Contributors:

• Craig R. McClanahan
• Mike Schachter
• Ted Husted
• Martin Cooper
• Ed Burns
• James DeVries
• David Graham

This chapter focuses on the task of building the View components for use with the Struts framework. Many applications rely on JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology to create the presentation layer. The Struts distribution includes a comprehensive JSP tag library that provides support for building internationalized applications, as well as for interacting with input forms. Several other topics related to the View components are briefly discussed.

A few years ago, application developers could count on having to support only residents of their own country, who are used to only one (or sometimes two) languages, and one way to represent numeric quantities like dates, numbers, and monetary values. However, the explosion of application development based on web technologies, as well as the deployment of such applications on the Internet and other broadly accessible networks, have rendered national boundaries invisible in many cases. This has translated (if you will pardon the pun) into a need for applications to support internationalization (often called "i18n" because 18 is the number of letters in between the "i" and the "n") and localization.

Struts builds upon the standard classes available on the Java platform to build internationalized and localized applications. The key concepts to become familiar with are:

• Locale - The fundamental Java class that supports internationalization is Locale. Each Locale represents a particular choice of country and language (plus an optional language variant), and also a set of formatting assumptions for things like numbers and dates.
• ResourceBundle - The java.util.ResourceBundle class provides the fundamental tools for supporting messages in multiple languages. See the Javadocs for the ResourceBundle class, and the information on Internationalization in the documentation bundle for your JDK release, for more information.
• PropertyResourceBundle - One of the standard implementations of ResourceBundle allows you to define resources using the same "name=value" syntax used to initialize properties files. This is very convenient for preparing resource bundles with messages that are used in a web application, because these messages are generally text oriented.
• MessageFormat - The java.text.MessageFormat class allows you to replace portions of a message string (in this case, one retrieved from a resource bundle) with arguments specified at run time. This is useful in cases where you are creating a sentence, but the words would appear in a different order in different languages. The placeholder string {0} in the message is replaced by the first runtime argument, {1} is replaced by the second argument, and so on.
• MessageResources - The Struts class org.apache.struts.util.MessageResources lets you treat a set of resource bundles like a database, and allows you to request a particular message string for a particular Locale (normally one associated with the current user) instead of for the default Locale the server itself is running in.

Please note that the i18n support in a framework like Struts is limited to the presentation of internationalized text and images to the user. Support for Locale specific input methods (used with languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean) is left up to the client device, whichis usually a web browser.

For an internationalized application, follow the steps described in the Internationalization document in the JDK documentation bundle for your platform to create a properties file containing the messages for each language. An example will illustrate this further:

Assume that your source code is created in package com.mycompany.mypackage, so it is stored in a directory (relative to your source directory) named com/mycompany/mypackage. To create a resource bundle called com.mycompany.mypackage.MyApplication, you would create the following files in the com/mycompany/mypackage directory:

• MyApplication.properties - Contains the messages in the default language for your server. If your default language is English, you might have an entry like this: prompt.hello=Hello
• MyApplication_xx.properties - Contains the same messages in the language whose ISO language code is "xx" (See the ResourceBundle Javadoc page for a link to the current list). For a French version of the message shown above, you would have this entry: prompt.hello=Bonjour You can have resource bundle files for as many languages as you need.

When you configure the controller servlet in the web application deployment descriptor, one of the things you will need to define in an initialization parameter is the base name of the resource bundle for the application. In the case described above, it would be com.mycompany.mypackage.MyApplication.

<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>
org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet
</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>application</param-name>
<param-value>
    com.mycompany.mypackage.MyResources
</param-value>
</init-param>
<!-- ... -->
</servlet>

The important thing is for the resource bundle to be found on the class path for your application. Another approach is to store the MyResources.properties file in your application's classes folder. You can then simply specify "myResources" as the application value. Just be careful it is not deleted if your build script deletes classes as part of a "clean" target.

