What Is /dev/shm in linux?


Shared (Virtual) Memory (SHM)


Shared memory is a way to shared state between process.

Shared memory, as its name implies, is a method to “share” data between processes.

Both processes define the same memory area as “shared”, and they can then exchange

information simply by writing into it. This (used to be, and still is somewhat) faster than

the alternative of sending network or pipe-based messages between processes.

If you see the memory as a mean of storing data, a file on a file system can be seen as

shared memory (ie shared file).

It is difficult to account for shared memory. Does it belong to one process? Both? Neither?

If we naively sum the memory belonging to multiple processes, we grossly “over-count”.

As the name implies, the Shared (Virtual) Memory refers to virtual memory that are shared

by more than one process and then can be used by multiple programs simultaneously.

Although virtual memory allows processes to have separate (virtual) address spaces, there

are times when you need processes to share memory.

Shared memory (SHM) is another method of interprocess communication (IPC)

whereby several processes share a single chunk of memory to communicate.

Shared memory provides the fastest way for processes to pass large amounts of data

to one another.


/dev/shm is nothing but implementation of traditional shared memory concept. It is an

efficient means of passing data between programs. One program will create a memory

portion, which other processes (if permitted) can access. This will result into speeding up

things on Linux.


shm / shmfs is also known as tmpfs, which is a common name for a temporary file storage

facility on many Unix-like operating systems. It is intended to appear as a mounted

file system, but one which uses virtual memory instead of a persistent storage device.

If you type mount command you will see /dev/shm as a tempfs file system. Therefore,

it is a file system, which keeps all files in virtual memory. Everything in tmpfs is temporary

in the sense that no files will be created on your hard drive. If you unmount a tmpfs instance, everything stored therein is lost. By default almost all Linux distros configured to use /dev/shm.

Difference between tmpfs and swap

  • tmpfs uses memory while as swap uses persistent storage devices.
  • tmpfs can be viewed as file system in df output whereas swap dont
  • swap has general size recommendations, tmpsfs not. tmpfs size varies on system purpose.
  • tmpfs makes applications fasters on loaded systems. swap helps system breath in memory full situations.
  • swap full indicates system heavily loaded, degraded performance and may crash.
  • tmpfs being full not necessarily means heavy load or prone to crash.
  • tmpfs is enhancement where as swap is must have feature!



    Source

    Darkened Skye Guide | GamersOnLinux


    darkenedsky87.jpg

    Darkened Skye is an Action game based off the Skittles candy where Skye can execute magic spells when combining Skittles. From fireballs, iceballs, lightning to firewalking, floating, shrinking and necromancy… Skye can use them to eliminate enemies and solve puzzles.

    darkenedsky83.jpg

    Follow my step-by-step guide on installing, configuring and optimizing Darkened Skye in Linux with PlayOnLinux.

    Note: This guide applies to the Retail CD ROM version of Darkened Skye. Other versions may require additional steps.Tips & Specs:
    To learn more about PlayOnLinux and Wine configuration, see the online manual: PlayOnLinux Explained

    Mint 18.3 64-bit

    PlayOnLinux: 4.2.12
    Wine: 3.0

    Wine Installation
    Click Tools

    Select “Manage Wine Versions”
    wine01.png

    Look for the Wine Version: 3.0

    Select it
    Click the arrow pointing to the right
    wine02.png

    Click Next

    Downloading Wine

    wine04.png

    Extracting

    Downloading Gecko

    wine05.png

    Installed

    wine06.png

    Wine 3.0 is installed and you can close this window

    Copy Disk Data

    1. Create a new folder on your Desktop
    2. Name it Darkened Skye
    3. Insert Disk 1 and copy all the data into your new folder
    4. Insert Disk 2 and copy all the data into the new folder

    Merge and over-write any files

    darkenedsky01.png

    Note: Leave Disk 2 in the drivePlayOnLinux Setup
    Launch PlayOnLinux

    Click Install
    darkenedsky02.png

    Click “Install a non-listed program”

    darkenedsky03.png

    Select “Install a program in a new virtual drive”

    Click Next
    darkenedsky04.png

    Name the virtual drive: darkenedskye

    Click Next
    darkenedsky05.png

    Check all three options:

    • Use another version of Wine
    • Configure Wine
    • Install some libraries

    Click Next
    darkenedsky06.png

    Select Wine 3.0

    Click Next
    darkenedsky07.png

    Select “32 bits windows installation”

    Click Next
    darkenedsky08.png

    Wine ConfigurationApplications Tab
    Windows version: Windows XP

    Click Apply
    darkenedsky09.png

    Graphics Tab
    Check “Automatically capture the mouse in full-screen windows”

    Check “emulate a virtual desktop”
    Desktop size: 1280×960
    Click OK
    darkenedsky10.png

    PlayOnLinux Packages (DLLs, Libraries, Components)

    Check the following:

    • POL_Install_corefonts
    • POL_Install_d3dx9
    • POL_Install_tahoma

    Click Next
    darkenedsky11.png

    Note: All packages should automatically download and install
    Click Browse

    Navigate to your Darkened Skye folder on your Desktop

    Select “Setup.exe”
    Click Open
    darkenedsky13.png

    Click Next again

    Click “Install Now”

    darkenedsky15.png

    Click Next

    darkenedsky16.png

    Click Yes

    darkenedsky17.png

    Uncheck “Create shortcut on desktop”

