Linux Blimp

Twice Circled are adding in plenty of new features to Megaquarium as promised, with a major update now available.

Update v1.1.6 was released yesterday, adding in some community-requested features. First, managing staff has become a lot easier with a new part of the UI along with a new zoning tool:

Things did get a bit messy before when you had a number of staff, so the improved Manage staff part of the UI along with this refreshed zoning tool should make it a ton easier for those with a large aquarium.

To spice up your creative juices, there’s a new large curved tank available, the Chicago tank!

Additionally, there’s new large decorations like a shipwreck, a big skull and so on. I’m really glad they’re adding more, as I felt the decoration choice was initially a bit lacking but this does make it a lot more interesting.

They’ve also been hard at work on Steam Cloud support, with that in place they’re also going to work in Steam Workshop support which they plan to release early next year. That sounds fun, these types of games always end up benefiting a lot from user-made content to extend them.

You can grab a copy on Humble Store and Steam.

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Have you ever sought help on a technical issue, only to be told RTFM? What is that acronym? In a safe-for-work translation, it means Read The Freaking Manual. That’s all fine and good when you working with something that has a downloadable PDF file containing all the necessary information you need. But what about a Linux command? There are no manuals to be had. Or are there?

Actually, there are. In fact, the manuals for those commands are typically built right into the system. I’m talking about man pages.

SEE: Securing Linux policy (Tech Pro Research)

Man pages: Defined

Man pages are online references manuals, each of which covers a specific Linux command. The man pages are read from the terminal and are all presented in the same layout. A typical man page covers the synopsis, description, and examples for the command in question. The synopsis shows you the structure of a command. The description describes what the command does as well as any available options and flags for the command. The examples section shows you different ways in which you can use the command.

Opening a man page

But how do you open a man page? Simple. Let’s say you need to know how to use a specific option for the ssh command. To read the ssh man page, issue the command man ssh. You can then use the arrow keys to scroll down (or up) one line at a time, or move up or down, one page at a time, using the Page Up or Page Down buttons.

You can even enter the command man man to learn about the manual pages. There’s actually some useful information in that man manual page. So for anyone new to Linux, I recommend getting up to speed with man, before using man to read man pages.

Now, the next time someone tells you to RTFM, you’ll know exactly what they’re talking about.

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Also see

• How to make your Linux machines visible to other Linux machines (TechRepublic)
• How to sync from Linux to Google Drive with rclone (TechRepublic)
• How to monitor your Linux server with Glances (TechRepublic)
• How to limit access to the su command in Linux (TechRepublic)
• Mark Shuttleworth reveals Ubuntu 18.04 will get a 10-year support lifespan (ZDNet)
• Ubuntu Linux 18.10 arrives (ZDNet)

Image: Jack Wallen

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Modern Linux distros are designed to attract a large number of users having machines equipped with the latest hardware. As they’re designed by keeping the modern hardware in mind, they might be a bit too excessive for the old computers. Thankfully, we don’t have to worry about it because experts have been tweaking things to bring out some trimmed and light weighted distros.

We still have so many lightweight distros available at our hands, from beginner to advance; from gamers to hackers. It can be a headache to decide which distro will be most compatible with the job you need to perform. Worry not! We’ve filtered the top lightweight Linux distributions for 2019.

If you’re looking to save up space from unnecessary packages, Arch Linux can be the answer to your problems. However, it’s not popular for its interface but it’s definitely one of the most renowned free and open source distribution. There are now many user-friendly distros available. One of them is a modified version of Arch Linux called Antergos. Antergos provides you the opportunity to change the look of your machine and includes more drivers, plenty of desktop environments and applications but underneath all that, it is still Arch Linux.

The system requirements for Arch Linux are as follows:

Minimum RAM (MB): 512

Minimum CPU: Any 64-compatible machine

Minimum Disk Space (MB): 1000

Lubuntu

The name Lubuntu originally came from Ubuntu with the ‘L’ standing for lightweight. It comes with LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) which is generally known for its lightness, less space hunger and for being more energy efficient. It’s compatible with Ubuntu repositories so those Ubuntu users searching for a light weighted OS as compared to modern distros can go for it.

It rather features with alternative resources that are less intensive instead of making you compromise your favorite apps. For instance, it features Abiword instead of LibreOffice. It was designed while keeping the old machines in mind but that doesn’t imply that Lubuntu lacks but to your surprise it’s based on Linux Kernel 4.15 and Ubuntu 18.04, the only thing it lacks will be the unnecessary weight.