If it does, here is an Ant task to run when compiling your application that copies the contents of a src/conf directory to the classes directory:

<!-- Copy any configuration files -->
<copy todir="classes">
<fileset dir="src/conf"/>
</copy>

Note: While the examples given here use JSP and custom tags, the ActionForm beans and the other Struts controller components are View neutral. Struts can be used with Velocity Templates, XSL, and any other presentation technology that can be rendered via a Java servlet. See the Resources page for links to additional information.

At one time or another, most web developers have built forms using the standard capabilities of HTML, such as the <input> tag. Users have come to expect interactive applications to have certain behaviors, and one of these expectations relates to error handling -- if the user makes an error, the application should allow them to fix just what needs to be changed -- without having to re-enter any of the rest of the information on the current page or form.

Fulfilling this expectation is tedious and cumbersome when coding with standard HTML and JSP pages. For example, an input element for a username field might look like this (in JSP):

<input type="text" name="username"
value="<%= loginBean.getUsername() >"/>

which is difficult to type correctly, confuses HTML developers who are not knowledgeable about programming concepts, and can cause problems with HTML editors. Instead, Struts provides a comprehensive facility for building forms, based on the Custom Tag Library facility of JSP 1.1. The case above would be rendered like this using Struts:

<html:text property="username"/>;

with no need to explicitly refer to the JavaBean from which the initial value is retrieved. That is handled automatically by the JSP tag, using facilities provided by the framework.

HTML forms are sometimes used to upload other files. Most browsers support this through a <input type="file"> element, that generates a file browse button, but it's up to the developer to handle the incoming files. Struts handles these "multipart" forms in a way identical to building normal forms.

For an example of using Struts to create a simple login form, see the " Buiding an ActionForm Howto".

Property references in JSP pages using the Struts framework can reference Java Bean properties as described in the JavaBeans specification. Most of these references refer to "scalar" bean properties, referring to primitive or single Object properties. However, Struts, along with the Jakarta Commons Beanutils library, allow you to use property references which refer to individual items in an array, collection, or map, which are represented by bean methods using well-defined naming and signature schemes.

Documentation on the Beanutils package can be found at http://jakarta.apache.org/commons/beanutils/api/index.html. More information about using indexed and mapped properties in Struts can be found in the FAQ describing Indexed Properties, Mapped Properties, and Indexed Tags.

Struts defines HTML tags for all of the following types of input fields, with hyperlinks to the corresponding reference information.

• checkboxes
• hidden fields
• password input fields
• radio buttons
• reset buttons
• select lists with embedded option or options items
• option
• options
• submit buttons
• text input fields
• textareas

In every case, a field tag must be nested within a form tag, so that the field knows what bean to use for initializing displayed values.

There are several tags useful for creating presentations, consult the documentation on each specific tag library, along with the Tag Developers Guides, for more information:

• [logic] iterate repeats its tag body once for each element of a specified collection (which can be an Enumeration, a Hashtable, a Vector, or an array of objects).
• [logic] present depending on which attribute is specified, this tag checks the current request, and evaluates the nested body content of this tag only if the specified value is present. Only one of the attributes may be used in one occurrence of this tag, unless you use the property attribute, in which case the name attribute is also required. The attributes include cookie, header, name, parameter, property, role, scope, and user.
• [logic] notPresent the companion tag to present, notPresent provides the same functionality when the specified attribute is not present.
• [html] link generates a HTML <a> element as an anchor definition or a hyperlink to the specified URL, and automatically applies URL encoding to maintain session state in the absence of cookie support.
• [html] img generates a HTML <img> element with the ability to dynamically modify the URLs specified by the "src" and "lowsrc" attributes in the same manner that <html:link> can.
• [bean] parameter retrieves the value of the specified request parameter, and defines the result as a page scope attribute of type String or String[].

In addition to the form and bean interactions described above, Struts offers an additional facility to validate the input fields it has received. To utilize this feature, override the following method in your ActionForm class:

validate(ActionMapping mapping,
HttpServletRequest request);

The validate method is called by the controller servlet after the bean properties have been populated, but before the corresponding action class's execute method is invoked. The validate method has the following options:

• Perform the appropriate validations and find no problems -- Return either null or a zero-length ActionErrors instance, and the controller servlet will proceed to call the perform method of the appropriate Action class.
• Perform the appropriate validations and find problems -- Return an ActionErrors instance containing ActionError's, which are classes that contain the error message keys (into the application's MessageResources bundle) that should be displayed. The controller servlet will store this array as a request attribute suitable for use by the <html:errors> tag, and will forward control back to the input form (identified by the input property for this ActionMapping).

