Files
Control File Contents
Multiplexed Control Files
4
Transaction Management
Introduction to Transactions
Statement Execution and Transaction Control
Statement-Level Rollback
Resumable Space Allocation
Overview of Transaction Management
Commit Transactions
Rollback of Transactions
Savepoints In Transactions
Transaction Naming
How Transactions Are Named
Commit Comment
The Two-Phase Commit Mechanism
Overview of Autonomous Transactions
Autonomous PL/SQL Blocks
Transaction Control Statements in Autonomous Blocks
5
Schema Objects
Introduction to Schema Objects
Overview of Tables
How Table Data Is Stored
Row Format and Size
Rowids of Row Pieces
Column Order
Table Compression
Using Table Compression
Nulls Indicate Absence of Value
Default Values for Columns
Partitioned Tables
Nested Tables
Temporary Tables
Segment Allocation
Parent and Child Transactions
External Tables
The Access Driver
Data Loading with External Tables
Parallel Access to External Tables
Overview of Views
How Views are Stored
How Views Are Used
Mechanics of Views
Globalization Support Parameters in Views
Use of Indexes Against Views
Dependencies and Views
Updatable Join Views
Object Views
Inline Views
Overview of Materialized Views
Define Constraints on Views
Refresh Materialized Views
Materialized View Logs
Overview of Dimensions
Overview of the Sequence Generator
Overview of Synonyms
Overview of Indexes
Unique and Nonunique Indexes
Visible and Invisible Indexes
Composite Indexes
Indexes and Keys
Indexes and Nulls
Function-Based Indexes
Uses of Function-Based Indexes
Optimization with Function-Based Indexes
Dependencies of Function-Based Indexes
How Indexes Are Stored
Format of Index Blocks
The Internal Structure of Indexes
Index Properties
Advantages of B-tree Structure
Index Unique Scan
Index Range Scan
Key Compression
Prefix and Suffix Entries
Performance and Storage Considerations
Uses of Key Compression
Reverse Key Indexes
Bitmap Indexes
Benefits for Data Warehousing Applications
Cardinality
Bitmap Index Example
Bitmap Indexes and Nulls
Bitmap Indexes on Partitioned Tables
Bitmap Join Indexes
Overview of Index-Organized Tables
Benefits of Index-Organized Tables
Index-Organized Tables with Row Overflow Area
Secondary Indexes on Index-Organized Tables
Bitmap Indexes on Index-Organized Tables
Mapping Table
Partitioned Index-Organized Tables
B-tree Indexes on UROWID Columns for Heap- and Index-Organized Tables
Index-Organized Table Applications
Overview of Application Domain Indexes
Overview of Clusters
Overview of Hash Clusters
6
Schema Object Dependencies
Overview of Schema Object Dependencies
Querying Object Dependencies
Object Status
Invalidation of Dependent Objects
Session State and Referenced Packages
Security Authorization
Guidelines for Reducing Invalidation
Add New Items to End of Package
Reference Each Table Through a View
Object Revalidation
Name Resolution in Schema Scope
Local Dependency Management
Remote Dependency Management
Dependencies Among Local and Remote Database Procedures
Dependencies Among Other Remote Objects
Dependencies of Applications
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Dependency Management
Time-Stamp Checking
Signature Checking
Switching Datatype Classes
Examples of Changing Procedure Signatures
Controlling Remote Dependencies
Dependency Resolution
Suggestions for Managing Dependencies
Shared SQL Dependency Management
7
The Data Dictionary
Introduction to the Data Dictionary
Structure of the Data Dictionary
SYS, Owner of the Data Dictionary
How the Data Dictionary Is Used
How Oracle Database Uses the Data Dictionary
Public Synonyms for Data Dictionary Views
Cache the Data Dictionary for Fast Access
Other Programs and the Data Dictionary
How to Use the Data Dictionary
Views with the Prefix USER
Views with the Prefix ALL
Views with the Prefix DBA
The DUAL Table
Dynamic Performance Tables
Database Object Metadata
8
Memory Architecture
Introduction to Oracle Database Memory Structures
Basic Memory Structures
Overview of the System Global Area
Database Buffer Cache
Organization of the Database Buffer Cache
The LRU Algorithm and Full Table Scans
Redo Log Buffer
Shared Pool
Library Cache
Dictionary Cache
Result Cache
Large Pool
Java Pool
Streams Pool
Overview of the Program Global Area
Content of the PGA
Session Memory
Private SQL Area
PGA Memory Use in Dedicated and Shared Server Modes
Overview of Memory Management Methods
About Software Code Areas
9
Process Architecture
Introduction to Processes
Multiple-Process Oracle Systems
Types of Processes
Overview of User Processes
Connections and Sessions
Overview of Oracle Database Processes
Oracle Database Server Processes
Oracle Database Background Processes
Archiver Processes (ARC
n
)
Checkpoint Process (CKPT)
Database Writer Process (DBW
n