The biggest advantage here is that Lubuntu is compatible with Ubuntu repositories and can provide access to other additional packages from Lubuntu Software Center.

System requirements for Lubuntu are as follows:

Minimum RAM (MB): 512

Minimum CPU: Pentium 4, Pentium M, AMD K8 or any CPU with at least 266 MHz

Minimum Disk Space (MB): 3000

Puppy Linux

If you’re looking for a lightweight distro that comes with a user-friendly interface, this distro can end your search. The software has been one of the fastest distros for over 11 years now. It features lightweight applications, making it fast and less memory hungry. By default, it has Abiword, Media Player and lightweight browser. Not just that but it comes with a wide range of apps and includes its own package manager. Packages can be installed from user-developed repositories and Puppy repository using the .pet extension.

It runs on the minimal amount of memory- as minimal as you can run the entire software on RAM itself, requiring only 130 MBs altogether. System requirements for Puppy Linux are as follows:

Minimum RAM (MB): 128

Minimum CPU: 233 MHz

Minimum Disk Space (MB): 512

Linux Lite

A windows user who might be looking for a familiar interface might like to switch to Linux Lite, specifically those who might run machines with Windows XP installed. It comes with a browser similar to FireFox, including built-in support for Netflix, VLC Media Player, and LibreOffice installed beforehand. To make things run smoothly and fast, it has a preinstalled tool called zRAM memory compression tool.

It might be designed for machines not equipped with modern hardware but you try it on one that is equipped with the latest hardware you’ll be amazed by its speed. Everything apart, it supports multi-booting which allows you to keep your existing OS while you get comfortable working on Linux.

As the name itself indicates, it requires minimal hardware to run, which are as follows:

Minimum RAM (MB): 512

Minimum CPU: 700 MHz

Minimum Disk Space (MB): 2000

Linux Mint

A strong recommendation for those who might be new to Linux, as it features much software that might be required when switching from Mac or Windows. Aside from LibreOffice, it also provides better support for proprietary media formats that can allow you to play videos, DVDs and MP3 files. It comes with three main flavors, each providing you options to customize the screen appearance of desktop and menus. The most popular among the three is Cinnamon however you can go for basic MATE or Xfce.

When Timeshift, a feature that enables users to start their computers from the last functional point, was introduced in version 18.3, it became one of the main functions of Linux Mint 19.

The following are the system requirements to install Linux Mint:

Minimum RAM (MB): 512

Minimum CPU: Any Intel, AMD or VIA x86/64 processor

Minimum Disk Space (MB): 10000

Conclusion

The world is full of lightweight distros designed to provide users speed, efficiency and saves up their space. However, which Linux distribution you pick can be based on the requirements of your machine as well as the kind of job you might need to perform on it. Before choosing any distro, check your hardware and make sure that the distro you’ve chosen can run on it. The above-mentioned guide will definitely help you to start your experience with Linux.

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Watchdog: IRS botched Linux migration

• • By Derek B. Johnson
  • Dec 11, 2018

 

Poor IT governance prevented the IRS from making progress on a long-term effort to migrate 141 legacy applications from proprietary vendor software to open source Linux operating systems, according to an audit by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration.

Under a migration plan developed in 2014, two-thirds of targeted applications and databases were supposed to have been successfully migrated by December 2016.

However, only eight of the 141 applications targeted have successfully transitioned to Linux as of February 2018. More than one third have not even started.

Auditors pointed the finger at poor planning by IT officials. For example, many of the staff assigned to the project turned out not to have training in how to set up or support a Linux environment.

“Prior to implementation, the IRS did not develop an initial project plan, or conduct upfront assessments and technical analysis on the applications and databases that were to be migrated,” auditors wrote.

One major theme underlying many of the delays is confusion and lack of coordination among IT staff assigned to the project from different offices within IRS. The project was designed as a collaborative operation between employees from Enterprise Operations, Enterprise Services, Applications Development and Cybersecurity and was overseen by an executive steering committee and a technical advisory group.

A charter was drafted to hash out intra-agency roles and responsibilities, but as of February 2018, it remained unsigned.

The decision to move away from relying on Solaris — proprietary software owned by Oracle — to the open-source Linux operating system was expected to yield significant cost savings for the IRS over the long term. An internal cost assessment found that migrating just one system, a modernized e-file system, to Linux would save the agency around $12 million over five years in licensing fees.

Auditors made three recommendations: that IRS assign the project to a governance board aligned with the IT shop’s framework and process, ensure that hardware, software, services and support include utilization plans and develop a disaster recovery and business continuity strategy.