As mentioned earlier, this feature is entirely optional. The default implementation of the validate method returns null, and the controller servlet will assume that any required validation is done by the action class.

One common approach is to perform simple, prima facia validations using the ActionForm validate method, and then handle the "business logic" validation from the Action.

The Struts Validator, covered in the next section, may be used to easily validate ActionForms.

Configuring the Validator to perform form validation is easy.

1. The ActionForm bean must extend ValidatorForm
2. The form's JSP must include the <html:javascript> tag for client side validation.
3. You must define the validation rules in an xml file like this:

   
   <form-validation>
   <formset>             
   <form name="logonForm">
     <field property="username" depends="required">
       <msg name="required" key="error.username"/>
     </field>    
   </form>        
   </formset>   
   </form-validation>
   

   The msg element points to the message resource key to use when generating the error message.
4. Lastly, you must enable the ValidatorPlugin in the struts-config.xml file like this:

   
   <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn">
   <set-property 
   property="pathnames" 
   value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml, 
       /WEB-INF/validation.xml"/>
   </plug-in>
   

Note: If your required form property is one of the Java object representations of primitive types (ie. java.lang.Integer), you must set the ActionServlet's convertNull init. parameter to true. Failing to do this will result in the required validation not being performed on that field because it will default to 0.

For more about the Struts Validator, see the Developers Guide.

Although the look and feel of your application can be completely constructed based on the standard capabilities of JSP and the Struts custom tag library, you should consider employing other techniques that will improve component reuse, reduce maintenance efforts, and/or reduce errors. Several options are discussed in the following sections.

Beyond using the custom tags provided by the Struts library, it is easy to create tags that are specific to the application you are building, to assist in creating the user interface. The MailReader example application included with Struts illustrates this principle by creating the following tags unique to the implementation of this application:

• checkLogon - Checks for the existence of a particular session object, and forwards control to the logon page if it is missing. This is used to catch cases where a user has bookmarked a page in the middle of your application and tries to bypass logging on, or if the user's session has been timed out. (Note that there are better ways to authenticate users; the checkLogon tag is simply meant to demonstrate writing your own custom tags.)
• linkSubscription - Generates a hyperlink to a details page for a Subscription, which passes the required primary key values as request attributes. This is used when listing the subscriptions associated with a user, and providing links to edit or delete them.
• linkUser - Generates a hyperlink to a details page for a User, which passes the required primary key values as request attributes.

The source code for these tags is in the src/example directory, in package org.apache.struts.example, along with the other Java classes that are used in this application.

Creating the entire presentation of a page in one JSP file (with custom tags and beans to access the required dynamic data) is a very common design approach, and was employed in the example application included with Struts. However, many applications require the display of multiple logically distinct portions of your application together on a single page.

For example, a portal application might have some or all of the following functional capabilities available on the portal's "home" page:

• Access to a search engine for this portal.
• One or more "news feed" displays, with the topics of interest customizedfrom the user's registration profile.
• Access to discussion topics related to this portal.
• A "mail waiting" indicator if your portal provides free email accounts.

The development of the various segments of this site is easier if you can divide up the work, and assign different developers to the different segments. Then, you can use the include capability of JavaServer Pages technology to combine the results into a single result page, or use the include tag provided with Struts. There are three types of include available, depending on when you w ant the combination of output to occur:

• An <%@ include file="xxxxx" %> directive can include a file that contains Java code or JSP tags. The code in the included file can even reference variables declared earlier in the outer jsp page. The code is inlined into the other JavaServer Page before it is compiled so it can definitely contain more than just HTML.
• The include action (<jsp:include page="xxxxx" flush="true" />) is processed at request time, and is handled transparently by the server. Among other things, that means you can conditionally perform the include by nesting it within a tag like equals by using it's parameter attribute.
• The bean:include tag takes either a an argument "forward" representing a logical name mapped to the jsp to include, or the "id" argument, which represents a page context String variable to print out to the jsp page.