)
Job Queue Processes
Log Writer Process (LGWR)
Process Monitor Process (PMON)
Queue Monitor Processes (QMN
n
)
Recoverer Process (RECO)
System Monitor Process (SMON)
Other Oracle Database Background Processes
Oracle Database Trace Files and the Alert Log
Shared Server Architecture
Dispatcher Request and Response Queues
Dispatcher Processes (D
nnn
)
Shared Server Processes (S
nnn
)
Restricted Operations of the Shared Server
Dedicated Server Configuration
Database Resident Connection Pooling
Using Database Resident Connection Pooling
Connection Classes
Session Purity
The Program Interface
Program Interface Structure
Program Interface Drivers
Communications Software for the Operating System
10
Application Architecture
Introduction to Client/Server Architecture
Overview of Multitier Architecture
Clients
Application Servers
Database Servers
Oracle Database as a Web Service Provider
Overview of Oracle Net Services
How Oracle Net Services Works
The Listener
Service Information Registration
11
Oracle Database Utilities
Introduction to Oracle Database Utilities
Overview of Data Pump Export and Import
Data Pump Export
Data Pump Import
Overview of the Data Pump API
Overview of the Metadata API
Overview of SQL*Loader
Overview of External Tables
Overview of LogMiner
Overview of DBVERIFY Utility
Overview of DBNEWID Utility
ADRCI: ADR Command Interpreter
12
Database and Instance Startup and Shutdown
Introduction to an Oracle Instance
The Instance and the Database
Connection with Administrator Privileges
Initialization Parameter Files and Server Parameter Files
Server Parameter Files and Hardware Assisted Resilient Data
How Parameter Values Are Changed
Overview of Instance and Database Startup
How an Instance Is Started
Restricted Mode of Instance Startup
Forced Startup in Abnormal Situations
How a Database Is Mounted
How a Database Is Mounted with Oracle Real Application Clusters
How a Clone Database Is Mounted
What Happens When You Open a Database
Crash and Instance Recovery
Undo Space Acquisition and Management
Resolution of In-Doubt Distributed Transaction
Open a Database in Read-Only Mode
Overview of Database and Instance Shutdown
Close a Database
Close the Database by Terminating the Instance
Unmount a Database
Shut Down an Instance
Abnormal Instance Shutdown
Part III Oracle Database Features
13
Data Concurrency and Consistency
Introduction to Data Concurrency and Consistency in a Multiuser Environment
Preventable Phenomena and Transaction Isolation Levels
Overview of Locking Mechanisms
How Oracle Database Manages Data Concurrency and Consistency
Multiversion Concurrency Control
Statement-Level Read Consistency
Transaction-Level Read Consistency
Read Consistency with Oracle Real Application Clusters
Oracle Database Isolation Levels
Set the Isolation Level
Read Committed Isolation
Serializable Isolation
Comparison of Read Committed and Serializable Isolation
Transaction Set Consistency
Row-Level Locking
Referential Integrity
Distributed Transactions
Choice of Isolation Level
Read Committed Isolation
Serializable Isolation
Quiesce Database
How Oracle Database Locks Data
Transactions and Data Concurrency
Modes of Locking
Lock Duration
Data Lock Conversion Versus Lock Escalation
Deadlocks
Deadlock Detection
Avoid Deadlocks
Types of Locks
DML Locks
Row Locks (TX)
Table Locks (TM)
DML Locks Automatically Acquired for DML Statements
DDL Locks
Exclusive DDL Locks
Share DDL Locks
Breakable Parse Locks
Duration of DDL Locks
DDL Locks and Clusters
Latches and Internal Locks
Latches
Internal Locks
Explicit (Manual) Data Locking
Oracle Database Lock Management Services
Overview of Oracle Flashback Query
Flashback Query Benefits
Some Uses of Flashback Query
14
Manageability
Installing Oracle Database 11
g
and Getting Started
Simplified Database Creation
Instant Client
Automated Upgrades
Basic Initialization Parameters
Data Loading, Transfer, and Archiving
Intelligent Infrastructure
Automatic Workload Repository
Automatic Maintenance Tasks
Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure
Automatic Diagnostic Repository
Incident Packaging Service
Server-Generated Alerts
Advisor Framework
Hang Manager
Performance Diagnostics and Troubleshooting
Application and SQL Tuning
Memory Management
Space Management
Automatic Undo Management
Oracle-Managed Files
Free Space Management
Proactive Space Management
Intelligent Capacity Planning
Space Reclamation
Automatic Storage Management
Backup and Recovery
Recovery Manager
Mean Time to Recovery
Self Service Error Correction
Configuration Management
Workload Management
Overview of the Database Resource Manager
Database Resource Manager Concepts
Overview of Services
Workload Management with Services
High Availability with Services
Oracle Scheduler
What Can the Scheduler Do?