The report cited IRS estimates that the agency expects to complete migration of all targeted applications by fiscal year 2020, and in a response attached to the audit, CIO Gina Garza accepted all three recommendations and said the modernized e-file system will be the first priority for the agency in 2019.

For a Linux desktop, a user can easily install an app to search their files and folders in the file system, but another way is via command line. Anyone who has been working on the command line would find this method much easier as compared to others. This article will guide you on how to use the

find command,

so you can search for files with the help of various filters and parameters.

The best way to locate your files on a Linux desktop is with the help of Linux Command line as it provides various other options to search for the file which is rarely provided by the graphical tool.

A command that is used to recursively filter objects on a basis of the conditional mechanism is known as find command. The find command in a Linux system is a powerful tool and can be used easily to find different files. The files can be searched based on name, size, date, permissions, type, ownership and more.

The syntax of Linux Find Command:

Before understanding the usage of find command let’s review the syntax of Linux find command. Find command takes the following form:

find [options] [path…] [expression]

• The options attribute controls the optimization method and behavior of the searching process.
• The path attribute defines the top directory where the search will begin.
• The expression attribute will control the actions and search patterns separated by operators.

Let’s see this how this works.

Find by Name:

As already explained the simple structure of command would include an option, a path and an expression which would be the file name itself in case you are searching by name. It gets a lot more easy and efficient if you know the path of the search as you would have an idea of where to start locating your particular file.

The next part of the command is an option. In case of Linux command line, there is a number of options to choose from. But starting from the beginning let’s choose an easy one. In this case where we are searching for a file by its name two options can be used:

• name for case sensitive,
• iname for case insensitive.

For example, if you are searching for a file named abc.odt, you would have to use the following command to get the appropriate results.

This means to search for a file by its name and ignore the case.

However, if you use the -name option with this file you will get no results.

Find by Type:

This would be helpful in case you want to search a number of files of a particular type. So, instead of searching for a separate file each time by its name you can easily search them all by their type. Following are the most common types of file:

• f for a regular file,
• d for the directory,
• l for a symbolic link,
• c for character devices,
• b for block devices.

Now, for example, you want to search a directory file on your system with the help of -type option. So, type this command as:

You can also use the same command to search for configuration files. For example, to search for files with an extension of .conf your command would look like the following:

find / -type f -name “*.conf”

This command would give you all the files ending with an extension of .conf.

Find by Size:

When your drive is mysteriously filled by some unknown file which you are unable to identify, then you can find that file by using the -size command. This would help you to make some space in your drive quickly. For example, you want to search files that are above 1000MB. Then the find command would be typed as:

The result might be surprising. You can, later on, free up space by deleting the file that is taking more space. Following are some of the size descriptions:

• c for bytes,
• k for Kilobytes,
• M for Megabytes,
• G for Gigabytes,
• B for 512byte blocks.

Take another example, if you want to search all files with the exact size of 1024 bytes in /tmp directory, then the command would be typed as:

find /tmp -type f -size 1024c

You can also locate the files less than or greater than a specific size. For example, to search for all the files that are less than 1MB you have to type minus – symbol before the value of size. The command would become:

To locate the files that are greater than 1MB you have to type plus + symbol before the value of size. The command would be:

To search the files in between two size ranges for example between 1 and 2MB, the command would go as follows:

find . -type f -size +1M -size 2M

Find by Permission:

When you want to find the files on the basis of file permission, use the option of -perm.

For example, to search for the files with permissions of 775 exactly in the directory /var/www/html the following command would be used:

find /var/www/html -perm 644

Find by ownership:

When you want to locate a certain file owned by any user or group then you can use the option of -user and -group. For example, to find the files owned by the user linuxadmin, then the command would be:

Take an advance example, to find the files owned by user linuxadmin and change the ownership of those files from linuxadmin to newlinuxadmin. Command for this would be:

find / -user linuxadmin -type f -exec chown newlinuxadmin {} ;

Find to Delete:

If you want to delete the files that you have searched add -delete at the end of the command. Before you do this, make sure that your searched result are the files that you want to delete.

For example, to delete the files with an extension of .temp from the /var/log/ the following command would be used:

find /var/log/ -name `*.temp` -delete

Conclusion:

The fundamental knowledge of powerful find command would help you to locate your files on Linux system easily. The above guide showed the number of ways through which you can find your file in the Linux system.