    Click Next
    darkenedsky18.png

    Check “Direct 3D”

    Screen: 1280x960x32
    Check “Fit video to screen”
    Check “Full Screen”
    Click Apply
    Click Exit
    darkenedsky19.png

    Click “Don’t play now”

    darkenedsky20.png

    Installation may crash

    Do not click Cancel!!!
    Click Next
    darkenedsky21.png

    PlayOnLinux Shortcut
    Select “Skye.exe”

    Click Next
    darkenedsky22.png

    Name the shortcut: Darkened Skye

    Click Next
    darkenedsky23.png

    Select “I don’t want to make another shortcut”

    Click Next
    darkenedsky24.png

    PlayOnLinux Configure
    Select “Darkened Skye”

    Click Configure
    darkenedsky25.png

    General Tab
    Wine version: 3.0

    darkenedsky26.png

    Note: Click the down-arrow to select other versions of Wine. Click the + to download other versions of WineDisplay Tab
    Video memory size: Enter the amount of memory your video card/chip uses

    darkenedsky27.png

    Close Configure

    Launch Darkened Skye by clicking Run

    darkenedsky28.png

    Note: Click debug to see errors and bugsConclusion:
    Darkened Skye is definitely a low budget game with some simple game mechanics. I like how the dialog makes fun of adventure gaming, but its not the most original or clever way of implementing it. Widescreen support doesn’t exist, so you have to run at 1280×960 and your Linux Desktop should resize to match and appear fullscsreen. Otherwise, set your Linux Desktop to 1280×960 before launching the game.

    Screenshots:darkenedsky80.jpg

    darkenedsky81.jpg

    darkenedsky85.jpg

    darkenedsky90.jpg

    darkenedsky91.jpg

    darkenedsky94.jpg

    darkenedsky96.jpg

    Source

    Sysget – A Front-end For Popular Package Managers

    by
    sk
    ·
    October 11, 2018

    Sysget - A Front-end For Popular Package Managers

    ‘,
    enableHover: false,
    enableTracking: true,
    buttons: { twitter: },
    click: function(api, options){
    api.simulateClick();
    api.openPopup(‘twitter’);
    }
    });
    $(‘#facebook’).sharrre({
    share: {
    facebook: true
    },
    template: ‘

    ‘,
    enableHover: false,
    enableTracking: true,
    buttons:,
    click: function(api, options){
    api.simulateClick();
    api.openPopup(‘facebook’);
    }
    });
    $(‘#googleplus’).sharrre({
    share: {
    googlePlus: true
    },
    template: ‘

    ‘,
    enableHover: false,
    enableTracking: true,
    buttons:,
    urlCurl: ‘https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/themes/hueman-pro/addons/assets/front/js/sharrre.php’,
    click: function(api, options){
    api.simulateClick();
    api.openPopup(‘googlePlus’);
    }
    });
    $(‘#linkedin’).sharrre({
    share: {
    linkedin: true
    },
    template: ‘

    ‘,
    enableHover: false,
    enableTracking: true,
    buttons: {
    linkedin: {
    description: ‘Sysget – A Front-end For Popular Package Managers’,media: ‘https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/sysget.png’ }
    },
    click: function(api, options){
    api.simulateClick();
    api.openPopup(‘linkedin’);
    }
    });


    // Scrollable sharrre bar, contributed by Erik Frye. Awesome!
    var $_shareContainer = $(“.sharrre-container”),
    $_header = $(‘#header’),
    $_postEntry = $(‘.entry’),
    $window = $(window),
    startSharePosition = $_shareContainer.offset(),//object
    contentBottom = $_postEntry.offset().top + $_postEntry.outerHeight(),
    topOfTemplate = $_header.offset().top,
    topSpacing = _setTopSpacing();

    //triggered on scroll
    shareScroll = function(){
    var scrollTop = $window.scrollTop() + topOfTemplate,
    stopLocation = contentBottom – ($_shareContainer.outerHeight() + topSpacing);

    $_shareContainer.css();

    if( scrollTop > stopLocation ){
    $_shareContainer.css( { position:’relative’ } );
    $_shareContainer.offset(
    {
    top: contentBottom – $_shareContainer.outerHeight(),
    left: startSharePosition.left,
    }
    );
    }
    else if (scrollTop >= $_postEntry.offset().top – topSpacing){
    $_shareContainer.css( { position:’fixed’,top: ‘100px’ } );
    $_shareContainer.offset(
    {
    //top: scrollTop + topSpacing,
    left: startSharePosition.left,
    }
    );
    } else if (scrollTop 1024 ) {
    topSpacing = distanceFromTop + $(‘.nav-wrap’).outerHeight();
    } else {
    topSpacing = distanceFromTop;
    }
    return topSpacing;
    }

    //setup event listeners
    $window.scroll( _.throttle( function() {
    if ( $window.width() > 719 ) {
    shareScroll();
    } else {
    $_shareContainer.css({
    top:”,
    left:”,
    position:”
    })
    }
    }, 50 ) );
    $window.resize( _.debounce( function() {
    if ( $window.width() > 719 ) {
    shareMove();
    } else {
    $_shareContainer.css({
    top:”,
    left:”,
    position:”
    })
    }
    }, 50 ) );

    });

    Source

    OWASP Security Shepherd- Session Management Challenge One – Solution – LSB – ls /blog

    We have another solution in the OWASP Security Shepherd challenges and we enjoyed completing this one. You can find out about Session Management from OWASP here. So let’s get on with the challenge!!