Schedule Job Execution
Time-Based Scheduling
Event-Based Scheduling
Define Multi-Step Jobs
Schedule Job Processes that Model Business Requirements
Manage and Monitor Jobs
Execute and Manage Jobs in a Clustered Environment
15
Backup and Recovery
Introduction to Backup and Recovery
Flash Recovery Area
Database Backups
What Are Database Backups?
Whole Database and Partial Database Backups
Consistent and Inconsistent Backups
Overview of Consistent Backups
Overview of Inconsistent Backups
RMAN and User-Managed Backups
Online Backups
Control File Backups
Archived Redo Log Backups
Problems Requiring Data Repair
Media Failures
User Errors
Data Repair
Data Recovery Advisor
Oracle Flashback Technology
Oracle Flashback Database
Oracle Flashback Table
Oracle Flashback Drop
Media Recovery
Datafile Media Recovery
Block Media Recovery
Complete Recovery
Database Point-in-Time Recovery
RMAN and User-Managed Recovery
16
Business Intelligence
Introduction to Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
Characteristics of Data Warehousing
Subject Oriented
Integrated
Nonvolatile
Time Variant
Differences Between Data Warehouse and OLTP Systems
Workload
Data Modifications
Schema Design
Typical Operations
Historical Data
Data Warehouse Architecture
Data Warehouse Architecture (Basic)
Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area)
Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area and Data Marts)
Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL)
Transportable Tablespaces
Table Functions
External Tables
Table Compression
Change Data Capture
Overview of Materialized Views for Data Warehouses
Overview of Bitmap Indexes in Data Warehousing
Overview of Parallel Execution
How Parallel Execution Works
Overview of Analytic SQL
SQL for Aggregation
SQL for Analysis
SQL for Modeling
Overview of OLAP Capabilities
Full Integration of Multidimensional Technology
Ease of Application Development
Ease of Administration
Security
Unmatched Performance and Scalability
Reduced Costs
Overview of Data Mining
17
High Availability
Introduction to High Availability
Causes Of Downtime
Protection Against Computer Failures
Overview of Enterprise Grids with Oracle Real Application Clusters and Oracle Clusterware
Fast Start Fault Recovery
Oracle Data Guard
Oracle Streams
Protection Against Data Failures
Protecting Against Storage Failures
Protecting Against Human Errors
Guarding Against Human Errors
Oracle Flashback Technology
LogMiner SQL-Based Log Analyzer
Protecting Against Data Corruptions
Protecting Against Site Failures
Avoiding Downtime During Planned Maintenance
Avoiding Downtime for Data Changes
Online Schema and Data Reorganization
Partitioned Tables and Indexes
Dynamic Resource Provisioning
Avoiding Downtime for System Changes
Rolling Patch Updates
Rolling Release Upgrade
Maximum Availability Architecture (MAA) Best Practices
18
Very Large Databases (VLDB)
Introduction to Partitioning
Partition Key
Partitioned Tables
Partitioned Index-Organized Tables
Partitioning Methods
Overview of Partitioned Indexes
Local Partitioned Indexes
Global Partitioned Indexes
Global Range Partitioned Indexes
Global Hash Partitioned Indexes
Maintenance of Global Partitioned Indexes
Global Nonpartitioned Indexes
Miscellaneous Information about Creating Indexes on Partitioned Tables
Using Partitioned Indexes in OLTP Applications
Using Partitioned Indexes in Data Warehousing and DSS Applications
Partitioned Indexes on Composite Partitions
Partitioning to Improve Performance
Partition Pruning
Partition Pruning Example
Partition-wise Joins
19
Content Management
Introduction to Content Management
Overview of XML in Oracle Database
Overview of LOBs
Overview of Oracle Text
Oracle Text Index Types
Oracle Text Document Services
Oracle Text Query Package
Oracle Text Advanced Features
Overview of Oracle Ultra Search
Overview of Oracle Multimedia
Overview of Oracle Spatial
20
Database Security
Introduction to Database Security
Database Users and Schemas
Security Domain
Privileges
Roles
Storage Settings and Quotas
Default Tablespace