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Linux is, by default, a pretty amazing and evolving platform that is offering more and more out of our systems. With the power of Linux, you can push yourself to the limits of what you can do and how you enjoy your computer.There are a number of Linux distros to pick up. Some of them are specially curved towards new and general computer users while others target experts and professionals. For example, Ubuntu, Linux Mint etc. are the well-known for their user-friendliness and regarded as some of the best Linux distros for new and casual users.On the other hand, we got Arch Linux, Gentoo etc. These are top-class Linux systems that targets experts. However, in the case of Manjaro Linux, it’s different. Despite being a cool Linux distro based on Arch Linux, it targets new and moderate users to give the enjoyment of the Arch environment.With the spicy look and graphical tweaks, Manjaro Linux is already great looking. How about making it spicier? Let’s start with the wallpaper!

Manjaro Linux comes up with a preinstalled collection of wallpapers. Don’t worry; I’ve also collected some of my favorite wallpapers.

Before we dive deeper into the wallpaper collection, we have to make sure that you know how to change your wallpaper first.

At first, login into your system.

This is your system.

Right-click on any blank space >> select “Configure Desktop”.

Now, we’re on the “Wallpaper” selection mode.

Note – I’m using KDE Plasma desktop environment. Depending on your choice, the option may differ and/or the settings will be different.

Now, you can select your favorite wallpaper from the box.

After selecting, hit Apply >> OK.

Adding more wallpapers

For adding more wallpaper to the collection, open up the wallpaper option again.

Hit the button “Add Image”.

Now, you’ll have to browser for the target folder(s) for adding more wallpaper into the database.

The best Manjaro Linux wallpapers

Time for the best wallpapers to show up!

Note – all the wallpapers are in their original size. Before you apply them on your desktop, you should resize them for the best experience. All of them are collected from Unsplash.

A beautiful scenario where blue and brown makes a fine beauty

Mountain and water – love forever!

Wonderful white flowers with mind-blowing splash of green leaves

Into the maze of reflection

Snow Mountain!!!

Just can’t resist the charm of Lamborghini!

Business in everyday life

Wonderful color ornamentation!

Orange and yellow with you on the road – what could be better?

The nature feels mysterious sometimes, right?

The life follows strange path, like the road in the mountains.

Natural and critical

Lone journey in the countryside

The path towards the sun!

Rough and tough

Cold and warmth together

Enjoy!

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Install LEMP Stack On Ubuntu

LEMP stack stands for Linux, Nginx, MariaDB, and PHP. Here in LAMP stack which stands for Linux, Apache, MariaDB and PHP, all components are not tightly coupled. So by replacing Apache With Nginx, we are installing LEMP stack. This tutorial outlines how to install LEMP stack on Ubuntu 18.04.

Prerequisites

Before you start to install LEMP on Ubuntu 18.04. You must have a non-root user account on your server with sudo privileges.

1. Install NGINX

To install Nginx first update local package index to access most recent package listing by typing

sudo apt update

Now install Nginx by typing

sudo apt install nginx

You can check the status of Nginx by typing

systemctl status nginx

The output should be:

Output:
● nginx.service – A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Fri 2018-07-01 16:08:19 UTC; 1 days ago
Docs: man:nginx(8)
Main PID: 2369 (nginx)
Tasks: 2 (limit: 1153)
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
├─2369 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on;
└─2380 nginx: worker process

2. Install MariaDB

To install MariaDB and related MySQL php extension type following command.

sudo apt install mariadb-server php-mysql

To setup secure installation enter following command, you will be prompted for the password which is not set previously that time press ENTER only.

sudo mysql_secure_installation

3. Install PHP

By default Nginx does not support native PHP processing. So you will need to install php-fpm (“fastCGI process manager”) package to install PHP. Now you can install php-fpm by typing following command.

sudo apt install php-fpm

You can check the status where it is correctly installed or not by following command

systemctl status php7.2-fpm

4. Set up nginx configuration file

Create directory inside var/www/html named example.com (you can use your domain name).

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/html/example.com

Now you should remove the default configuration file provided. To remove default Nginx configuration file type following.

sudo rm -f /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

Configuration files for the website are stored inside /etc/nginx/sites-available directory so you need to create configuration file inside this directory named example.com.conf (you can use your domain name). Then enter following code inside that file by replacing example.com with your domain name.

/etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com.conf

server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;

server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /var/www/html/example.com;
index index.php;

location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}

location ~* .php$ {
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.2-fpm.sock;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
}
}

Create a link of above configuaration file inside /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ directory by typing

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

5. Testing LEMP stack

Ensure your domain reaching at your server by configuring DNS records of your domain.