    Below is the screen we are presented with and if we click on the Administrators Only Button we are told we are not admin. Simple enough, we need to escalate our privileges to admin to complete the challenge.

    sesh1

    Apparently the dogs have been released. This challenge will require a proxy for us to intercept the packet before it hits the server to see what is going across the airwaves. We will use Burp Suite for this task which comes as a default tool in Kali Linux.

    Hyperledger Fabric Fundamentals (LFD271) $299

    You can find out how to configure your browser to work with Burp Suite here. So let’s hit the Admin button again and catch the packet in Burp. [ Click on images for a better view. ]

    sesh2

    At the bottom of the data being sent over the wire we can see a few Boolean statements. AdminDetected=false, what can we do with that?

    $299 REGISTERS YOU FOR OUR NEWEST SELF PACED COURSE! LFD201 – INTRODUCTION TO OPEN SOURCE DEVELOPMENT, GIT, AND LINUX!

    Let’s change it to true and forward the packet to the server?

    sesh3

    Whoops!! That was detected on the server, probably best to not do that again. So what’s next? Let’s look at the packet again to see what other information we can extract from it. We will send the packet again, click the admin button, catch it in the proxy and inspect the packet.

    sesh2

    Looking more carefully this time at the packet we should notice that there is a strange cookie in there and it’s called checksum. The checksum looks to be encoded with an MD5 hash. So let’s right click on the packet in Burp and send to our decoder tab to decode the hash.

    REGISTER TODAY FOR YOUR KUBERNETES FOR DEVELOPERS (LFD259) COURSE AND CKAD CERTIFICATION TODAY! $499!

    sesh4

    Bingo!! When we decode the hash we can see that it queries if userRole=admin. This cookie seems to be checking if the user is an admin and just encoded with the MD5 algorithm. We can’t just send that to the server, that is a normal request and we are just back to the start. So maybe we need to change it slightly and then send it to the server?

    How about we lengthen the word admin to administrator?

    sesh5

    Let’s quickly encode that back to MD5 with the tabs on the right hand side, replace the checksum in the sending packet with our new checksum and then forward that packet to the server.

    sesh6

    Looks fine and dandy, will we gain privileges? Let’s Forward the packet and see what happens.

    sesh7

    Perfecto!! To be honest, we didn’t get this first go and it was a bit of a challenge. But I managed to get there in the end. Hacking requires us to have attention to detail and knowing when cookies are sent in a HTTP request helps us to be able to manipulate those cookies. Having a basic understanding of encryption helps too as we were able to identify the hash used in the cookie. So another level of SecShep DEFEATED!!

    Thanks for reading and I hope it helps you in some way.

    QuBits 2018-10-10

    ENROLL IN THE LINUX FOUNDATION LFC210 – FUNDAMENTALS OF PROFESSIONAL OPEN SOURCE MANAGEMENT TODAY! $179

    Source

    Greg Kroah-Hartman: Outside Phone Vendors Aren’t Updating Their Linux Kernels

    David on Saturday October 06, 2018 @03:34PM

    from the downstream-developers dept.

    “Linux runs the world, right? So we want to make sure that things are secure,” says Linux kernel maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartman. When asked in a new video interview which bug makes them most angry, he first replies “the whole Spectre/Meltdown problem. What made us so mad, in a way, is we were fixing a bug in somebody else’s layer!”

    One also interesting thing about the whole Spectre/Meltdown is the complexity of that black box of a CPU is much much larger than it used to be. Right? Because they’re doing — in order to eke out all the performance and all the new things like that, you have to do extra-special tricks and things like that. And they have been, and sometimes those tricks come back to bite you in the butt. And they have, in this case. So we have to work around that.

    But a companion article on Linux.com notes that “Intel has changed its approach in light of these events. ‘They are reworking on how they approach security bugs and how they work with the community because they know they did it wrong,’ Kroah-Hartman said.” (And the article adds that “for those who want to build a career in kernel space, security is a good place to get started…”)

    Kroah-Hartman points out in the video interview that “we’re doing more and more testing, more and more builds,” noting “This infrastructure we have is catching things at an earlier stage — because it’s there — which is awesome to see.” But security issues can persist thanks to outside vendors beyond their control. Linux.com reports:
    Hardening the kernel is not enough, vendors have to enable the new features and take advantage of them. That’s not happening. Kroah-Hartman releases a stable kernel every week, and companies pick one to support for a longer period so that device manufacturers can take advantage of it. However, Kroah-Hartman has observed that, aside from the Google Pixel, most Android phones don’t include the additional hardening features, meaning all those phones are vulnerable. “People need to enable this stuff,” he said.

    “I went out and bought all the top of the line phones based on kernel 4.4 to see which one actually updated. I found only one company that updated their kernel,” he said. “I’m working through the whole supply chain trying to solve that problem because it’s a tough problem. There are many different groups involved — the SoC manufacturers, the carriers, and so on. The point is that they have to push the kernel that we create out to people.”

     

    “The good news,” according to Linux.com, “is that unlike with consumer electronics, the big vendors like Red Hat and SUSE keep the kernel updated even in the enterprise environment. Modern systems with containers, pods, and virtualization make this even easier. It’s effortless to update and reboot with no downtime.”