Temporary Tablespace
Tablespace Quotas
Profiles and Resource Limits
Overview of Transparent Data Encryption
Tablespace Encryption
Overview of Authentication Methods
Authentication by the Operating System
Authentication by the Network
Third Party-Based Authentication Technologies
Public-Key-Infrastructure-Based Authentication
Remote Authentication
Authentication by Oracle Database
Password Encryption
Account Locking
Password Lifetime and Expiration
Password Complexity Verification
Multitier Authentication and Authorization
Authentication by the Secure Socket Layer Protocol
Authentication of Database Administrators
Overview of Authorization
User Resource Limits and Profiles
Types of System Resources and Limits
Profiles
Introduction to Privileges
System Privileges
Schema Object Privileges
Introduction to Roles
Common Uses for Roles
Role Mechanisms
The Operating System and Roles
Secure Application Roles
Overview of Access Restrictions on Tables, Views, Synonyms, or Rows
Fine-Grained Access Control
Dynamic Predicates
Application Context
Dynamic Contexts
Fine-Grained Auditing
Overview of Security Policies
System Security Policy
Database User Management
User Authentication
Operating System Security
Data Security Policy
User Security Policy
General User Security
End-User Security
Administrator Security
Application Developer Security
Application Administrator Security
Password Management Policy
Auditing Policy
Overview of Database Auditing
Types and Records of Auditing
Audit Records and the Audit Trails
21
Data Integrity
Introduction to Data Integrity
Data Integrity Rules
How Oracle Database Enforces Data Integrity
Constraint States
Overview of Integrity Constraints
Advantages of Integrity Constraints
Declarative Ease
Centralized Rules
Maximum Application Development Productivity
Immediate User Feedback
Flexibility for Data Loads and Identification of Integrity Violations
The Performance Cost of Integrity Constraints
Types of Integrity Constraints
NOT NULL Integrity Constraints
UNIQUE Key Integrity Constraints
Unique Keys
Combining UNIQUE Key and NOT NULL Integrity Constraints
PRIMARY KEY Integrity Constraints
Primary Keys
PRIMARY KEY Constraints and Indexes
Referential Integrity Constraints
Self-Referential Integrity Constraints
Nulls and Foreign Keys
Actions Defined by Referential Integrity Constraints
Concurrency Control, Indexes, and Foreign Keys
CHECK Integrity Constraints
The Check Condition
Multiple CHECK Constraints
The Mechanisms of Constraint Checking
Default Column Values and Integrity Constraint Checking
Deferred Constraint Checking
Constraint Attributes
SET CONSTRAINTS Mode
Unique Constraints and Indexes
22
Triggers
Introduction to Triggers
How Triggers Are Used
Some Cautionary Notes about Triggers
Triggers Compared with Declarative Integrity Constraints
Components of a Trigger
The Triggering Event or Statement
Trigger Restriction
Trigger Action
Types of Triggers
Row Triggers and Statement Triggers
Row Triggers
Statement Triggers
BEFORE and AFTER Triggers
BEFORE Triggers
AFTER Triggers
Trigger Type Combinations
Compound Triggers
INSTEAD OF Triggers
Modify Views
Views That Are Not Modifiable
INSTEAD OF Triggers on Nested Tables
Triggers on System Events and User Events
Event Publication
Event Attributes
System Events
User Events
Trigger Execution
The Execution Model for Triggers and Integrity Constraint Checking
Data Access for Triggers
Storage of PL/SQL Triggers
Execution of Triggers
Dependency Maintenance for Triggers
23
Information Integration
Introduction to Oracle Information Integration
Federated Access
Distributed SQL
Location Transparency
SQL and COMMIT Transparency
Distributed Query Optimization
Information Sharing
Oracle Streams
Oracle Streams Architecture
Replication with Oracle Streams
Oracle Streams Advanced Queuing
Database Change Notification
Change Data Capture
Heterogeneous Environments
Oracle Streams Use Cases
Materialized Views
Data Comparison and Convergence at Oracle Databases
Integrating Non-Oracle Systems
Generic Connectivity
Oracle Database Gateways