Now you need to restart PHP and reload Nginx configuration file as you have made changes in Nginx configuration directory. Type following command to restart PHP and reload Nginx.

sudo systemctl restart php7.2-fpmsudo nginx -s reload

You can check the status of Nginx by typing following.

sudo nginx -t

Create an index.php file inside /var/www/html/example.com directory and enter following code inside the file.

<html>
<head>
<h2>Index Page</h2>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo ‘<p>Hello,</p>’;

// Define PHP variables for the MySQL connection.
$servername = “localhost”;
$username = “test_user”;
$password = “password”;

// Creating a MySQL connection.
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);

// Show if the connection fails or is successful.

if (!$conn) {
exit(‘<p>Your connection has failed.<p>’ . mysqli_connect_error());
}
else {
echo ‘<p>You have connected successfully.</p>’;
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Conclusion

In this tutorial you have successfully learned how to install LEMP stack on Ubuntu 18.04. If you have any queries regarding this please don’t forget to comment below.

Detailed tutorials

• How to install Nginx on Ubuntu 18.04.
• Install PHP 7.2 on Ubuntu 18.04.
• How to install MariaDB on Ubuntu 18.04.

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Apache Tomcat is an open source piece of software written in the Java programming language and designed to provide users with a native Java environment for running web apps. It is widely known for powering large-scale and mission-critical web applications across a wide range of organizations and industries.

Features at a glance

It is an open source implementation of the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies, which are developed under the Java Community Process. When developing web apps, you will need to add dynamic content to an existing Apache web server, which is provided by Tomcat.

Tomcat is also widely used for running Java code and applets on an Apache web server, especially be web developers who want to build dynamic websites and applications using the aforementioned Java technologies.

The software comprises of a JSP (JavaServer Pages) engine, a HTTP connector, as well as the Catalina servlet container. While the JSP engine is in charge of the dynamic content of a web app, the servlet container has been engineered to interact with the Java apps.

Under the hood, supported OSes and availability

As mentioned the project is written entirely in the Java programming language, which means that it will run well on GNU/Linux, BSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X operating systems. It is available for download as binary and source archives for the aforementioned OSes. Supported architectures include both 32-bit and 64-bit.

Bottom line

Summing up, Apache Tomcat is a reliable solution for anyone who wants to develop rich web applications using open source technologies. It is an important part of the Apache project, which develops the world’s most popular and used web server software.

Java servlet JSP container Apache server Java Servlet Apache Tomcat

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As Linux administrators, we need to view the partition table of our hard disk time and again. This helps us in re-organizing old drives by making space for further partitioning and also create space for new drives if necessary. You can create no more than four primary partitions on a hard disk but a number of logical or extended partitions, depending on the size of the hard disk you have installed on your system.

The partition table, that contains the information about all your logical disks or partitions, resides in the 0 sector of your hard disk. Your device is listed in the partitions table as /dev/sda, /dev/sdb and so on. The sd* device refers to SCSI or SATA disks on your system. For example, /dev/sda will be the first SATA/SCSI hard disk, /dev/sdb will be the second SATA/SCSI hard disk.

This article lists and explains the use of various Linux commands for you to view the partition table of your device. We will be using the CLI to run these commands. You can open the Ubuntu command line, the Terminal, either through the system Dash or the Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut.

We have run the commands and procedures mentioned in this article on an Ubuntu 18.04 LTS system.

View partition table through the lsblk command

The lsblk command lists all the block devices of your system along with their logical partitions. Enter the following command in your Terminal to list the partition table:

$ lsblk

In the above output, you can see all the logical partitions from sda1 till sda5 for my sda device. Here is what the seven columns indicate:

Name-Name of the devices

Maj:Min-Major and Min Device numbers

RM-Whether the device is removable(1) or not (0)

Size-Size of the device

RO-Is the device read-only(1) or not (0)

Type-Type of device, i.e, if it is a disk or partitions, etc.

MountPoint-The mount point of the device(if applicable).

Get list of partitions with the fdisk command

The fdisk command that stands for Format-disk or Fixed-disk is basically used to create or delete hard disk partitions. It is also used to format the disk, however, here we will use it to list the partitions table by using a particular flag with it.

The -l flag is used with the fdisk to list the partitions table of the specified device and then exit. When you do not mention any device name, fdisk uses the devices mentioned in the /proc/partitions file.