     

    The trouble with being punctual is that nobody’s there to appreciate it.
    — Franklin P. Jones

    Working…

    Source

    How to install Moodle on Debian 9 • LinuxCloudVPS Blog

    how to install moodle on debian 9

    Moodle is a free and open-source learning management system designed to provide teachers or educators the tools to create personalized learning environments filled with dynamic online courses which help students and other users to achieve their learning goals. Today we will learn how to install the latest Moodle 3.5 version on Debian 9, with Apache web server, MariaDB and PHP 7.

    Moodle comes with hundreds of built-in features such as:

    • Modern and easy to use interface
    • Personalized Dashboard
    • Collaborative tools and activities
    • All-in-one calendar
    • Secure authentication and mass enrollment
    • Multilingual capability
    • Direct learning paths
    • Multimedia Integration
    • Customizable site design and layout
    • and much more …

    1. Login via SSH

    Connect to your server via SSH as user root, using the following command:

    ssh root@IP_ADDRESS -p PORT_NUMBER

    make sure that you replace “IP_ADDRESS” and “PORT_NUMBER” with your actual server IP address and SSH port number.

    2. Update the OS Packages

    Once logged in, run the following command to update your OS packages:

    apt-get update
    apt-get upgrade

    3. Install Apache Web Server

    To install the Apache web server on your server, run the following command:

    apt-get install apache2

    Once the installation is complete, you need to start Apache and enable it to start automatically upon system boot

    systemctl start apache2
    systemctl enable apache2

    4. Install MariaDB

    Moodle stores most of its data in a database, so we will install the MariaDB database server:

    apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server

    When the MariaDB installation is complete, run the following command to secure your MariaDB installation:

    mysql_secure_installation

    5. Install PHP 7

    Next, we will install PHP 7 and all the additional PHP modules which will be required by Moodle:

    apt-get install php7.0 libapache2-mod-php7.0 php7.0-pspell php7.0-curl php7.0-gd php7.0-intl php7.0-mysql php7.0-xml php7.0-xmlrpc php7.0-ldap php7.0-zip php7.0-soap php7.0-mbstring

    6. Download and install Moodle

    Before we download the moodle package, first let’s navigate to the default Apache web server root directory:

    cd /var/www/html

    To download the latest moodle package, use the following command:

    wget https://download.moodle.org/stable35/moodle-latest-35.tgz

    root@host:/# wget https://download.moodle.org/stable35/moodle-latest-35.tgz
    –2018-09-15 12:56:34– https://download.moodle.org/stable35/moodle-latest-35.tgz
    Resolving download.moodle.org (download.moodle.org)… 104.20.218.25, 104.20.219.25, 2400:cb00:2048:1::6814:da19, …
    Connecting to download.moodle.org (download.moodle.org)|104.20.218.25|:443… connected.
    HTTP request sent, awaiting response… 200 OK
    Length: 46447511 (44M) [application/x-gzip]
    Saving to: ‘moodle-latest-35.tgz’

    moodle-latest-35.tgz 100%[=====================================================================================================>] 44.29M 60.7MB/s in 0.7s

    2018-09-15 12:56:36 (60.7 MB/s) – ‘moodle-latest-35.tgz’ saved [46447511/46447511]

    Change the ownership and the permissions of the extracted Moodle directory with the following command:

    chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/moodle
    chmod -R 775 /var/www/html/moodle

    Additionally, you will also need to create a directory for the Moodle data:

    mkdir /var/moodledata

    And set the correct ownership and permissions:

    chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/moodledata
    chmod 775 /var/www/html/moodledata

    7. Configure MariaDB and create a new database

    Before you create a new moodle database, you will need to modify the default MariaDB configuration file. Moodle requires that you change the default storage engine to innodb and change the default file format to Barracuda. You will also need to set innodb_file_per_table in order for Barracuda to work properly.

    To edit the MariaDB configuration file. Run the following command:

    nano /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf

    Then add the following lines just below the [mysqld] section:

    default_storage_engine = innodb
    innodb_file_per_table = 1
    innodb_file_format = Barracuda
    innodb_large_prefix = 1

    Save and exit the file and restart the MariaDB server with:

    systemctl mariadb restart

    You can now log in to the MariaDB server as user root and create a new user and database for the Moodle installation:

    mysql -u root -p
    CREATE DATABASE moodle DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci;
    GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON moodle.* TO ‘moodle_user’@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘<span style=”color: #ff0000;”>PASSWORD</span>’;
    FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
    exit;

    Don’t forget to replace ‘PASSWORD‘ with an actual strong password.

    8. Configure Apache Web Server

    If you have a valid domain name which you would like to use to access your Moodle installation, you will need to create a new Apache virtual host for your domain name with the following content:

    nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/yourdomain.com.conf
    <VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerAdmin admin@yourdomain.com
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html/moodle
    ServerName yourdomain.com
    ServerAlias www.yourdomain.com

    <Directory /var/www/html/moodle/>
    Options FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride All
    Order allow,deny
    allow from all
    </Directory>

    ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/yourdomain.com-error_log
    CustomLog /var/log/apache2/yourdomain.com-access_log common
    </VirtualHost>

    Save the file and enable the virtual host with the following command:

    a2ensite yourdomain.com.conf

    Once you enable the virtual host, you will need to restart the Apache web server:

    systemctl restart apache2

    9. Finish the Moodle installation in your browser

    If the DNS records are properly configured, and your domain is pointed to your server, you can use it to access your Moodle installation by typing http://yourdomain.com in your browser and choose the preferred language to continue with the installation.

    installing moodle on debian 9

    Verify that all Moodle directory paths are correct and click on Next.

    install moodle on debian 9

    Choose the database type.

    install moodle on debian

    Enter the database name, username, and password of the moodle database we have created earlier.

