You now can create application common objects (metadata-linked and object-linked), users, roles, and profiles.

These common objects reside in the application root. This guide explains how to manage security for application common users, roles, and profiles.

Application containers affect several default security features, such as privilege grants to application common users, how application contexts are used, and so on.

The following functionality is affected:

• Application common users: In addition to other privileges, you can grant the SYSDBA and SYSOPER administrative privileges to application common users.

• Application contexts: When you create an application in the application root, you can create an application context for use with this application. This application context resides in the application root.

• Oracle Virtual Private Database: You can create Virtual Private Database policies that protect application common objects. These policies reside in the application root.

• Transparent Sensitive Data Protection: You can apply Transparent Sensitive Data Protection (TSDP) policies to the current pluggable database (PDB) or to the current application PDB only.

• Transport Layer Security: If you are using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and plan to use the upgraded version of SSL, which is Transport Layer Security (TLS), then you must ensure that each PDB is able to use its own wallet with its own certifications for TLS authentication.

• Auditing: In a multitenant environment for application containers, traditional, unified auditing, and fine-grained auditing are all affected by the use of application containers.

Starting with this release, the Oracle Real Applications (Oracle RAC) clusterware agent that manages Oracle RAC uses the SYSRAC administrative privilege.

Administrative user account authentication now has enhancements for password files, password profile parameters, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Kerberos, and multitenant environments.

These enhancements are as follows:

• You can create password files for external users who have been granted the SYSASM, SYSBACKUP, SYSDG, and SYSKM administrative privileges in addition to the SYSDBA and SYSOPER administrative privileges. This enhancement is available in a multitenant environment, for both local and common external administrative users, and for external users in an SSL or Kerberos authentication configuration.

• The SYSDG administrative privilege can be used in a sharding environment.

• You can use password profile parameters, such as PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME, for administrative user authentication.

This release introduces better security for the management of administrative passwords, by enforcing the associated administrative user’s profile password limits.

Examples of these profile limits are FAILED_LOGIN_COUNT, PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME, PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME, and PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME.

You now can create a password file that can apply to both administrative users and non-administrative users. When you create a password profile using the PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION clause of the CREATE PROFILE statement, this setting now applies to administrative users as well as non-administrative users, as long as you create the password file with the ORAPWD utility FORMAT parameter set to 12.2.

In addition, for the ORAPWD utility, the restriction for the entries argument for the operating system password file has been removed.

To meet Security Technical Implementation Guides (STIG) compliance, Oracle Database now provides two new user security features.

These features are as follows:

• ora12c_stig_verify_function password complexity function

• ora_stig_profile user profile

• The following initialization parameters have changed to accommodate STIG requirements:

  • The default for SEC_PROTOCOL_ERROR_FURTHER_ACTION is now (DROP,3).

  • The default for SEC_MAX_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS is now 3.

  • The default for SQL92_SECURITY PARAMETER is now TRUE.

In this release, Oracle Database provides several enhancements for password authentication versions.

• The default for the SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER parameter is now 12 (Exclusive Mode) instead of 11. A setting of 12 generates both 11G and 12C password versions. If you want to restrict the generation to the 12C password version, which increases security for the passwords, then you can set SQLNET.ALLOWED_LOGON_VERSION_SERVER to 12a.

  Be aware that you should check the versions of the clients that connect to the server to ensure that these clients use the O5L_NP ability. All Oracle Database release 11.2.0.3 and later clients have the O5L_NP ability. If you have an earlier Oracle Database client, then you must install the CPUOct2012 patch.

• The 12C password version is now generated automatically. In previous releases, the 10G password version was generated automatically.

Starting with this release, you can configure user accounts to automatically lock if they have been inactive over a period of time.

The CREATE USER and ALTER USER SQL statements enable you to set a new profile parameter, INACTIVE_ACCOUNT_TIME, which enables you to automatically lock inactive accounts.

Starting with this release, you have greater control in managing database link access by users.

You can enable or disable database link access in the following areas:

• Protecting the database from man-in-the-middle attacks that access the database through database links: To control this functionality, you can set the OUTBOUND_DBLINK_PROTOCOLS initialization parameter.

• Controlling the ability of users to use LDAP to access data through global database links: You can set the ALLOW_GLOBAL_DBLINKS initialization parameter.