The -l option shows the partition tables for the specified devices and then exit. If no devices are given, those mentioned in /proc/partitions (if that exists) are used. Enter the following command as sudo:

$ sudo fdisk -l

When you scroll down further, the output displays the partition table as follows:

This is what the various column indicate:

Device-Name of the device/logical partition

Boot-The * sign in this column indicated that the respective partition contains the bootloader information that is used to boot your system

Start-The starting sector allotted to this partition.

End-The ending sector allotted to this partition.

Sectors-The number of sectors allocated for this partitions.

Size-The size of the partition.

ID-An ID used by the system for this partitions

Type-The file type or system used by this partition.

Using sfdisk command to view partitions

Though the sfdisk command is primarily used to manipulate partition tables on Linux, it can also be used to list the partitions tables of a device by using the following syntax:

$ sudo sfdisk -l/dev/devicename

For example:

$ sudo sfdisk -l /dev/sda

As you can see, this command gives the same information of the partition table as the fdisk command. You can only view the results of the fdisk and sfdisk command as an authorized sudo user.

Using the parted command to get harddisk partitions

Another way to list the partition table for a device is through the parted command. The parted command has an edge on the previously mentioned fdisk and sfdisk commands as the former ones do not list partitions whose size is greater than 2 TB.

Use the following syntax in order to view the partitions table for a device:

$ sudo parted /dev/devicename

Example:

$ sudo parted /dev/sda

The command will get into the “(parted)” prompt mode. Here you can enter the following values that will help you in viewing the partition table for a device.

Unit GB: Through this input, you can choose the output to be displayed in GBs.

Unit TB: Through this input, you can choose the output to be displayed in TBs.

Enter your choice after which the system will display the corresponding partition table.

To quit the parted command mode, simply type quit and then hit Enter.

Alternatively, you can use the following command to list all the partition layouts on all the block devices of your system:

$ sudo parted -l

Since sda is my only block device, the command displays the partition for that only.

Note: The lsscsi command that is basically used to list the SCSI devices and their attributes also lists the partition tables on some systems. You can install it through this command: $ sudo apt-get install lsscsi

Through the various Linux commands we explained in this article, you are now able to view the partition table of your hard disk devices. Some of the commands have many other basic functions but since they also list the partition table, we have included them in our article. You will now be able to manage space and partitions of your storage devices even better.

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We’ve recently expressed our opinion on the Linux desktop scene with Best Linux Desktop Environments: Strong and Stable, and our follow-up article Linux Desktop Environments: Pantheon, Trinity, LXDE. These desktop environments provide good application launchers. But there’s still a place for a different approach, using a standalone application launcher.

Application launchers play an integral part in making the Linux desktop a more productive environment to work and play. They represent small utilities which offers the desktop user a convenient access point for application software and can make a real boost to users’ efficiency.

An application launcher helps to reduce start up times for applications by indexing shortcuts in the menu. Furthermore, this type of software allows users to search for documents and other files quicker by indexing different file formats. This makes them useful for launching almost anything on a computer including multimedia files, games, and the internet. Application launchers often support plug-ins, adding to their versatility.

To provide an insight into the quality of software that is available, we have compiled a list of high quality Linux application launchers. Hopefully, there will be something of interest for anyone who wants to see productivity improvements in their workflow.

Here’s our recommendations:

Now, let’s explore the application launchers at hand. For each title we have compiled its own portal page, providing a screenshot of the software in action, a full description with an in-depth analysis of its features, together with links to relevant resources.

Application Launchers
Ulauncher	Fast application launcher written in Python
Kupfer	Fast and lightweight desktop summoner/launcher
Synapse	Semantic graphical launcher written in Vala
bashrun2	Launch applications from interactive bash sessions
Gnome-Pie	Circular application launcher made of several pies
dmenu	Fast and lightweight dynamic menu
Albert	Desktop agnostic launcher, inspired by OSX’ Alfred launcher
pmenu	Dynamic terminal-based menu inspired by dmenu
rofi	Window switcher, application launcher and dmenu replacement
Launchy	Utility designed to help users forget about the application menu
Avant Window Navigator	OS X like panel for the GNOME Desktop

dmenu and pmenu are similar in function to application launchers in that they allow quick launching of programs from a graphical environment using the keyboard.

Return to our complete collection of Group Tests, identifying the finest free and open source Linux software.

• Best Free Linux Application Launchers
• moneyGuru – free personal finance management software
• Essential System Tools: Timeshift – Reliable system restore tool for Linux
• DataExplore – free Python based data plotting and analysis software
• Best Free Linux Script Writing Tools (Updated 2018)

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