    Moodle Installation on Debian 9

    Follow the on-screen instructions to finish the installation. In the end, you should see the following screen where you need to configure your main administrator account.

    How do you install Moodle on Debian

    Congratulations! You have now successfully installed Moodle on your server. For more information on how to configure and use Moodle, you can check their official documentation.

    Of course, you don’t have to install Moodle on Debian 9, if you use one of our Managed Debian Cloud Hosting services, in which case you can simply ask our expert system administrators to install Moodle on Debian 9 for you. They are available 24×7 and will take care of your request immediately.

    PS. If you liked this post, on how to install Moodle on Debian 9, please share it with your friends on the social networks using the buttons below or simply leave a comment in the comments section. Thanks.

    Source

    How to Install and Configure Nagios on Debian 9 • LinuxCloudVPS Blog

    How to Install and Configure Nagios on Debian 9

    12th October 2018 /
    Category: Tutorials /
    Comments: None

    How to Install Nagios on Debian 9

    In this tutorial, we will show you how to install Nagios on Debian 9. Nagios is an open-source monitoring tool for servers, network devices, and applications. It helps you monitor the services, resources, and applications that run on your server. It can also be used to monitor Linux and Windows servers as well as web applications, Linux/Unix applications, and Windows applications. Some of the features include parallelized service checks, a plugin system, notifications via email, pager or user-defined service, a web interface for viewing status, log files, problem history with a notification system, and much more.

    1. Update your server and install the necessary packages

    Log in to your VPS via SSH as a sudo user:

    ssh userame@IP_Address

    Once you are logged in, update your system repositories and software packages by issuing the following command:

    apt update
    apt upgrade

    The next step is to install the pre-requisite packages necessary for building Nagios by executing the following command:

    apt install -y build-essential autoconf gcc libc6 make wget unzip libgd2-xpm-dev

    2. Download and Install Nagios

    Download the latest stable version of the Nagios tar archive in the /opt directory on your server:

    wget https://github.com/NagiosEnterprises/nagioscore/archive/nagios-4.4.2.tar.gz -O /opt/nagioscore.tar.gz

    When the download is completed, change to the temporary directory and extract the archive with the following commands:

    cd /opt
    sudo tar xf nagioscore.tar.gz

    Once the Nagios archive is extracted, change to the nagioscore-nagios-4.4.2 directory:

    cd /opt/nagioscore-nagios-4.4.2

    The next step is to run the ./configure script, which will check your system for any missing libraries or binaries and prepare the Nagios source code for the build process:

    ./configure

    Now that the configuration is completed, start the compilation process by using the make all command:

    make all

    Run the following command to create the Nagios user and group and add “www-data” to the Nagios group:

    sudo make install-groups-users
    sudo usermod -a -G nagios www-data

    The next step is to install Nagios using the make install command:

    sudo make install

    Run the following command to install the Nagios sample configuration files:

    sudo make install-config

    We will install the service or daemon files and also configure them to start on boot:

    make install-init

    Now install and configure the external command file:

    make install-commandmode

    Next, install the Apache web server configuration files with:

    sudo make install-webconf

    Restart apache service:

    sudo systemctl restart apache2
    a2enmod rewrite && a2enmod cgi

    3. Configure the Nagios web interface

    In order to be able to log in to Nagios, you will have to create an Apache user account. To create a new user account called nagiosadmin and assign a password to it, run the following command:

    htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users nagiosadmin

    4. Download and install Nagios plugins version 2.2.1

    To work properly, Nagios Core needs plugins to monitor various services. You need to make sure that you have the pre-requisites packages installed:

    apt install -y autoconf gcc libc6 libmcrypt-dev make libssl-dev wget bc gawk dc build-essential snmp libnet-snmp-perl gettext

    Now we will create our working directory in the /opt directory, where we will download the plugins:

    mkdir /opt/nagios && cd /opt/nagios
    wget –no-check-certificate -O nagios-plugins.tar.gz https://github.com/nagios-plugins/nagios-plugins/archive/release-2.2.1.tar.gz
    tar zxf nagios-plugins.tar.gz
    cd nagios-plugins-release-2.2.1

    Now we will compile and install the plugins:

    ./tools/setup
    ./configure
    make
    make install

    Before starting Nagios, we need to check if the Nagios configuration file has any errors:

    /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
    Nagios Core 4.4.2
    Copyright (c) 2009-present Nagios Core Development Team and Community Contributors
    ………………………………………..
    ………………………………………..
    Checking global event handlers…
    Checking obsessive compulsive processor commands…
    Checking misc settings…

    Total Warnings: 0
    Total Errors: 0

    Things look okay – No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight check

    In order to access the Nagios web panel, start the Nagios service by issuing the following commands.

    systemctl start nagios

    Open your browser and navigate to http://your-domain-or-ip/nagios and you will be presented with the login pop-up.