Tiles is a powerful templating library that allows you to construct views by combining various "tiles". Here's a quick setup guide:

1. Create a /layout/layout.jsp file that contains your app's common look and feel:

   
   <html>
   <body>
   <tiles:insert attribute="body"/>
   </body>
   </html>
   

2. Create your /index.jsp homepage file:

   
   <h1>This is my homepage!&lt;/h1>
   

3. Create a /WEB-INF/tiles-defs.xml file that looks like this:

   
   <tiles-definitions>
   <definition 
       name="layout" 
       path="/layout/layout.jsp">
       <put name="body" value=""/>
   </definition>
   <definition name="homepage" extends="layout">
       <put 
           name="body" 
           value="/index.jsp"/>
   </definition>
   <tiles-definitions>
   

4. Setup the TilesPlugin in the struts-config.xml file:

   
   <plug-in 
       className="org.apache.struts.tiles.TilesPlugin">
       <set-property 
           property="definitions-config" 
           value="/WEB-INF/tiles-defs.xml"/>
   </plug-in>
   

5. Setup an action mapping in struts-config.xml to point to your homepage tile:

   
   <action 
   path="/index"
   type="org.apache.struts.actions.ForwardAction"
   parameter="homepage"/>
   

The TilesPlugin configures a special RequestProcessor that determines if the requested view is a tile and processes it accordingly. Note that we made the homepage tile extend our root layout tile and changed the body attribute. Tiles inserts the file named in the body attribute into the main layout.

See the tiles-documentation webapp for in-depth examples.

Some applications require dynamically generated images, like the price charts on a stock reporting site. Two different approaches are commonly used to meet these requirements:

• Render a hyperlink with a URL that executes a servlet request. The servlet will use a graphics library to render the graphical image, set the content type appropriately (such as to image/gif), and send back the bytes of that image to the browser, which will display them just as if it had received a static file.
• Render the HTML code necessary to download a Java applet that creates the required graph. You can configure the graph by setting appropriate initialization parameters for the applet in the rendered code, or you can have the applet make its own connection to the server to receive these parameters.

Some applications require dynamically generated text or markup, such as XML. If a complete page is being rendered, and can be output using a PrintWriter, this is very easy to do from an Action:

response.setContentType("text/plain"); // or text/xml
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
// use writer to render text
return(null);

The Struts-EL tag library is a contributed library in the Struts distribution. It represents an integration of the Struts tag library with the JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library, or at least the "expression evaluation" engine that is used by the JSTL.

The base Struts tag library contains tags which rely on the evaluation of "rtexprvalue"s (runtime scriptlet expressions) to evaluate dynamic attribute values. For instance, to print a message from a properties file based on a resource key, you would use the bean:write tag, perhaps like this:

    <bean:message key='<%= stringvar %>'/>
    

This assumes that stringvar exists as a JSP scripting variable. If you're using the Struts-EL library, the reference looks very similar, but slightly different, like this:

    <bean-el:message key="${stringvar}"/>
    

If you want to know how to properly use the Struts-EL tag library, there are two important things you need to know:

• The Struts tag library
• The JavaServer Pages Standard tag library

Once you understand how to use these two, consider Struts tag attribute values being evaluated the same way the JSTL tag attribute values are. Past that, there is very little else you need to know to effectively use the Struts-EL tag library.

Although the Struts-EL tag library is a direct "port" of the tags from the Struts tag library, not all of the tags in the Struts tag library were implemented in the Struts-EL tag library. This was the case if it was clear that the functionality of a particular Struts tag could be entirely fulfilled by a tag in the JSTL. It is assumed that developers will want to use the Struts-EL tag library along with the JSTL, so it is reasonable to assume that they will use tags from the JSTL if they fill their needs.

Next: Building Controller Components