For more information, see Network Connection Security.

The INHERIT REMOTE PRIVILEGES and INHERIT ANY REMOTE PRIVILEGES privileges control definer’s rights privileges for procedures that users accesse through a database link.

These privileges are similar to the INHERIT PRIVILEGES and INHERIT ANY PRIVILEGES privileges.

In a multitenant environment, you now can use PDB lockdown profiles to restrict functionality available to users in a given PDB.

PDB lockdown profiles enable you to restrict the access the user has to a set of features individually or in a group. This feature is designed to enhance security for situations in which identities are shared among PDBs.

For multitenant environments, the PDB_OS_CREDENTIAL initialization parameter enables a different operating system user to execute external procedures using the EXTPROC process.

In the previous release, EXTPROC was used to create a credential object using DBMS_CREDENTIAL for authenticating and invoking external procedures. This functionality now is available on PDB level by associating a CREDENTIAL for the entire PDB, which will be automatically used for any EXTPROC external procedures executed by a database user in the PDB.

This feature enhances security for the multitenant environment by enabling each PDB to have its own operating system user account, instead of relying on one user, the oracle operating system user, for all PDBs in the environment. The root will continue to use the oracle operating system user account.

See Configuring Operating System Users for a PDB for more information.

Oracle Database now supports the updated version of the Kerberos tools from MIT Kerberos 1.8.

In previous releases, Oracle clients needed to be manually configured by an administrator who configures a krb5.conf file. In this release, Oracle Database provides a generic krb5.conf file, which is used by default. The kerb5.conf file has parameters that enable realm and KDC information to be automatically retrieved from the DNS information. The auto-discovery of the realm and KDC information reduces the amount of work that you must perform to configure a client endpoint to use Kerberos.

This enhancement provides updates to the okinit, oklist, and okdstry Kerberos adapter command-line utilities, and provides a new utility, okcreate, which enables you to automate the creation of keytabs from either the KDC or a service endpoint.

You now can create Transparent Sensitive Data Protection policies to use unified auditing policies, fine-grained auditing policies, and Transparent Data Encryption column encryption.

In the previous release, you could create Transparent Sensitive Data Protection policies that use the Oracle Data Redaction and Oracle Virtual Private Database security features.

In addition, you now can use a separate wallet password for each pluggable database (PDB) in a multitenant environment so that each PDB is able to use its own wallet with its own certificates for Transparent Sensitive Data Protection authentication. The ability to specify a distinct wallet password for each PDB enables you to better restrict administrative access to the wallet. This functionality provides the necessary isolation between the tenants in a multitenant environment. These tenants can be individual companies or they can be different business units in a large corporation.

Starting with this release, you can enable audit policies on database roles.

This feature enables the policy to be in effect for all users who have been directly granted the role. The policy remains effective for the user as long as the user is granted the role, and as long as the role exists.

To accommodate this enhancement, the following changes have been made:

• The AUDIT and NOAUDIT statements now have a new clause, BY USERS WITH GRANTED ROLES.

• The AUDIT_UNIFIED_ENABLED_POLICIES and DBA_XS_ENB_AUDIT_POLICIES data dictionary views have the following new columns:

  • ENTITY_NAME captures the user name or role name.

  • ENTITY_TYPE indicates if the entity name is a USER or a ROLE.

  • ENABLED_OPTION displays BY and EXCEPT for policies that are enabled on users, but displays INVALID for policies that are enabled on roles.

• The possible output for the AUDIT_UNIFIED_ENABLED_POLICIES.ENABLED_OPTION column is now BY USER, EXCEPT USER, BY GRANTED ROLE, and INVALID.

This release provides two new audit events for Oracle Real Application Security unified audit policies.

• AUDIT_GRANT_PRIVILEGE audits use of the GRANT_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE privilege.

• AUDIT_REVOKE_PRIVILEGE audits use of the REVOKE_SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE privilege.

Oracle Virtual Private Database (VPD)-generated predicates now can be captured in the audit trail.