    Enter the login credentials that you created earlier with the htpasswd command, and you will be redirected to the Nagios home page as shown in the image below:

    install nagios on debian 9

    That’s it, you have successfully installed Nagios on Debian 9. For more information about how to manage your Nagios installation, please refer to the official Nagios documentation.

    installing nagios on debian 9Of course, you don’t have to install Nagios on Debian 9 if you use one of our Managed Hosting services, in which case you can simply ask our expert system administrators to install Nagios on Debian 9 for you, using the LAMP stack or any other web hosting stack of your choice. They are available 24×7 and will take care of your request immediately.

    PS. If you liked this post on how to install Nagios on Debian 9, please share it with your friends on the social networks using the buttons below or simply leave a comment in the comments section. Thanks.

    Be the first to write a comment.

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    Debian: DSA-4321-1: graphicsmagick security update

    Posted by Anthony Pell

    Debian
    Several vulnerabilities have been discovered in GraphicsMagick, a set of command-line applications to manipulate image files, which could result in denial of service or the execution of arbitrary code if malformed image files are processed. —–BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE—–
    Hash: SHA512

    – ————————————————————————-
    Debian Security Advisory DSA-4321-1 security@debian.org
    https://www.debian.org/security/ Moritz Muehlenhoff
    October 16, 2018 https://www.debian.org/security/faq
    – ————————————————————————-

    Package : graphicsmagick
    CVE ID : CVE-2017-10794 CVE-2017-10799 CVE-2017-10800 CVE-2017-11102
    CVE-2017-11139 CVE-2017-11140 CVE-2017-11403 CVE-2017-11636
    CVE-2017-11637 CVE-2017-11638 CVE-2017-11641 CVE-2017-11642
    CVE-2017-11643 CVE-2017-11722 CVE-2017-12935 CVE-2017-12936
    CVE-2017-12937 CVE-2017-13063 CVE-2017-13064 CVE-2017-13065
    CVE-2017-13134 CVE-2017-13737 CVE-2017-13775 CVE-2017-13776
    CVE-2017-13777 CVE-2017-14314 CVE-2017-14504 CVE-2017-14733
    CVE-2017-14994 CVE-2017-14997 CVE-2017-15238 CVE-2017-15277
    CVE-2017-15930 CVE-2017-16352 CVE-2017-16353 CVE-2017-16545
    CVE-2017-16547 CVE-2017-16669 CVE-2017-17498 CVE-2017-17500
    CVE-2017-17501 CVE-2017-17502 CVE-2017-17503 CVE-2017-17782
    CVE-2017-17783 CVE-2017-17912 CVE-2017-17913 CVE-2017-17915
    CVE-2017-18219 CVE-2017-18220 CVE-2017-18229 CVE-2017-18230
    CVE-2017-18231 CVE-2018-5685 CVE-2018-6799 CVE-2018-9018

    Several vulnerabilities have been discovered in GraphicsMagick, a set of
    command-line applications to manipulate image files, which could result
    in denial of service or the execution of arbitrary code if malformed
    image files are processed.

    For the stable distribution (stretch), these problems have been fixed in
    version 1.3.30+hg15796-1~deb9u1.

    We recommend that you upgrade your graphicsmagick packages.

    For the detailed security status of graphicsmagick please refer to
    its security tracker page at:
    https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/graphicsmagick

    Further information about Debian Security Advisories, how to apply
    these updates to your system and frequently asked questions can be
    found at: https://www.debian.org/security/

    Mailing list: debian-security-announce@lists.debian.org

    Source

    Today, Linux game porter Ethan Lee begins officially working on Steam Play’s Proton

    A small update for those interested in keeping up with the news surrounding Steam Play and Proton development.

    In September, we spoke to Linux game porter Ethan Lee where he went on to mention how he would like to officially work on Steam Play’s Proton. Not long after our article went up, he ended up speaking to Valve so things started moving pretty quickly. All was quiet, then, at the start of this month he wrote a post on Google+ to mention that he was working out some sort of contract to officially begin working on it.

    Teasing on Twitter only a few days ago, Lee showed off RAGE running with FAudio and then last night he said this on Twitter:

    Oh, by the way, for those wondering about my _official_ work, starting tomorrow I’m working on Proton in an official capacity, in partnership with CodeWeavers. Task #1 is FAudio integration!

    What exactly is FAudio? In Ethan Lee’s own words:

    FAudio is a new, accuracy-focused reimplementation of XAudio2 and its relative libraries (such as X3DAudio, XACT, and XAPO). Part of this work includes a COM wrapper that mimics the Windows XAudio2 DLLs, allowing Windows games to use FAudio for audio support instead.

    At the moment Wine is reimplementing XAudio2 with OpenAL Soft, and the other libraries (including X3DAudio) are currently stubbed. In addition to the feature gaps, there are also various accuracy issues that come from wrapping a low-level audio API around a high-level API (as we found ourselves while making FNA, hence the creation of FAudio).

    The idea is that FAudio would both fill in large gaps left by the current Wine implementation as well as make the existing implementation much more accurate, and in a perfect world, remove the need for the DX redist for audio support.

    This should allow many more games to work properly in Steam Play, which is why it’s such an exciting project.

