We keep on accomplishing a task conventionally until we come to know that it can be done in a much better way the other way. In continuation of our Linux Tips and Trick Series, I am here with the below four tips that will going to help you in lots of ways. Here we go!
4 Linux Useful Tips and Hacks
1. You are supposed to create a long/complex directory tree similar to given below. What is the most effective way to achieve this?
Directory tree structure to achieve as suggested below.
$ cd /home/$USER/Desktop $ mkdir tecmint $ mkdir tecmint/etc $ mkdir tecmint/lib $ mkdir tecmint/usr $ mkdir tecmint/bin $ mkdir tecmint/tmp $ mkdir tecmint/opt $ mkdir tecmint/var $ mkdir tecmint/etc/x1 $ mkdir tecmint/usr/x2 $ mkdir tecmint/usr/x3 $ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y1 $ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y2 $ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y3 $ mkdir tecmint/tmp/Y3/z
The above scenario can simply be achieved by running the below 1-liner command.
$ mkdir -p /home/$USER/Desktop/tecmint/{etc/x1,lib,usr/{x2,x3},bin,tmp/{Y1,Y2,Y3/z},opt,var}
To verify you may use tree command. If not installed you may apt or yum the package ‘tree‘.
$ tree tecmint
Check Directory Structure
We can create directory tree structure of any complexity using the above way. Notice it is nothing other than a normal command but its using {} to create hierarchy of directories. This may prove very helpful if used from inside of a shell script when required and in general.
2. Create a file (say test) on your Desktop (/home/$USER/Desktop) and populate it with the below contents.
ABC DEF GHI JKL MNO PQR STU VWX Y Z
What a normal user would do in this scenario?
a. He will create the file first, preferably using touch command, as:
$ touch /home/$USER/Desktop/test
b. He will use a text editor to open the file, which may be nano, vim, or any other editor.
$ nano /home/$USER/Desktop/test
c. He will then place the above text into this file, save and exit.
So regardless of time taken by him/her, he need at-least 3 steps to execute the above scenario.
What a smart experienced Linux-er will do? He will just type the below text in one-go on terminal and all done. He need not do each action separately.
cat << EOF > /home/$USER/Desktop/test ABC DEF GHI JKL MNO PQR STU VWX Y Z EOF
You may use ‘cat‘ command to check if the file and its content were created successfully or not.
$ cat /home/avi/Desktop/test
3. We deal with archives (specially TAR balls) very often on Linux. In many cases we have to use that TAR ball on some location other than Downloads folder. What we do in this scenario?
We normally do two things in this scenario.
a. Copy/Move the tar ball and extract it at destination, as:
$ cp firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 /opt/ or $ mv firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 /opt/
b. cd to /opt/ directory.
$ cd /opt/
c. Extract the Tarball.
# tar -jxvf firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2
We can do this the other way around.
We will extract the Tarball where it is and Copy/Move the extracted archive to the required destination as:
$ tar -jxvf firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 $ cp -R firefox/ /opt/ or $ mv firefox/ /opt/
In either case the work is taking two or steps to complete. The professional can complete this task in one step as:
$ tar -jxvf firefox-37.0.2.tar.bz2 -C /opt/
The option -C makes tar extract the archive in the specified folder (here /opt/).
No it is not about an option (-C) but it is about habits. Make a habit of using option -C with tar. It will ease your life. From now don’t move the archive or copy/move the extracted file, just leave the TAR-ball in the Downloadsfolder and extract it anywhere you want.
4. How we kill a process in a traditional way?
In most general way, we first list all the process using command ps -A and pipeline it with grep to find a process/service (say apache2), simply as:
$ ps -A | grep -i apache2
Sample Output
1006 ? 00:00:00 apache2 2702 ? 00:00:00 apache2 2703 ? 00:00:00 apache2 2704 ? 00:00:00 apache2 2705 ? 00:00:00 apache2 2706 ? 00:00:00 apache2 2707 ? 00:00:00 apache2
The above output shows all currently running apache2 processes with their PID’s, you can then use these PID’s to kill apache2 with the help of following command.
# kill 1006 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707
and then cross check if any process/service with the name ‘apache2‘ is running or not, as:
$ ps -A | grep -i apache2
However we can do it in a more understandable format using utilities like pgrep and pkill. You may find relevant information about a process just by using pgrep. Say you have to find the process information for apache2, you may simply do:
$ pgrep apache2
Sample Output
15396 15400 15401 15402 15403 15404 15405
You may also list process name against pid by running.
$ pgrep -l apache2
Sample Output
15396 apache2 15400 apache2 15401 apache2 15402 apache2 15403 apache2 15404 apache2 15405 apache2
To kill a process using pkill is very simple. You just type the name of resource to kill and you are done. I have written a post on pkill which you may like to refer here : https://www.tecmint.com/how-to-kill-a-process-in-linux/.
To kill a process (say apache2) using pkill, all you need to do is:
# pkill apache2
You may verify if apache2 has been killed or not by running the below command.
$ pgrep -l apache2
It returns the prompt and prints nothing means there is no process running by the name of apache2.
That’s all for now.