This enhancement applies to the unified audit trail, fine-grained audit trail, and if unified auditing is not enabled, the standard audit trail (DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL). To accommodate this enhancement, the following data dictionary views have a new column, RLS_INFO:

• UNIFIED_AUDIT_TRAIL

• DBA_AUDIT_TRAIL (used for environments that are not yet migrated to unified auditing)

• V$XML_AUDIT_TRAIL (used for environments that are not yet migrated to unified auditing)

• DBA_FGA_AUDIT_TRAIL (used for environments that are not yet migrated to unified auditing)

If multiple VPD policies are enforced on a single object, then all of the VPD policy types, policy schema, policy names, and predicates are concatenated and stored in a single column. To separate the VPD predicate information for each VPD policy into individual rows in the view, a new PL/SQL package is available, DBMS_AUDIT_UTIL.

The AUDSYS schema, which stores unified audit records, now has better security and better read performance for unified auditing.

In previous releases, users who had the SELECT ANY TABLE system privilege were able to query objects in the AUDSYS schema. Starting with this release, users who have this privilege are no longer able to query AUDSYS schema objects. Users who have been granted the SELECT ANY DICTIONARY system privilege can access objects in the AUDSYS schema.

In addition, a new internal table is available in the AUDSYS schema. This table stores the unified audit trail records and is designed to improve the read performance of the unified audit trail. If you migrated to unified auditing in the previous release and still have audit records in the previous location, then you can transfer the unified audit records that were created in that release to this new internal table. The DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.TRANSFER_UNIFIED_AUDIT_RECORDS PL/SQL procedure, also new for this release, can be used to transfer these records to the new internal relational table.

The USER_NAME and ENABLED_OPT columns of the AUDIT_UNIFIED_ENABLED_POLICIES and DBA_XS_ENB_AUDIT_POLICIES data dictionary views are deprecated for this release.

In this release, the USER_NAME column continues to show the names of users on whom the policy is enabled, but for policies that are enabled on roles, the USER_NAME column displays NULL.

The ENABLED_OPT column displays BY and EXCEPT for policies that are enabled on users, but displays INVALID for policies that are enabled on roles. This column is replaced by the ENABLED_OPTION column.

The sqlnet.ora KERBEROS5_CONF_MIT parameter has been deprecated starting with this release.

This parameter specifies whether the new Kerberos configuration format is used. In previous releases, the default for the KERBEROS5_CONF_MIT parameter was FALSE. If the value is TRUE, then Oracle Database uses the new Kerberos functionality that is available with this release. If the value is set to FALSE, then non-MIT settings are used. Because this parameter is now deprecated, only the new configuration is supported. For backward compatibility, the okinit, oklist, and okdstry Kerberos utilities will work with KERBEROS5_CONF_MIT set to FALSE, thereby enabling them to use the earlier versions of these utilities. Oracle recommends that you set KERBEROS5_CONF_MIT to TRUE so that you can take advantage of the new Kerberos functionality.

The VERIFY_FUNCTION and VERIFY_FUNCTION_11G password verify functions have been deprecated for this release.

These functions are deprecated because they enforce the weaker password restrictions from earlier releases. Instead, you should use the ORA12C_VERIFY_FUNCTION and ORA12C_STRONG_VERIFY_FUNCTION functions, which enforce stronger, more up-to-date password verification restrictions.

The UNIFIED_AUDIT_SGA_QUEUE_SIZE initialization parameter has been deprecated.

This parameter is no longer necessary because starting with this release, Oracle Database auditing no longer depends on the system global area (SGA)-based queues to write unified audit records.

As part of an internal redesign to improve audit performance, the CONTAINER_GUID parameter has been deprecated from DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT PL/SQL package.

This parameter is no longer necessary. This deprecation affects the following DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT procedures:

• DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.CLEAN_AUDIT_TRAIL

• DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.CLEAR_LAST_ARCHIVE_TIMESTAMP

• DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.SET_LAST_ARCHIVE_TIMESTAMP

You no longer need to manually flush audit records to disk because they are now automatically written to a new internal relational table.

This enhancement enables the flushing process to bypass the common logging infrastructure queues. The deprecated settings are as follows:

• DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.FLUSH_UNIFIED_AUDIT_TRAIL procedure

• AUDIT_TRAIL_WRITE mode of the AUDIT_TRAIL_PROPERTY parameter of the DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.SET_AUDIT_TRAIL_PROPERTY procedure