    Source

    15 Best Cryptocurrency and ICO WordPress Themes – ThisHosting.Rocks

    The World is changing day by day, and what was innovative last night turns into ashes the following morning. Some people find it quite exhausting, however, there are lots of entrepreneurs and technology geeks that find such mainstream of society quite fascinating. As a regular consumer, you have the right to choose a more easygoing lifestyle. Although, each businessperson should understand the importance of adaptivity as the element of any project success.

    This approach is also applicable to an e-commerce project. In this case, the flexibility and modernity of the website is a crucial aspect of the business success. Selecting a theme for any kind of activity you have to evaluate it from different angles. First of all, consider it as a platform aimed to satisfy every visitor with its functionality and design. Hence, you won’t lose potential clients. Another point is the website management. Check if the theme is user-friendly enough. Buying a theme make sure you can manage it without any additional assistance so that you prevent the necessity of an extra investment in web design.

    This collection of cryptocurrency WordPress themes dedicated to entrepreneurs and financiers, that have a strong urge to provide their services in a stylish and contemporary way.

    Hoverex | Cryptocurrency & ICO WordPress Theme + Spanish

    A carefully crafted website is an important element of any business that can either improve or completely destroy the reputation of your company. Which is why we suggest you this modern and responsive cryptocurrency WordPress theme. Choosing a mobile-friendly theme you ensure the most productive mobile performance. This theme is perfect to deal with Bitcoin, Monaco, Nem, Verge, Stellar, and other cryptocurrencies. You will have lots of pre-made options to choose from, including professionally designed pages on different topics.

    Pricing: A license for Hoverex comes in at $56.

    Learn More About Hoverex Get Hosting for Hoverex

    Crypton | A Multi-Purpose Cryptocurrency WordPress Theme

    Are you a skillful business and real superman in your niche? Do not let the web design issues become your kryptonite. Crypton is one of the cryptocurrency ICO WordPress themes on the market which features clean design and premium functionality. With this one, you can launch a blog, magazine, of a fully-fledged crypto shop. This theme is compatible with WooCommerce plugin which significantly simplifies the process of the e-commerce project management. Also, it includes MailChimp, Essential Grid, and Slider Revolution plugins.

    Pricing: A single-site license for Ink costs $49.

    Learn More About Crypton Get Hosting for Crypton

    Lymcoin | Cryptocurrency & ICO WordPress Theme

    The number of business blogs has grown over the past few years. However, there is always a room for experienced marketers and financiers that want to share their knowledge with the wide audience. Buy a Lymcoin theme to cover all blogging aspects with one single tool. Thanks to the specific design it fits perfectly cryptocurrency-related blogs. Use progressive blog settings to customize blog feed, change layout options, pick different blog styles, and enhance your posts with an amazing set of 20+ Post Animations.

    Pricing: Lymcoin will cost you $53 for a one-site license.

    Learn More About Lymcoin Get Hosting for Lymcoin

    RexCoin | A Multi-Purpose Cryptocurrency & Coin ICO WordPress Theme

    Finding a sharp and powerful theme from the enormous amount of cryptocurrency WordPress themes available online is not a little deal. You have to make sure the range of theme options comprises peculiar functions that make cryptocurrency website work for the benefit of the project. The RexCoin theme is a superb solution for those desiring to sell and buy cryptocurrencies online due to compatibility with ThemeREX Donations plugin. This addon allows you to send and receive payments via the website.

    Pricing: A single-site license for Ink costs $56.

    Learn More About RexCoin Get Hosting for RexCoin

    Monyxi | Cryptocurrency Trading Business Coach WordPress Theme

    Do you want to catch the attention of all the potential clients from the first look at your website? The Monyxi theme has a crisp and vivid layout that will not go unnoticed. This theme has several gorgeous Home Page layouts and dozens of custom shortcodes. If you want to establish a dynamic communication with your customers and followers use a pack of cryptocurrency advisor plugins. Here you can find LearnPress, bbPress, and Power Charts. With these plugins, you will create charts and forums without effort.

    Pricing: $53 will get you a license and support for this theme.

    Learn More About Monyxi Get Hosting for Monyxi

    Kryptex | Cryptocurrency & Mining WordPress Theme

    Kryptex is a stunning example of premium cryptocurrency WordPress themes that could charm even the most nit-picky client. You will find plenty of benefits for your business here. First of all, the fact of the absolute theme responsiveness makes it highly efficient in terms of mobile users targeting. In fact, you will be able to reach out to much more people, as the valid and clean HTML code guarantees the best positions in any search engines. Thus and so, your website will become visible which bring the popularity to your company.

    Pricing: Kryptex will cost you $49 to use on one site.

    Learn More About Kryptex Get Hosting for Kryptex

    Crypterio – ICO Landing Page and Cryptocurrency WordPress Theme

    How to represent the company and services in a decent and remarkable way? A stylish and responsive cryptocurrency WordPress theme suits best for the case. Crypterio is a versatile web template that covers the investment topic. It has a clean design that helps all visitors to focus on the content and invest their time and money productively. There are tons of ready-made skins and content blocks. All demos and website elements can be easily modified by means of the popular Visual Composer.

    Pricing: This one is coming in at $59.