Part IV Oracle Database Application Development
24
SQL
Introduction to SQL
SQL Statements
Data Manipulation Language Statements
DML Error Logging
Data Definition Language Statements
Transaction Control Statements
Session Control Statements
System Control Statements
Embedded SQL Statements
Cursors
Scrollable Cursors
Shared SQL Areas
Parsing
Query Processing
SQL Processing
Flow Chart of SQL Statement Execution
Description of SQL Statement Processing
Stage 1: Open or Create a Cursor
Stage 2: Parse the Statement
Stage 3: Determine if there is a Query
Stage 4: Describe Results of a Query (Queries Only)
Stage 5: Define Output of a Query (Queries Only)
Stage 6: Bind Any Variables
Stage 7: Parallelize the Statement (Optional)
Stage 8: Run the Statement
Stage 9: Fetch Rows of a Query (Queries Only)
Stage 10: Close the Cursor
Processing Other Types of SQL Statements
DDL Statement Processing
Transaction Control Processing
Other Processing Types
Overview of the Optimizer
SQL Plan Management (SPM)
Execution Plans
Stored Outlines
Editing Stored Outlines
25
Supported Application Development Languages
Introduction to Oracle Application Development Languages
Overview of C/C++ Programming Languages
Overview of Oracle Call Interface (OCI)
Overview of Oracle C++ Call Interface (OCCI)
OCCI Associative Relational and Object Interfaces
OCCI Navigational Interface
Overview of the Oracle Type Translator
Overview of Pro*C/C++ Precompiler
Dynamic Creation and Access of Type Descriptions
Overview of PL/SQL
How PL/SQL Runs
Interpreted Execution
Native Execution
Language Constructs for PL/SQL
Variables and Constants
Cursors
Exceptions
Dynamic SQL in PL/SQL
PL/SQL Program Units
Stored Procedures and Functions
Benefits of Procedures
Procedure Guidelines
Anonymous PL/SQL Blocks Compared with Stored Procedures
Standalone Procedures
Dependency Tracking for Stored Procedures
External Procedures
Table Functions
PL/SQL Packages
Benefits of Packages
PL/SQL Collections and Records
Collections
Records
PL/SQL Server Pages
Overview of Java
Java and Object-Oriented Programming Terminology
Classes
Attributes
Methods
Class Hierarchy
Interfaces
Polymorphism
Overview of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Why Use Java in Oracle Database?
Multithreading
Automated Storage Management
Footprint
Performance
Dynamic Class Loading
Oracle's Java Application Strategy
Java Stored Procedures
PL/SQL Integration and Oracle Database Functionality
JDBC
SQLJ
JPublisher
Java Messaging Service
Overview of Microsoft Programming Languages
Open Database Connectivity
Overview of Oracle Objects for OLE
OO4O Automation Server
Oracle Data Control
The Oracle Objects for OLE C++ Class Library
Oracle Data Provider for .NET
Overview of Legacy Languages
Overview of Pro*COBOL Precompiler
Overview of Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler
26
Oracle Data Types
Introduction to Oracle Datatypes
Overview of Character Datatypes
CHAR Datatype
VARCHAR2 and VARCHAR Datatypes
VARCHAR Datatype
Length Semantics for Character Datatypes
NCHAR and NVARCHAR2 Datatypes
NCHAR
NVARCHAR2
Use of Unicode Data in Oracle Database
Implicit Type Conversion
LOB Character Datatypes
LONG Datatype
Overview of Numeric Datatypes
NUMBER Datatype
Internal Numeric Format
Floating-Point Numbers
BINARY_FLOAT Datatype
BINARY_DOUBLE Datatype
Overview of DATE Datatype
Use of Julian Dates
Date Arithmetic
Centuries and the Year 2000
Daylight Savings Support
Time Zones
Overview of LOB Datatypes
BLOB Datatype
CLOB and NCLOB Datatypes
BFILE Datatype
Overview of RAW and LONG RAW Datatypes
Overview of ROWID and UROWID Datatypes
The ROWID Pseudocolumn
Physical Rowids
Extended Rowids
Restricted Rowids
Examples of Rowid Use
How Rowids Are Used
Logical Rowids
Comparison of Logical Rowids with Physical Rowids
Guesses in Logical Rowids
Rowids in Non-Oracle Databases
Overview of ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Datatypes
Overview of XML Datatypes
XMLType Datatype
Overview of URI Datatypes
Overview of Object Datatypes and Object Views
Data Conversion
Glossary
Index