    Learn More About Crypterio Get Hosting for Crypterio

    Poishax – Digital Cryptocurrency WordPress Theme

    When dealing with the website traffic and the conversion level, the SEO-friendly theme is the only option for you to achieve great results. How to know if a ready-made theme is optimized properly? For a start, evaluate the visual component of the theme. It has to look preeminent on any device, regardless of the screen size. Also, find out the quality of the code and if it is a well-structured HTML5/CSS3 code then you can freely use this theme. The Poishax has it all and has a bunch of advanced theme options.

    Pricing: This is one of the more inexpensive premium options, coming in at $49.

    Learn More About Poishax Get Hosting for Poishax

    XPEXCoin – Powerful Bitcoin & Cryptocurrency WordPress Theme

    Here is a responsive and vibrant cryptocurrency WordPress theme that will help you to launch a crypto mining farm with ease. Aside from 2 Home Page skins, you get tons of awesome widgets. The XPEXCoin includes the MailChimp and Contact Form 7 plugins. The first one allows you to adjust an effective newsletter dispatch so that you get all your subscribers aware of business news and your latest posts. While the Contact Form 7 helps you manage different contact forms and establish an inverse relationship between you and your client.

    Pricing: A one-site license for XPEXCoin goes for $49.

    Learn More About XPEXCoin Get Hosting for XPEXCoin

    Cryptic – Cryptocurrency WordPress Theme

    Cryptic is a classy and striking WP theme made by the Elite Envato Author. You can see its high rating and lots of enthusiastic feedbacks on it. There is a good reason for it. Using Cryptic you can list an unlimited number of coins. Its versatility does not end here, as this theme is compatible with the Visual Composer. This is the content builder which you can use to create and manage your content avoiding any interaction with the code. In addition, there is a theme options panel with Google fonts and flexible color pallet.

    Pricing: Cryptic will cost you $39 for a one-site license.

    Learn More About Cryptic Get Hosting for Cryptic

    Cryptro – Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Bitcoin & Financial Technology WordPress Theme

    Turning to the crypto WordPress themes is a great option for those looking for a theme that covers a variety of business need. Each theme from this list fits amazingly both blog and e-commerce website. The Cryptro theme has 9 portfolio layouts, 6 gallery skins, and 14 blog options. At the same time, you can enhance it with such features as ICO Countdown and Cryptocurrency Converter. It comes with an advanced Demo Importer so you can choose the exact piece of content you need and import it much faster.

    Pricing: Cryptro will cost you $39 for a one-site license.

    Learn More About Cryptro Get Hosting for Cryptro

    Cryptex – Cryptocurrency WordPress Theme

    Cryptex is a bright and light WordPress theme based on Bootstrap, which is a powerful framework that enhances the website capabilities. The theme looks like a fabulous piece of premium web development due to the complete responsiveness. Its code is highly-optimized for all search engines and comes rather simple to index. This theme can be used whether for a multi-page or a single page website. You will build a potent e-commerce website and manage it expertly with the robust WooCommerce plugin.

    Pricing: A license for the theme comes in at $39.

    Learn More About Cryptex Get Hosting for Cryptex

    Cripton | Cryptocurrency Magazine WordPress Theme

    The Cripton theme includes endless opportunities for the website customization. With this theme alleviating the need to learn the code as this theme features easy Elementor page builder. This content creator consists of a bunch of content blogs that you can operate using drag-and-drop functionality. Another advantageous feature of the Cripton theme is a full compliance with General Data Protection Regulations requirements, meaning you can provide quality services through the website absolutely legally.

    Pricing: Cripton will cost you $50 to use on one site.

    Learn More About Cripton Get Hosting for Cripton

    Tradent Cryptocurrency – Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency Theme

    Are you interested in ICO business and believe you can bring any value to the business community? It would be rather logical to take some cryptocurrency WordPress themes into the consideration. Do not be afraid of a dazzling and colorful theme as such design could catch the visitors attention with ease. It comes with 2 exquisite homepages, also includes the About, Services, How it works, BitCoin Guide, and Portfolio pages. You will get tons of cryptocurrency widgets, one of which is a precise BitCoin Calculator.

    Pricing: A one-site license for the theme goes for $59.

    Learn More About Tradent Get Hosting for Tradent

    IcoTech – Cryptocurrency WordPress Theme

    Your ability to adapt to a changing World of technologies is a matter of survival on the modern market. Buying a theme with a modish design and innovative features you protect your project from the failure. The IcoTech is one of such cryptocurrency WordPress themes. It goes with a responsive and Retina-optimized layout. You will find it flexible and highly-customizable as you have a Visual Composer at your disposal. Parallax is another supportive feature of the IcoTech theme. It allows you to create adjust the background and equip it with the smooth scroll effect.

    Pricing: This is a cheaper theme that costs only $29.

    Learn More About IcoTech Get Hosting for IcoTech

    These 10 themes are some of the best crypto and ICO themes you can find for WordPress, so you’ll find a great fit for your website. If you need themes compatible with the new Gutenberg editor, check the best Gutenberg-ready WordPress themes. Or if you’re a writer and you’re looking for new themes, check these out.

    About the Author

    This article was submitted to us by a third-party writer. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the views and opinions of ThisHosting.Rocks. If you want to write for ThisHosting.Rocks, go here.

    Henry Rise is a CEO of ThemeRex, ThemeForest Power Elite Author. He loves to help people build their business online. Every business begins with the right choice of a micro-niche WordPress Theme.

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